2017年6月大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四級(jí)詞匯前綴:ex-,e-,ef-,ec-

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    前綴ex-是很重要的前綴,它來(lái)源于拉丁介詞ex,意為out或out of,即表示“向外”、“分離”的傾向。作為原生詞綴與拉丁介詞根結(jié)合時(shí),ex-有兩個(gè)異體e-和ef-。其中,ex-用在元音字母和c,h,p,q,s,t前面;ef-只出現(xiàn)在f之前;e-則可以出現(xiàn)在b,d,g,j,l,m,n,r,v等之前。值得注意的是,ex-又可以作為派生前綴,與表示身份或職業(yè)的名詞相結(jié)合,表示former (以前的,前任的)的意思。這時(shí)ex-沒(méi)有異體,而且往往要帶連字符。
    下面重點(diǎn)看一下ex-的主要意思“out”。
    1.在外邊,向外
    expressly, elucidate, expedite
    2.向上,伸展地
    elated, extol, elongate
    3.盡,沒(méi)有了地,火滅了地
    extinct, effete
    4.挑選,捏出,拔出
    emend, effigy
    5.去除,擺脫,使分離
    expurgate, exorbitant, extenuate
    6.徹底地,完全地,到終,到后,大聲地,聽(tīng)得見(jiàn)地
    extant, edict
    7.表強(qiáng)調(diào)[非常,用力]
    exalt, efficacious, exhort
    另外,前綴ex-還會(huì)出現(xiàn)輔音字母同化和輔音字母脫落等變形現(xiàn)象。
    1.E(在輔音字母b,d,g.j.I,m,n,r,v之前]
    ebullition, editorial, egregious, ejection, eligible, emanate, enervate, eradicate,evacuation
    2.EF(在輔音字母f之前]
    efficiency, effeminate
    3、EC(在輔音字母c,l,s,t,z之前]
    eccentric, eclectic, ecstasy, appendectomy, eczema
    4.ES(在輔音字母c之前]
    escort, escapism
    5.EX(ex之后的輔音字母s脫落]
    ex( s)piration, ex(s)tirpate, ex(s)istence
    此外,前綴ex-還有一些同義前綴out-,extra-,exter,extro,它們也有“在外邊(out)”的含義。
    例詞:
    1.emit [(e
    vt. give off.send or send out; signal; issue paper money.etc. 散發(fā)光、熱、聲音、味道等,發(fā)出,發(fā)射;發(fā)出信號(hào);發(fā)行紙幣等
    emission 發(fā)射;紙幣發(fā)行 emissary 使者,密使
    ex) Smoke detectors emit a waming sound when the battery is low.
    當(dāng)電池電量低時(shí),煙霧報(bào)警器會(huì)發(fā)出警告聲。
    2.enumerate [(e
    vt. count a list of articles naming them one by one 逐一清點(diǎn),列舉
    enumeration 逐一清點(diǎn),列舉;細(xì)目,目錄,一覽表
    ex) The teacher enumerated the pupil’s mistakes before punishing him
    老師在懲罰那個(gè)學(xué)生之前先逐一列舉了他所犯的錯(cuò)。
    3.evoke [(e
    vt. call forth or summon a spirit, etc; draw forth or elicit a particular mental image reaction, etc. 招出靈魂等;引起,喚起 evocation 喚出,喚起
    evocative 喚出的,喚起的
    ex) That song evokes pleasant high school memories for me.
    那首歌喚起了我中學(xué)時(shí)的美好回憶。
    4.exalt [(ex( =out, intensive) +alt( =high)使上得非常高]
    vt. make higher in status, power, dignity, honor, wealth, etc., praise highly; lift
    someone up 提高或提升地位、權(quán)力、品位、名譽(yù)、財(cái)膏等;贊揚(yáng);使喜悅,使得意洋洋 exaltation 提高,晉升;贊揚(yáng);得意洋洋 exalted 有品位的,高貴的
    ex)Vice Presidents are sometimes suddenly exalted to the Presidency by assassinations. 副總統(tǒng)偶爾會(huì)因暗殺事件而突然晉升為總統(tǒng)。
       5.expend [(ex( =out) +pend( =pay,weigh)支付以使某物完盡、沒(méi)有了]
    vt. sth+on+sth spend; use up 使用,消費(fèi);消耗,用光 expenditure 支出,經(jīng)費(fèi)
    expense費(fèi)用,支出;犧牲 expensive 昂貴的 expendable可花費(fèi)的
    ex) About 28% of the library’s annual budget is expended on new acquisitions.
    那家圖書(shū)館年預(yù)算中的28%左右都用來(lái)購(gòu)置新書(shū)。
    6.expressly [(ex (=out) +press (=press)下壓擠出外邊]
    adv.definitely, plainly; specially,on purpose 明白地,清楚地;特別地,故意地
    express 表達(dá),表示;快遞;明白的,明示的;快遞的,快速的;快車,快件;捷運(yùn)公司 expression 表達(dá);措辭;表情 expressionism 表現(xiàn)主義 expressive 表現(xiàn)的,顯示的 expressionless 無(wú)表情的,無(wú)表達(dá)的
    ex) The web site was oxpreuly created to support recently widowed women.
    那家網(wǎng)站是為支持那些近來(lái)失去丈夫的女性們特別創(chuàng)建的。
    7.extinc [(ex( =out) +tinct
    adj. no longer in existence, having died out;no longer buming, no longer active不再存在的;消亡了的,絕種的(滅絕的);(火)熄滅的,不再活躍的
    extinction 消滅,絕種;(火)熄滅,廢止 extinguisher 滅火器 extinguish 熄滅(火),使消滅
    ex) Hundreds of insect species become extinct each year.
    每年都有數(shù)百種昆蟲(chóng)滅絕。
    8.extort [(ex( =out) +tort( =twist)扭曲使出來(lái)]
    vt. sth+from+sb obtain money, etc. from someone by threats, force, etc; exact;wrest 敲詐錢財(cái)?shù)?強(qiáng)求約定、坦白等;強(qiáng)取,搶奪 extortion 強(qiáng)求,搶奪,官員的勒索錢財(cái)罪 extortionate 價(jià)格過(guò)于昂貴的,要求過(guò)高的
    ex) The Mafioso extorted money from an old widow to pay her husband’s debt.
    那個(gè)黑手黨成員從一個(gè)老寡婦那里敲詐錢替她丈夫還了債。
    9.eject [(e
    vt. compel somebody to leave a place; send out liquid, etc. 攆出,驅(qū)逐;噴射液體等,排出 ejection 攆出,排 ecjector 驅(qū)逐者,排出器
    ex) After committing 5 fouls,a basketball player is electod from the game.
    籃球選手犯規(guī)五次就要被罰下賽場(chǎng)。
    10. elongate [(e
    v. make or become long in space 使伸長(zhǎng),拉長(zhǎng),變長(zhǎng) elongation 伸長(zhǎng),延長(zhǎng)
    ex) Pull on soft water taffy to elongate it as it cools.
    當(dāng)軟水太妃糖冷卻的時(shí)候用力拉它可使它變長(zhǎng)。
    此外,前綴ex-還有一些同義前綴out-,extra-,exter,extro,它們也有“在外邊(out)”的含義。
    1.emit [(e
    vt. give off.send or send out; signal; issue paper money.etc. 散發(fā)光、熱、聲音、味道等,發(fā)出,發(fā)射;發(fā)出信號(hào);發(fā)行紙幣等
    emission 發(fā)射;紙幣發(fā)行 emissary 使者,密使
    ex) Smoke detectors emit a waming sound when the battery is low.
    當(dāng)電池電量低時(shí),煙霧報(bào)警器會(huì)發(fā)出警告聲。
    2.enumerate [(e
    vt. count a list of articles naming them one by one 逐一清點(diǎn),列舉
    enumeration 逐一清點(diǎn),列舉;細(xì)目,目錄,一覽表
    ex) The teacher enumerated the pupil’s mistakes before punishing him
    老師在懲罰那個(gè)學(xué)生之前先逐一列舉了他所犯的錯(cuò)。
    3.evoke [(e
    vt. call forth or summon a spirit, etc; draw forth or elicit a particular mental image reaction, etc. 招出靈魂等;引起,喚起 evocation 喚出,喚起
    evocative 喚出的,喚起的
    ex) That song evokes pleasant high school memories for me.
    那首歌喚起了我中學(xué)時(shí)的美好回憶。
       4.exalt [(ex( =out, intensive) +alt( =high)使上得非常高]
    vt. make higher in status, power, dignity, honor, wealth, etc., praise highly; lift
    someone up 提高或提升地位、權(quán)力、品位、名譽(yù)、財(cái)膏等;贊揚(yáng);使喜悅,使得意洋洋 exaltation 提高,晉升;贊揚(yáng);得意洋洋 exalted 有品位的,高貴的
    ex)Vice Presidents are sometimes suddenly exalted to the Presidency by assassinations. 副總統(tǒng)偶爾會(huì)因暗殺事件而突然晉升為總統(tǒng)。
    5.expend [(ex( =out) +pend( =pay,weigh)支付以使某物完盡、沒(méi)有了]
    vt. sth+on+sth spend; use up 使用,消費(fèi);消耗,用光 expenditure 支出,經(jīng)費(fèi)
    expense費(fèi)用,支出;犧牲 expensive 昂貴的 expendable可花費(fèi)的
    ex) About 28% of the library’s annual budget is expended on new acquisitions.
    那家圖書(shū)館年預(yù)算中的28%左右都用來(lái)購(gòu)置新書(shū)。
    6.expressly [(ex (=out) +press (=press)下壓擠出外邊]
    adv.definitely, plainly; specially,on purpose 明白地,清楚地;特別地,故意地
    express 表達(dá),表示;快遞;明白的,明示的;快遞的,快速的;快車,快件;捷運(yùn)公司 expression 表達(dá);措辭;表情 expressionism 表現(xiàn)主義 expressive 表現(xiàn)的,顯示的 expressionless 無(wú)表情的,無(wú)表達(dá)的
    ex) The web site was oxpreuly created to support recently widowed women.
    那家網(wǎng)站是為支持那些近來(lái)失去丈夫的女性們特別創(chuàng)建的。
    7.extinc [(ex( =out) +tinct
    adj. no longer in existence, having died out;no longer buming, no longer active不再存在的;消亡了的,絕種的(滅絕的);(火)熄滅的,不再活躍的
    extinction 消滅,絕種;(火)熄滅,廢止 extinguisher 滅火器 extinguish 熄滅(火),使消滅
    ex) Hundreds of insect species become extinct each year.
    每年都有數(shù)百種昆蟲(chóng)滅絕。
    8.extort [(ex( =out) +tort( =twist)扭曲使出來(lái)]
    vt. sth+from+sb obtain money, etc. from someone by threats, force, etc; exact;wrest 敲詐錢財(cái)?shù)?強(qiáng)求約定、坦白等;強(qiáng)取,搶奪 extortion 強(qiáng)求,搶奪,官員的勒索錢財(cái)罪 extortionate 價(jià)格過(guò)于昂貴的,要求過(guò)高的
    ex) The Mafioso extorted money from an old widow to pay her husband’s debt.
    那個(gè)黑手黨成員從一個(gè)老寡婦那里敲詐錢替她丈夫還了債。
    9.eject [(e
    vt. compel somebody to leave a place; send out liquid, etc. 攆出,驅(qū)逐;噴射液體等,排出 ejection 攆出,排 ecjector 驅(qū)逐者,排出器
    ex) After committing 5 fouls,a basketball player is electod from the game.
    籃球選手犯規(guī)五次就要被罰下賽場(chǎng)。
    10. elongate [(e
    v. make or become long in space 使伸長(zhǎng),拉長(zhǎng),變長(zhǎng) elongation 伸長(zhǎng),延長(zhǎng)
    ex) Pull on soft water taffy to elongate it as it cools.
    當(dāng)軟水太妃糖冷卻的時(shí)候用力拉它可使它變長(zhǎng)。