2018考博經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)人文章英語(yǔ)閱讀每日精析:英國(guó)大選

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     考博英語(yǔ)閱讀大部分博士研究生招生院校都使用《經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)人》雜志文章作為題源,新東方在線(xiàn)考博頻道為考博生們將其中的文章進(jìn)行深度分析,希望能提高大家的考博英語(yǔ)閱讀水平,讀懂長(zhǎng)難句。
     英國(guó)內(nèi)政大臣特蕾莎·梅將接替卡梅倫成為英國(guó)下一任首相,此前她在保守黨內(nèi)僅剩的一名對(duì)手能源部大臣安德烈婭·萊德瑟姆宣布退選。現(xiàn)年59歲的特蕾莎·梅將成為英國(guó)歷繼瑪格麗特·撒切爾以來(lái)的第二位女首相。
     蘇格蘭獨(dú)立公投
     蘇格蘭獨(dú)立公投是指2013年3月21日,英國(guó)蘇格蘭政府首席部長(zhǎng)薩蒙德宣布,蘇格蘭將于2014年9月18日舉行獨(dú)立公投,以決定蘇格蘭是否脫離英國(guó)獨(dú)立。薩蒙德當(dāng)天在蘇格蘭議會(huì)宣布這一公投日期。根據(jù)蘇格蘭選舉委員會(huì)的建議,公投的問(wèn)題設(shè)計(jì)為"蘇格蘭是否應(yīng)該成為獨(dú)立的國(guó)家",答案選項(xiàng)為"是/否"。薩蒙德說(shuō),"蘇格蘭的未來(lái)將由蘇格蘭人民來(lái)決定。"蘇格蘭政府當(dāng)天向蘇格蘭議會(huì)提交獨(dú)立公投法案,內(nèi)容涉及公投的具體安排,包括公投日期和開(kāi)支等內(nèi)容。公投法案需要經(jīng)過(guò)蘇格蘭議會(huì)的批準(zhǔn)。由于薩蒙德領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的蘇格蘭民族黨在議會(huì)中占據(jù)絕大多數(shù)議席,因此分析人士認(rèn)為這一法案肯定會(huì)獲得通過(guò)。
     2014年9月19日,蘇格蘭獨(dú)立公投計(jì)票結(jié)果公布,55.8%、共1877252名選民對(duì)獨(dú)立說(shuō)"不"。同時(shí)英國(guó)蘇格蘭政府首席大臣薩蒙德在蘇格蘭獨(dú)立公投否決獨(dú)立后宣布辭職。
     2014年9月21日,蘇格蘭地方政府首席部長(zhǎng)薩蒙德接受英國(guó)天空衛(wèi)視新聞臺(tái)采訪(fǎng)時(shí),指責(zé)英國(guó)政府欺騙蘇格蘭民眾,揚(yáng)言"獨(dú)立計(jì)劃繼續(xù),蘇格蘭可能在不經(jīng)公投的情況下宣布脫離英國(guó)"。
     保守黨
     英國(guó)保守與統(tǒng)一黨(Conservative and Unionist Party),簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)保守黨,是英國(guó)歷史最悠久的政黨,也是全國(guó)的保守右翼政黨。
     保守黨是在20世紀(jì)的英國(guó)占主導(dǎo)地位的政黨,出過(guò)丘吉爾和撒切爾夫人等首相,并在20世紀(jì)80年代和90年代創(chuàng)下4次連續(xù)執(zhí)政(1979年—1997年)的業(yè)績(jī),不過(guò)保守黨自從于1997年大選敗于布萊爾領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的工黨以后,一直處于*的狀態(tài),直到2010年同自由民主黨組成聯(lián)合政府重新上臺(tái)執(zhí)政?,F(xiàn)任領(lǐng)袖為特雷莎·梅。
     2017年6月9日,英國(guó)大選投票結(jié)束,保守黨獲得650個(gè)議員席位中的314席(較上屆選舉損失了17個(gè)議席),成為議會(huì)第一大黨贏得大選,但無(wú)法獲得過(guò)半數(shù)席位。
     工黨
     英國(guó)工黨(LabourParty,GreatBritain)英國(guó)兩大執(zhí)政黨之一。英國(guó)資產(chǎn)階級(jí)左翼政黨。1900年2月27日建立于倫敦,稱(chēng)勞工代表委員會(huì),1906年稱(chēng)工黨。初期是工會(huì)組織與費(fèi)邊社、獨(dú)立工黨和社會(huì)民主同盟之間的聯(lián)盟,只有集體黨員,沒(méi)有個(gè)人黨員,也沒(méi)有明確綱領(lǐng),宗旨是在議會(huì)里實(shí)現(xiàn)獨(dú)立的勞工代表權(quán)。以后費(fèi)邊社和獨(dú)立工黨的社會(huì)改良主義在黨內(nèi)影響不斷增長(zhǎng)。
     Curtice——蘇格蘭知名民調(diào)專(zhuān)家
     Whodunit?
     Post-mortem of Britain’s electoral upset
     英國(guó)大選意外結(jié)果的事后反思
     Turnout, youth and Brexit: the three things that sank the Tories
     投票率,青年和脫歐:這三樣事?lián)舫亮吮J攸h
     Jun 17th 2017
     THE Conservative Party began the election campaign with an enormous lead and even on election day was expecting to increase its majority. What went wrong?
     保守黨以一個(gè)大黨派開(kāi)始競(jìng)選,甚至期望在選舉日增加多的席位。到底哪里出了錯(cuò)?
     The biggest unknown ahead of the election was turnout. Labour was wildly popular among the young, but polling firms differed in their estimates of how many young people would vote at all. In the event, Labour’s young fans excelled themselves: turnout among people aged 18-24 was 57%, according to a large post-election survey by YouGov, a pollster. That is 14 percentage points greater than in 2015.
     選舉前的未知是投票率。工黨在年輕人中廣受歡迎,但民意調(diào)查公司對(duì)最終有多少年輕人投票評(píng)估不同。在這次事件中,工黨的年輕粉絲超越了他們自己:根據(jù)一家民意調(diào)查站YouGov選舉后大型的民意調(diào)查,18到24歲這個(gè)年齡段人的投票率占57%。這比2015年多了14個(gè)百分點(diǎn)。
     excelled v. 優(yōu)于;超過(guò);超越(excel的過(guò)去分詞形式);勝過(guò)
     Age is now the main determining factor affecting party choice. The “phenomenal” generational divide has never before been so stark, according to John Curtice of NatCen Social Research. Mr Corbyn pulled in young people in droves by promising free university tuition. Labour won 43 of the 60 constituencies where full-time students make up 15% or more of the adult population, five of which it gained from the Tories.
     現(xiàn)在,年齡已經(jīng)成為政黨選擇的主要決定因素。根據(jù)英國(guó)國(guó)家社會(huì)研究中心的John Curtice所說(shuō),代溝現(xiàn)象從來(lái)沒(méi)有像現(xiàn)在這么突出。Corbyn先生通過(guò)承諾大學(xué)免學(xué)費(fèi)來(lái)拉攏年輕人。工黨贏得了60個(gè)選區(qū)中的43個(gè),其中全日制學(xué)生占成年人口的15%或更多,其中有5個(gè)得自保守黨。
     Stark 完全的;荒涼的;刻板的;光禿禿的;樸實(shí)的;完全;明顯地;突出地;人名
     Overall, turnout rose by 2.5 points to 68.7%, the highest since 1997. Seat-by-seat analysis shows that it increased most in areas with large populations of well-educated under-45s; areas that are ethnically diverse; and areas that voted to remain in the European Union last year. That probably cost the Conservatives. Turnout in pro-EU London, where they lost six seats, increased by five points to surpass 70% for the first time since 1992.
     總體來(lái)說(shuō),投票率上升了2.5個(gè)百分點(diǎn)到達(dá)68.7%,是自1997年以來(lái)的點(diǎn)。Seat-by-seat分析顯示:這現(xiàn)象(投票率上升)在那些受過(guò)良好教育的45歲以下的大人口地區(qū),那些多民族地區(qū)和去年投票留在歐盟的地區(qū)最為明顯。這可能會(huì)讓保守黨付出代價(jià)。在支持歐盟的倫敦,他們失去了6個(gè)席位,在1992年以來(lái)第一次增長(zhǎng)了5個(gè)百分點(diǎn),首次超過(guò)了70%。
     Brexit paid some dividends to the Tories. In 2015 the UK Independence Party won 12.6% of the vote with an anti-EU message. With the referendum won, its vote collapsed. About 60% of those who voted for UKIP in 2015 defected to the Conservatives, according to a post-election survey by Lord Ashcroft. The Tories did best in constituencies that voted heavily for Brexit: in six of their eight new English seats the Leave vote was over 60%.
     英國(guó)脫歐支付股息給保守黨。2015,英國(guó)獨(dú)立黨以反對(duì)歐盟的信息贏得了12.6%的選票。隨著全民公決的勝利,投票失敗了。在2015年投奔了保守黨中大約有60%的人投票贊成獨(dú)立黨,根據(jù)選舉后的阿什克羅夫特勛爵的調(diào)查。在進(jìn)行選區(qū)保守黨做的的,有很多選民支持退歐:在他們的八個(gè)新英國(guó)座位中,有六個(gè)席位的超過(guò)60%的投票支持退出。
     Collapse (突然)倒塌,坍塌;倒下,昏倒,暈倒;坐下,躺下放松;突然失敗;崩潰;瓦解;降價(jià),貶值;暴跌
     But Brexit hurt the party in other places. Excluding Scotland, there is a strong correlation between swings from the Tories to Labour and the vote in the EU referendum (see chart). By our seat-by-seat analysis, Brexit was responsible for about half of the national swing from the Tories to Labour. Labour said as little as possible about the subject, allowing it to attract voters from both sides of the referendum divide. It gained 18 seats in lukewarm Leave constituencies and 13 in areas that voted Remain.
     但英國(guó)退歐傷害了這個(gè)黨派的其他地方。除蘇格蘭外,從保守黨到工黨的搖擺和歐盟公投有著密切的聯(lián)系(見(jiàn)圖表)。我們一個(gè)一個(gè)來(lái)分析,英國(guó)退歐導(dǎo)致了一半的全國(guó)從保守黨到工黨的搖擺。工黨盡可能少地談?wù)撨@個(gè)問(wèn)題,希望從公投的兩個(gè)方面吸引選民。它在冷淡退歐的選區(qū)中獲得了18個(gè)席位,在留歐的地區(qū)里獲得了13個(gè)席位。
     All told, of the 28 seats the Tories lost to Labour, perhaps 17 can be explained by some combination of higher turnout, large populations of young and educated voters, and opposition to a hard Brexit. That leaves 11 seats dotted around England where those elements were not sufficient to explain the result. Seven years of austerity under the Tories are likely to have counted; so is Theresa May’s dour campaign, which failed to learn from the Scottish independence referendum of 2014 that positive messages matter.
     總而言之,在保守黨失去給工黨的28個(gè)席位中,也許有17個(gè)席位可以通過(guò)這幾個(gè)原因來(lái)解釋?zhuān)焊叩耐镀甭?、大量的年輕受過(guò)教育的投票者以及對(duì)于脫歐的反對(duì)。而剩下的11個(gè)席位則遍布英國(guó),這些因素不足以解釋結(jié)果。據(jù)估計(jì),保守黨時(shí)長(zhǎng)七年的緊縮政策很可能也是一個(gè)原因,所以,特蕾莎·梅的頑強(qiáng)掙扎并沒(méi)有從2014年的蘇格蘭全民公投中取得教訓(xùn):正能量很重要。
     austerity (經(jīng)濟(jì)的)緊縮;樸素;苦行;嚴(yán)厲
     It was nearly very different. The Tories lost four seats by 30 votes or fewer. The current distribution of votes means that the number of seats won is more “elastic” relative to vote share than in the past, Mr Curtice notes. A 2.5 percentage-point swing from Labour to the Tories would have won them 29 more seats, giving them a 51-seat working majority—and turning the narrative of Tory disaster into one of triumph.
     然而結(jié)果與大家的預(yù)料完全不同,保守黨以30票甚至不足30票而輸了四席。Curtice先生在自己的日記中寫(xiě)道:“根據(jù)選票的分布可以看出現(xiàn)在贏得席位的票數(shù)比過(guò)去更加注重“彈性”相對(duì)投票份額?!?BR>