小升初英語語法定語從句知識點:關(guān)系代詞為何用that不用which?
關(guān)于“定語從句”的用法,以及選擇“關(guān)系詞”等問題,一般語法書都做 了詳盡的規(guī)定和說明。同時,幾乎所有的語法書和涉及定語從句的文章,都專門提醒that和which的不同 用法。記憶起來感覺比較困難,而且容易混淆。這里面有什么奧秘和規(guī)律可循嗎?我們先回顧一下這個問 題:
當(dāng)定語從句修飾“物”時,關(guān)系代詞用that不用which,大致有如下幾種情況:
1. 當(dāng)先行詞本身是all, everything, anything, nothing, none, little, few等代詞時,關(guān)系 代詞原則上用that,不用which,例如:
In China, parents always do everything that they can to support their children. 在中 國,父母總是盡他們所能來撫養(yǎng)孩子。
I did nothing that might hurt you. 我沒有做任何可能傷害你的事。
All that glitters is not gold. 閃光的東西并非都是金子。
2. 當(dāng)先行詞被all, every, no, little, few, the only, the very, the right(恰當(dāng)?shù)?, the last, the same等修飾時,關(guān)系代詞原則上用that,不用which,例如:
Chatting is the only thing that interests her most. 聊天是她感興趣的事情。
These messages are the very ones that I have been looking for. 這些就是我一直在尋找 的信息。
This is the last thing that I want to do. 這是我最不愿意做的事情。
3. 當(dāng)先行詞本身是序數(shù)詞或形容詞級,以及被序數(shù)詞、形容詞級修飾時,關(guān)系代詞原 則上用that,不用which,例如:
It was the largest map that I ever saw. 那是我見過的的地圖。
When it comes to Jinan, the first that comes to mind is the spring water. 談到濟(jì)南時 ,首先想到的就是泉水。
That is the best film that has ever been shown so far in the city. 那是這座城市到目 前為止放過的的一部電影。
【問題探究】
透視上述三種情況,我們發(fā)現(xiàn):一旦先行詞或之前的修飾語表達(dá)了①獨一無二概念、 ②全部概 念、 ③完全否定的概念時,也就是說“無需選擇或者無法選擇”的時候,原則不能使用關(guān)系 代詞which,因為which曾經(jīng)是疑問代詞“哪一個”,多少還保留著“選擇”的意味 。比方說,the only 表示“”,everything表示“所有的東西”,none表示 “什么都沒有”,這些還需要選擇嗎?還能做出選擇嗎?既然不能選擇或者無法選擇,which最 好就別用了。
同理,修飾“人”的定語從句,如果先行詞本身或前面的修飾語跟上述情況相同,那 么,同樣選擇使用that,盡量避免使用who。說明who這個關(guān)系代詞仍然帶有原來疑問的味道。例如:
Her father was the simplest, hardest working man that we had ever met.
Alice is the only girl that was praised by the headmaster at yesterday’s meeting.
All the passengers that were injured were carried to the hospital.
關(guān)于“定語從句”的用法,以及選擇“關(guān)系詞”等問題,一般語法書都做 了詳盡的規(guī)定和說明。同時,幾乎所有的語法書和涉及定語從句的文章,都專門提醒that和which的不同 用法。記憶起來感覺比較困難,而且容易混淆。這里面有什么奧秘和規(guī)律可循嗎?我們先回顧一下這個問 題:
當(dāng)定語從句修飾“物”時,關(guān)系代詞用that不用which,大致有如下幾種情況:
1. 當(dāng)先行詞本身是all, everything, anything, nothing, none, little, few等代詞時,關(guān)系 代詞原則上用that,不用which,例如:
In China, parents always do everything that they can to support their children. 在中 國,父母總是盡他們所能來撫養(yǎng)孩子。
I did nothing that might hurt you. 我沒有做任何可能傷害你的事。
All that glitters is not gold. 閃光的東西并非都是金子。
2. 當(dāng)先行詞被all, every, no, little, few, the only, the very, the right(恰當(dāng)?shù)?, the last, the same等修飾時,關(guān)系代詞原則上用that,不用which,例如:
Chatting is the only thing that interests her most. 聊天是她感興趣的事情。
These messages are the very ones that I have been looking for. 這些就是我一直在尋找 的信息。
This is the last thing that I want to do. 這是我最不愿意做的事情。
3. 當(dāng)先行詞本身是序數(shù)詞或形容詞級,以及被序數(shù)詞、形容詞級修飾時,關(guān)系代詞原 則上用that,不用which,例如:
It was the largest map that I ever saw. 那是我見過的的地圖。
When it comes to Jinan, the first that comes to mind is the spring water. 談到濟(jì)南時 ,首先想到的就是泉水。
That is the best film that has ever been shown so far in the city. 那是這座城市到目 前為止放過的的一部電影。
【問題探究】
透視上述三種情況,我們發(fā)現(xiàn):一旦先行詞或之前的修飾語表達(dá)了①獨一無二概念、 ②全部概 念、 ③完全否定的概念時,也就是說“無需選擇或者無法選擇”的時候,原則不能使用關(guān)系 代詞which,因為which曾經(jīng)是疑問代詞“哪一個”,多少還保留著“選擇”的意味 。比方說,the only 表示“”,everything表示“所有的東西”,none表示 “什么都沒有”,這些還需要選擇嗎?還能做出選擇嗎?既然不能選擇或者無法選擇,which最 好就別用了。
同理,修飾“人”的定語從句,如果先行詞本身或前面的修飾語跟上述情況相同,那 么,同樣選擇使用that,盡量避免使用who。說明who這個關(guān)系代詞仍然帶有原來疑問的味道。例如:
Her father was the simplest, hardest working man that we had ever met.
Alice is the only girl that was praised by the headmaster at yesterday’s meeting.
All the passengers that were injured were carried to the hospital.