lesson38 The first calendar 早的日歷
新概念3課文內(nèi)容：
Future historians will be in a unique position when they come to record the history of our own times. They will hardly know which facts to select from the great mass of evidence that steadily accumulates. What is more, they will not have to rely solely on the written word. Films, videos. CDs and CD-ROMs are just some of the bewildering amount of information they will have. They will be able, as it were, to see and hear us in action. But the historian attempting to reconstruct the distant past is always faced with a difficult task. He has to deduce what he can from the few scanty clues available. Even seemingly insignificant remains can shed interesting light on the history of early man.
Up to now, historians have assumed that calendars came into being with the advent of agriculture, for then man was faced with a real need to understand something about the seasons. Recent scientific evidence seems to indicate that this assumption is incorrect.
Historians have long been puzzled by dots, lines and symbols which have been engraved on walls, bones, and the ivory tusk of mammoths. The nomads who made these markings lived by hunting and fishing during the last Ice Age, which began about 35,000 B.C. and ended about 10,000 B.C. By correlating markings made in various parts of the world, historians have been able to read this difficult code. They have found that it is connected with the passage of days and the phases of the moon. It is, in fact, a primitive type of calendar. It has long been known that the hunting scenes depicted on walls were not simply a form of artistic expression. They had a definite meaning, for they were as near as early man could get to writing. It is possible that there is a definite relation between these paintings and the markings that sometimes accompany them. It seems that man was making a real effort to understand the seasons 20,000 years earlier than has been supposed.
新概念英語3逐句精講：
1.Future historians will be in a unique position when they come to record the history of our own times.
未來的歷史學(xué)家在寫我們這一段歷史的時候會別具一格。
語言點1:句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析:when引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句，從句中的of our own times充當(dāng)history的后置定語。
語言點2:come to do的意思是“要做”。
2.They will hardly know which facts to select from the great mass of evidence that steadily accumulates.
對于逐漸積累起來的龐大材料，他們幾乎不知道選取哪些好。
語言點1:句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析:which引導(dǎo)賓語從句，交代know的內(nèi)容。That引導(dǎo)定語從句，修飾evidence。
語言點2:hardly know可直譯“幾乎不知道”。
3.What is more, they will not have to rely solely on the written word.
而且，也不必完全依賴文字材料。
語言點1:句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析:what is more為承上啟下的過渡語。
語言點2:rely on的意思是“依靠，依賴”，相當(dāng)于depend on。
4.Films, videos. CDs and CD-ROMs are just some of the bewildering amount of information they will have.
電影、錄像、光盤和光盤驅(qū)動器只是能為他們提供令人眼花繚亂的大量信息的幾種手段。
語言點:句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析:定語從句they will have的前面省去了關(guān)系代詞that,修飾information。
5.They will be able, as it were, to see and hear us in action.
他們能夠身臨其境般地觀看我們做事，傾聽我們講話。
語言點:句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析:as it were作插入語，意思是“可以說”。In action作賓語us的補足語。
6.But the historian attempting to reconstruct the distant past is always faced with a difficult task.
但是，歷史學(xué)家企圖重現(xiàn)遙遠(yuǎn)的過去可是一項艱巨的任務(wù)。
語言點1:句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析: attempting to reconstruct the distant past為現(xiàn)在分詞短語，作后置定語，修飾historian。
語言點2:be faced with的意思是“面對”，相當(dāng)于be confronted with。
7.He has to deduce what he can from the few scanty clues available.
他們必須根據(jù)現(xiàn)有的不充分的線索進行推理。
語言點:句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析:what引導(dǎo)賓語從句，說明deduce的內(nèi)容。
8.Even seemingly insignificant remains can shed interesting light on the history of early man.
即使看起來微不足道的遺物，也可能揭示人類早期歷史的一些有趣的內(nèi)容。
語言點1:句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析:shed的本意是“使…流出”，在本句中引申為“揭示”，相當(dāng)于reveal。
語言點2:shed light on的意思是“揭示…方面的事情，把…弄清楚”。
9.Up to now, historians have assumed that calendars came into being with the advent of agriculture, for then man was faced with a real need to understand something about the seasons.
歷史學(xué)家迄今認(rèn)為日歷是隨農(nóng)業(yè)的問世而出現(xiàn)的，因為當(dāng)時人們面臨著了解四季的實際需要。
語言點1:句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析:up to now放在句首，后面謂語的時態(tài)一定是現(xiàn)在完成時，這是約定俗成的語法要求。That引導(dǎo)賓語從句，交代assumed的內(nèi)容。For引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句，說明歷史學(xué)家為什么會這么認(rèn)為。
語言點2:come into being是固定搭配，意為“產(chǎn)生，出現(xiàn)”。
10. Recent scientific evidence seems to indicate that this assumption is incorrect.
但近期科學(xué)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，好像這種假設(shè)是不正確的。
語言點1:句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析:that引導(dǎo)賓語從句，交代indicate的內(nèi)容。
語言點2:indicate的本意是“指出”，在此引申為“發(fā)現(xiàn)”。
11. Historians have long been puzzled by dots, lines and symbols which have been engraved on walls, bones, and the ivory tusk of mammoths.
長期以來，歷史學(xué)家一直對雕刻在墻壁上、骨頭上、古代長毛象的象牙上的點、線和形形色色的符號感到困惑不解。
語言點1:句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析:這句話的核心結(jié)構(gòu)是sb.be puzzled by sth.（某人對某事感到困惑不解）。Which引導(dǎo)定語從句，修飾dots,lines and symbols。
語言點2:engrave on的意思是“在…上雕刻”。
12. The nomads who made these markings lived by hunting and fishing during the last Ice Age, which began about 35,000 B.C. and ended about 10,000 B.C.
這些痕跡是游牧人留下的，他們生活在從公元前約35，000年到公元前10，000年的冰川期的末期，以狩獵、捕魚為生。
語言點1:句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析:who引導(dǎo)定語從句，修飾nomads。Which引導(dǎo)定語從句，修飾the last Ice Age。
語言點2:lived by hunting and fishing的意思是“靠狩獵和捕魚為生”。
13.By correlating markings made in various parts of the world, historians have been able to read this difficult code.
歷史學(xué)家通過把世界各地留下的這種痕跡放在一起研究，終于弄懂了這種費解的代碼。
語言點1:句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析:by引導(dǎo)方式狀語，指“通過…方式”，其中的made in various parts of the world是過去分詞短語，作markings的后置定語。
語言點2:have been able to read不可理解為“已經(jīng)能夠讀了”，read在此引申為“弄懂”。
14.They have found that it is connected with the passage of days and the phases of the moon.
他們發(fā)現(xiàn)代碼與晝夜更迭和月亮圓缺有關(guān)。
語言點1:句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析:that引導(dǎo)賓語從句，交代have found的內(nèi)容；這個賓語從句中的and連接兩個并列的賓語。
語言點2:sth.be connected with sth.的意思是“某物與某物之間存在聯(lián)系”。
15.It is, in fact, a primitive type of calendar.
事實上是一種原始的日歷。
語言點:句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析:in fact不僅是插入語，還起強調(diào)作用。It指上文中所說的code（代碼）。
16.It has long been known that the hunting scenes depicted on walls were not simply a form of artistic expression.
大家早就知道，畫在墻上的狩獵圖景并不是單純的藝術(shù)表現(xiàn)形式。
語言點1:句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析:It has long been known that…是一個固定句式，表示“大家早就知道…”，it充當(dāng)形式主語，that引導(dǎo)的內(nèi)容才是真正的主語。
語言點2:depicted on walls為過去分詞短語，作hunting scenes的后置定語。
語言點3:be not simply a form of的意思是“并不是一種簡單的…形式”。
17.They had a definite meaning, for they were as near as early man could get to writing.
它們有著一定的含義，因為它們已接近古代人的文字形式。
語言點1:句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析:for引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句，交代“有含義”的理由。
語言點2:they指代上文中所說the hunting scenes depicted on walls。
18.It is possible that there is a definite relation between these paintings and the markings that sometimes accompany them.
有時，這種圖畫與墻壁上的刻痕共存，它們之間可能有一定的聯(lián)系。
語言點:句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析:第一個that引導(dǎo)的部分是真正的主語，it是形式主語，第二個that引導(dǎo)定語從句，修飾markings.
19.It seems that man was making a real effort to understand the seasons 20,000 years earlier than has been supposed.
看來人類早就致力于探索四季變遷了，比人們想像的要早20,000年。
語言點:句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析:that引導(dǎo)表語從句；在這個從句中，than引導(dǎo)定語從句，在該定語從句中，than作主語，這是定語從句中的特別現(xiàn)象。
新概念3課文內(nèi)容：
Future historians will be in a unique position when they come to record the history of our own times. They will hardly know which facts to select from the great mass of evidence that steadily accumulates. What is more, they will not have to rely solely on the written word. Films, videos. CDs and CD-ROMs are just some of the bewildering amount of information they will have. They will be able, as it were, to see and hear us in action. But the historian attempting to reconstruct the distant past is always faced with a difficult task. He has to deduce what he can from the few scanty clues available. Even seemingly insignificant remains can shed interesting light on the history of early man.
Up to now, historians have assumed that calendars came into being with the advent of agriculture, for then man was faced with a real need to understand something about the seasons. Recent scientific evidence seems to indicate that this assumption is incorrect.
Historians have long been puzzled by dots, lines and symbols which have been engraved on walls, bones, and the ivory tusk of mammoths. The nomads who made these markings lived by hunting and fishing during the last Ice Age, which began about 35,000 B.C. and ended about 10,000 B.C. By correlating markings made in various parts of the world, historians have been able to read this difficult code. They have found that it is connected with the passage of days and the phases of the moon. It is, in fact, a primitive type of calendar. It has long been known that the hunting scenes depicted on walls were not simply a form of artistic expression. They had a definite meaning, for they were as near as early man could get to writing. It is possible that there is a definite relation between these paintings and the markings that sometimes accompany them. It seems that man was making a real effort to understand the seasons 20,000 years earlier than has been supposed.
新概念英語3逐句精講：
1.Future historians will be in a unique position when they come to record the history of our own times.
未來的歷史學(xué)家在寫我們這一段歷史的時候會別具一格。
語言點1:句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析:when引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句，從句中的of our own times充當(dāng)history的后置定語。
語言點2:come to do的意思是“要做”。
2.They will hardly know which facts to select from the great mass of evidence that steadily accumulates.
對于逐漸積累起來的龐大材料，他們幾乎不知道選取哪些好。
語言點1:句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析:which引導(dǎo)賓語從句，交代know的內(nèi)容。That引導(dǎo)定語從句，修飾evidence。
語言點2:hardly know可直譯“幾乎不知道”。
3.What is more, they will not have to rely solely on the written word.
而且，也不必完全依賴文字材料。
語言點1:句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析:what is more為承上啟下的過渡語。
語言點2:rely on的意思是“依靠，依賴”，相當(dāng)于depend on。
4.Films, videos. CDs and CD-ROMs are just some of the bewildering amount of information they will have.
電影、錄像、光盤和光盤驅(qū)動器只是能為他們提供令人眼花繚亂的大量信息的幾種手段。
語言點:句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析:定語從句they will have的前面省去了關(guān)系代詞that,修飾information。
5.They will be able, as it were, to see and hear us in action.
他們能夠身臨其境般地觀看我們做事，傾聽我們講話。
語言點:句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析:as it were作插入語，意思是“可以說”。In action作賓語us的補足語。
6.But the historian attempting to reconstruct the distant past is always faced with a difficult task.
但是，歷史學(xué)家企圖重現(xiàn)遙遠(yuǎn)的過去可是一項艱巨的任務(wù)。
語言點1:句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析: attempting to reconstruct the distant past為現(xiàn)在分詞短語，作后置定語，修飾historian。
語言點2:be faced with的意思是“面對”，相當(dāng)于be confronted with。
7.He has to deduce what he can from the few scanty clues available.
他們必須根據(jù)現(xiàn)有的不充分的線索進行推理。
語言點:句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析:what引導(dǎo)賓語從句，說明deduce的內(nèi)容。
8.Even seemingly insignificant remains can shed interesting light on the history of early man.
即使看起來微不足道的遺物，也可能揭示人類早期歷史的一些有趣的內(nèi)容。
語言點1:句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析:shed的本意是“使…流出”，在本句中引申為“揭示”，相當(dāng)于reveal。
語言點2:shed light on的意思是“揭示…方面的事情，把…弄清楚”。
9.Up to now, historians have assumed that calendars came into being with the advent of agriculture, for then man was faced with a real need to understand something about the seasons.
歷史學(xué)家迄今認(rèn)為日歷是隨農(nóng)業(yè)的問世而出現(xiàn)的，因為當(dāng)時人們面臨著了解四季的實際需要。
語言點1:句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析:up to now放在句首，后面謂語的時態(tài)一定是現(xiàn)在完成時，這是約定俗成的語法要求。That引導(dǎo)賓語從句，交代assumed的內(nèi)容。For引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句，說明歷史學(xué)家為什么會這么認(rèn)為。
語言點2:come into being是固定搭配，意為“產(chǎn)生，出現(xiàn)”。
10. Recent scientific evidence seems to indicate that this assumption is incorrect.
但近期科學(xué)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，好像這種假設(shè)是不正確的。
語言點1:句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析:that引導(dǎo)賓語從句，交代indicate的內(nèi)容。
語言點2:indicate的本意是“指出”，在此引申為“發(fā)現(xiàn)”。
11. Historians have long been puzzled by dots, lines and symbols which have been engraved on walls, bones, and the ivory tusk of mammoths.
長期以來，歷史學(xué)家一直對雕刻在墻壁上、骨頭上、古代長毛象的象牙上的點、線和形形色色的符號感到困惑不解。
語言點1:句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析:這句話的核心結(jié)構(gòu)是sb.be puzzled by sth.（某人對某事感到困惑不解）。Which引導(dǎo)定語從句，修飾dots,lines and symbols。
語言點2:engrave on的意思是“在…上雕刻”。
12. The nomads who made these markings lived by hunting and fishing during the last Ice Age, which began about 35,000 B.C. and ended about 10,000 B.C.
這些痕跡是游牧人留下的，他們生活在從公元前約35，000年到公元前10，000年的冰川期的末期，以狩獵、捕魚為生。
語言點1:句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析:who引導(dǎo)定語從句，修飾nomads。Which引導(dǎo)定語從句，修飾the last Ice Age。
語言點2:lived by hunting and fishing的意思是“靠狩獵和捕魚為生”。
13.By correlating markings made in various parts of the world, historians have been able to read this difficult code.
歷史學(xué)家通過把世界各地留下的這種痕跡放在一起研究，終于弄懂了這種費解的代碼。
語言點1:句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析:by引導(dǎo)方式狀語，指“通過…方式”，其中的made in various parts of the world是過去分詞短語，作markings的后置定語。
語言點2:have been able to read不可理解為“已經(jīng)能夠讀了”，read在此引申為“弄懂”。
14.They have found that it is connected with the passage of days and the phases of the moon.
他們發(fā)現(xiàn)代碼與晝夜更迭和月亮圓缺有關(guān)。
語言點1:句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析:that引導(dǎo)賓語從句，交代have found的內(nèi)容；這個賓語從句中的and連接兩個并列的賓語。
語言點2:sth.be connected with sth.的意思是“某物與某物之間存在聯(lián)系”。
15.It is, in fact, a primitive type of calendar.
事實上是一種原始的日歷。
語言點:句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析:in fact不僅是插入語，還起強調(diào)作用。It指上文中所說的code（代碼）。
16.It has long been known that the hunting scenes depicted on walls were not simply a form of artistic expression.
大家早就知道，畫在墻上的狩獵圖景并不是單純的藝術(shù)表現(xiàn)形式。
語言點1:句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析:It has long been known that…是一個固定句式，表示“大家早就知道…”，it充當(dāng)形式主語，that引導(dǎo)的內(nèi)容才是真正的主語。
語言點2:depicted on walls為過去分詞短語，作hunting scenes的后置定語。
語言點3:be not simply a form of的意思是“并不是一種簡單的…形式”。
17.They had a definite meaning, for they were as near as early man could get to writing.
它們有著一定的含義，因為它們已接近古代人的文字形式。
語言點1:句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析:for引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句，交代“有含義”的理由。
語言點2:they指代上文中所說the hunting scenes depicted on walls。
18.It is possible that there is a definite relation between these paintings and the markings that sometimes accompany them.
有時，這種圖畫與墻壁上的刻痕共存，它們之間可能有一定的聯(lián)系。
語言點:句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析:第一個that引導(dǎo)的部分是真正的主語，it是形式主語，第二個that引導(dǎo)定語從句，修飾markings.
19.It seems that man was making a real effort to understand the seasons 20,000 years earlier than has been supposed.
看來人類早就致力于探索四季變遷了，比人們想像的要早20,000年。
語言點:句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析:that引導(dǎo)表語從句；在這個從句中，than引導(dǎo)定語從句，在該定語從句中，than作主語，這是定語從句中的特別現(xiàn)象。