語法解析:現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的意義

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以下是整理的《語法解析:現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的意義》,一起來看看吧!
    1.表示過去發(fā)生或已經(jīng)完成的某一動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果。(瞬間動(dòng)詞適用于這種情況)
    2.表示過去已經(jīng)開始并持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),可以和表示從過去某一時(shí)刻延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在(包括“現(xiàn)在”在內(nèi))的一段時(shí)間的狀語連用。(延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞適用于這種情況)
    (1) “過去對(duì)現(xiàn)在”(瞬間動(dòng)詞)
    (2) “過去到現(xiàn)在”(延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞)
    一、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的構(gòu)成(結(jié)構(gòu))
    1. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)由“助動(dòng)詞have(has) + 過去分詞”構(gòu)成。我們可以簡(jiǎn)記為:
    ① have(has)在前面,
    ② 過去分詞在后邊,
    ③ 以前(before) 從來不(never) 出現(xiàn),
    ④最近(recently) 曾經(jīng)(ever) 一(once) 兩遍(twice),
    ⑤自從(since) 剛剛(just) for一段,今天(today) 已經(jīng)(already/yet) 很明顯。
    2. since +(1)(過去的)月份/年份
    since +(2) 一段時(shí)間+ago
    since +(3)一般過去時(shí)從句
     二、瞬間動(dòng)詞
    1 .瞬間動(dòng)詞又叫非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞,還叫終止性動(dòng)詞。瞬間動(dòng)詞可以有現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài), 但不可以接一段時(shí)間,若要接一段時(shí)間,須要做一些相應(yīng)的變換。
    2. 瞬間動(dòng)詞在完成時(shí)態(tài)中的否定式可以接一段時(shí)間。
    常見的瞬間動(dòng)詞:
    (1) 來(come)、去(go)、到(get to/reach/arrive at)、離(leave)、看(see)、聽(說)hear
    (2) 買(buy)、賣(sell)、開(open)、關(guān)(close)、起床(get up)
    (3) 參加(join/take part in)、開發(fā)(begin/start)、還(return/give)(與)借(borrow/lend)
    (4) 變成(become/turn)、帶(bring/take)、給(give)、死(die)、完(finish/end)、接(receive/hear from)
    瞬間動(dòng)詞接一段時(shí)間:
    ⑴.將時(shí)間狀語改為時(shí)間段 + ago,句中謂語動(dòng)詞用一般過去時(shí).
    eg.我弟弟參軍兩年了. My brother joined the army two years ago.
    ⑵.若保留for+時(shí)間段,since+時(shí)間點(diǎn)/從句, 或用在 how long 句型中,則需將終止性動(dòng)詞改為相應(yīng)的狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞或延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞
    常見終止性動(dòng)詞與延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞(或狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞)的對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系:
    come/go/arrive/get/reach/move------be in/at o pen-----be open
    die------be dead close----be closed become---be
    borrow---keep begin/start-----be on put on----wear
    leave-----be away (from) fall asleep----be asleep
    end/finish-----be over catch a cold-----have a cold
    join the army----be in the army be a soldier
    join the Party----be in the Party be a Party member
    →My brother has been in the army for two years.
    →My brother has been a soldier for two years.
    1.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)中been to, gone to和been in/at been to去過某地,表示某人的一種經(jīng)歷,可以和once, twice, already, ever, never等連用.
    eg. She has been to Shanghai twice. (表示目前人在這里)
    2.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)中的 for 與 since
    for + 時(shí)間段 與延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用
    since + 時(shí)間點(diǎn)/從句
    I have kept the library book for a week.= I have kept the library book since a week ago.
    3. It is /has been +一段時(shí)間 + since 從句.自從某事發(fā)生已有一段時(shí)間了.
    eg. It is /has been two years since my brother joined the army.
    注意:
    1.since 引導(dǎo)的從句中動(dòng)詞用過去時(shí)
    2.when 引導(dǎo) 的特殊問句不與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用.
    3.have got, has got 雖然是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),但have got=have has got==has