天空吸引你展翅飛翔，海洋召喚你揚帆啟航，高山激勵你奮勇攀登，平原等待你信馬由韁……出發(fā)吧，愿你前程無量,努力備考，考入理想院校！以下是為大家整理的 《2018考博英語閱讀經(jīng)濟學人文章精析：你對時間了解多少》供您查閱。
哲學家對于時間有兩派不同的觀點：一派認為時間是宇宙的基本結構，是一個會依序列方式出現(xiàn)的維度，像艾薩克·牛頓就對時間有這様?shù)挠^點。包括戈特弗里德·萊布尼茨及伊曼努爾·康德在內(nèi)的另一派認為時間不是任何一種已經(jīng)存在的維度，也不是任何會“流動”的實存物，時間只是一種心智的概念，配合空間和數(shù)可以讓人類對事件排先后順序及進行比較。有介定為：時間不過是人為便于思考宇宙，而對物質(zhì)運動劃分，是人定規(guī)則，愛因斯坦將相對論概念用在比喻心理時鐘不是絕對。
Thoughts on time
關于時間的思考
Clock-watching
看表
A sweeping look at mankind’s relationship with time
人類和時間的關系的全面觀察
Feb 11th 2017
Why Time Flies: A Mostly Scientific Investigation. By Alan Burdick. Simon & Schuster; 320 pages; $28.
為什么時間會飛逝：一個廣泛的科學調(diào)查。艾倫•伯迪克，西蒙&舒斯特編寫;320頁;28美元
TIME is such a slippery thing. It ticks away, neutrally, yet it also flies and collapses, and is more often lost than found. Days can feel eternal but a month can gallop past. So, is time ever perceived objectively? Is this experience innate or is it learned? And how long is “now”, anyway? Such questions have puzzled philosophers and scientists for over 2,000 years. They also began to haunt Alan Burdick of the New Yorker. Keen for answers, he set out “on a journey through the world of time”, a lengthy trip that spans everything from Zeno’s paradoxes to the latest neuroscience.(讀者試譯) Alas, he arrives at a somewhat dispiriting conclusion: “If scientists agree on anything, it’s that nobody knows enough about time.”
時間就是這么一種狡猾的東西。它會在嘀嗒中消逝，也會不斷地飛逝或是崩然離去。通常浪費的時間總是要比比我們所珍視的時間要多。歲月可以是永恒的，但有時候整整一個月的時間卻也可以稍縱即逝。所以，我們是否能夠客觀的去感知時間呢?而這種對時間的體驗是我們與生俱來的還是可以后天習得的呢?“現(xiàn)在”又到底是多長時間呢?諸如此類的問題已經(jīng)困擾了哲學家和科學家2000多年了。(期待您的翻譯，明天會有針對這句話的長難句解析喲~)在阿拉斯，他得出了一個讓人有點沮喪的結論：如果科學家們都認定了一件事，那么就沒有人會對時間有更多的認識。
Humans are apparently poor judges of the duration of time. Minutes seem to drag when one is bored, tired or sad, yet they flit by for those who are busy, happy or socialising (particularly if alcohol or cocaine is involved). Eventful periods seem, in retrospect, to have passed slowly, whereas humdrum stretches will have sped by. Although humans (and many animals) have an internal mechanism to keep time, this turns out to be as reliable as a vintage cuckoo clock. “It’s a mystery to me that we function as well as we do,” observes Dan Lloyd, a philosopher and time scholar at Trinity College in Hartford, Connecticut.
很顯然，人們對時間流逝的的概念并不是很準確。當一個人無聊，勞累，難過的時候，就覺得度日如年，然而當一個人忙碌，開心，或是處于交際之中(特別是有酒精，可卡因陪伴的時候)時，會覺得時間轉(zhuǎn)瞬即逝。在回顧過去的時候，多事之秋，時間過得很慢;反而在乏味時期，時間眨眼就過去了。然而人們(和許多動物)有天生的機制去達到準時的標準，這被證明是和老式布谷鳥時鐘一樣可靠?！拔覀冏龅氖虑楹臀覀兊墓δ苁且粯拥暮茫@對我來說一直都是一個迷”丹•勞埃德觀察到，他是康涅狄格州的哈特福德的三一學院的哲學家和時間研究者。
St Augustine, a fourth-century philosopher and theologian, was the first to recognise time as a property of the mind, an experience of perception and far from absolute. His insight turned what had been a subject of physics into one of psychology, and it informs much of the work of later scientists. In the mid-1800s William James, a philosopher and psychologist, noted that the brain does not perceive time itself but its passage, and only because it is filled in some way. He grew baffled by efforts to quantify the present, observing that any instant melts in one’s grasp, “gone in the instant of becoming”.
四世紀的哲學家及神學家圣奧古斯丁是第一位將時間定義為一種無形的資產(chǎn)的人，他認為這是一種無形的感知而不是一種實際絕對的東西。他對時間的認識從一種物理實體轉(zhuǎn)變成了一個心理主題，這一點為之后的科學家的研究內(nèi)容打下了基礎。十九世紀中葉的哲學家及心理學家威廉ž詹姆斯提出大腦本身并不能感受到時間，只是大腦的運作并且是以某種方式充滿了(內(nèi)容物的工作)才能體會到時間的流逝。在不斷嘗試想要將現(xiàn)在的事物數(shù)值化的過程中，他觀察到當人們想要抓住它的時候，它就已經(jīng)消逝了”真的是曇花一現(xiàn)”。
Perception n.(u) 觀念，感知
Inform vt.預示，告知
Baffle vt.使受挫，使迷惑
Grasp n.(u)&vt.&vi. 控制，抓住，攫取
Of all interior clocks, the circadian is perhaps best understood. Nearly every organism has a molecular rhythm cycle that roughly tracks a 24-hour period. In humans all bodily functions oscillate depending on the time of day. Blood pressure peaks around noon; physical co-ordination crests in midafternoon; and muscles are strongest at around 5pm. Night-shift workers are not as productive as they think they are. Cataclysms of human error, including accidents at Chernobyl and aboard the Exxon Valdez, all took place in the small hours, when workers are measurably slowest to respond to warning signals. Long-distance travel often makes a hash of the body’s “synchronised confederacy of clocks”, disrupting not only sleep but metabolism. The jet-lagged body recovers at a rate of about one time zone per day.
就所有的內(nèi)部時間來看，生物鐘應該是理解的了。幾乎每個器官都有一個以24小時為長度的分子節(jié)奏周期。人體所有的身體功能都是根據(jù)一天的長度來周期性運動的。午間人體血壓會達到峰值;身體協(xié)調(diào)能力在下午茶時間表現(xiàn)到極致;而在下午五點的時候肌肉是壯的。上晚班的工作者們的工作效率并沒有想象中那么高。人為的災難，比如切爾諾貝利大爆炸以及Exxon Valdez原油泄漏案都發(fā)生在凌晨，而這個時間剛好是工作人員對危險征兆反應最慢的時候。長時間的旅行會把“同步生物鐘”變成一團糟，不僅會使睡眠混亂而且會影響新陳代謝。人體倒時差的速度大概是一天一個時區(qū)。
Interior adj.&n.(c) 內(nèi)部(的)，內(nèi)政(的)，內(nèi)心(的)
Circadian adj. <生理>晝夜節(jié)奏的，生理節(jié)奏的(即大約每天一次的)
Molecular adj. 分子的，由分子組成的;
Oscillate vt. 使振蕩，使振動，使動搖;
vi. 持續(xù)周期性地擺動; 動搖，猶豫：猶豫不決; 動搖，猶豫：猶豫不決;
Cataclysm n.(c) (突然降臨的)大災難
small hours午夜，凌晨
Metabolism n. 新陳代謝; 代謝作用
jet-lagged adj. 有時差反應的
Mr Burdick spent quite a lot of time on this book, beginning it just before his twin sons were born and finishing it when they were old enough to suggest titles. It reads like a discursive journey through a vague and slippery subject, a thoughtful ramble across decades and disciplines. Although the study of time has yielded few firm conclusions, one lesson is poignantly certain: most people complain that time seems to speed up as they get older, in part because they feel more pressed for it. “Time”, writes Mr Burdick, “matters precisely because it ends.”
伯迪克先生在這本書上花了相當多的時間，從他的雙胞胎兒子出生前就開始著手，到他們都長到能夠為起標題提供建議時才完成。該書讀起來像一段在模糊和不確定的主題里穿梭的散漫的旅程，一段透過年代和紀律的思想漫步。盡管關于時間的研究沒有產(chǎn)生一個固定的結論，一件事時深刻地確定的：大多數(shù)人抱怨時間隨著他們長大而好像過得更快了，部分地因為他們感覺到更缺少它?！皶r間，”伯迪克先生寫道，“重要是因為它要結束了?！?BR> Discursive 散漫的，離題的
Ramble 漫步，漫游，隨筆
Poignantly 深刻地