初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法：直接引語(yǔ)和間接引語(yǔ)
語(yǔ)法要點(diǎn)：直接引語(yǔ)和間接引語(yǔ)屬于賓語(yǔ)從句范疇。直接引述別人的原話，叫直接引語(yǔ)；用自己的話轉(zhuǎn)述別人的話，或引用自己說(shuō)過(guò)的話，叫間接引語(yǔ)。由 于時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)以及人物都有可能起變化，所以間接引語(yǔ)中的時(shí)態(tài)、人稱、語(yǔ)序、指示代詞、時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)、地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)等要作相應(yīng)的變化。
1. 直接引語(yǔ)和間接引語(yǔ)的轉(zhuǎn)換方法
?、?間接引語(yǔ)語(yǔ)序改為陳述句語(yǔ)序
陳述句用 that 引導(dǎo)，口語(yǔ)中常省略 She said，例：
“I am going to the cinema. ”
→ She said (that) she was going to the cinema.
?、?一般疑問(wèn)句
用if/whether連接，例：
“Have you ever travelled by plane?” she asked me.
→ She asked me if / whether I had travelled by plane.
?、?反意疑問(wèn)句
用if/whether連接，例：
He asked，“You are a doctor， aren’t you?”
→ He asked (me) if / whether I was a doctor.
④ 特殊疑問(wèn)句
由原疑問(wèn)詞連接(如疑問(wèn)代詞是主語(yǔ)，不要改變語(yǔ)序)，例：
He asked, “Who will come to help us?”
→ He asked who would come to help them.
She said, “Where have you been， Simon?”
→ She asked Simon where he had been.
?、?選擇疑問(wèn)句
由 whether…or 引導(dǎo)，例：
Eddie said, “Is this a TV set or a computer?”
→ Eddie asked (me) whether that was a TV set or a computer.
?、?祈使句
用“tell /ask /order someone (not) to do something” 結(jié)構(gòu)，將動(dòng)詞原形變?yōu)閯?dòng)詞不定式，例：
“Put up your hands，” said the teacher.
→ The teacher told them to put up their hands.
“Don’t play football on the street，” the policeman said.
→ The policeman ordered us not to play football on the street.
2. 時(shí)態(tài)的變化
如主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是一般過(guò)去時(shí)，直接引語(yǔ)變間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞在時(shí)態(tài)上要作相應(yīng)變化：
直接引語(yǔ) 間接引語(yǔ)
一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) → 一般過(guò)去時(shí)
現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) → 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) → 過(guò)去完成時(shí)
一般過(guò)去時(shí) → 過(guò)去完成時(shí)
過(guò)去完成時(shí) → 過(guò)去完成時(shí)(不變)
一般將來(lái)時(shí) → 過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)
3. 指示代詞、時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)和地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)，直接引語(yǔ)變間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)的變化
?、?指示代詞
this →that
these → those
?、?時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)
now → then
today → that day
tonight → that night
this morning (week， month…) → that morning (week， month …)
tomorrow → the next day
next week (month…) →the next week (month …)
yesterday → the day before
last week (month…) →the week (month…) before
three days (a year …) ago → three days (a year …) before
?、?地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ) here → there
?、?動(dòng)詞 come → go
特別提示：以上變化要根據(jù)說(shuō)話的實(shí)際情況來(lái)定，不要機(jī)械地照搬。假如就在當(dāng)?shù)剞D(zhuǎn)述，here 就不必改為there；如果就在當(dāng)天轉(zhuǎn)述，yesterday，tomorrow 等時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)也不必改變。
直擊考點(diǎn)
一、單項(xiàng)填空
1. — My parents always tell me ___ others lateat night.
— They’re right. It’s not polite.
A. call B. not call C. to call D. not to call
(06年 福州)
【答案】D
【解析】從答語(yǔ)“他們說(shuō)得對(duì)，那是不禮貌的”可知，“My parents always tell me…”意為“父母常叫我不要在夜里給別人打電話”。動(dòng)詞不定式是not to do，即tell sb. not to do sth. 。
2. This morning my mother asked me ___.
A. why he is not here B. how did my brother do it
C. what time is it D. what Judy did over the weekend
(06年 長(zhǎng)春)
【答案】D
【解析】主句動(dòng)詞asked是過(guò)去式，間接引語(yǔ)應(yīng)用與過(guò)去有關(guān)的時(shí)態(tài)，并用陳述語(yǔ)序，只有選項(xiàng)D符合要求。
3. They say there ___ a new bridge across the river in two years.
A. will have B. is going to be C. has
(06年 武漢)
【答案】B
【解析】They say句是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，又因 in two years“兩年之后”，間接引語(yǔ)要用一般將來(lái)時(shí); there be 不可與have一起用，故答案是B。
4. — Could you tell me ____?
— Glad to help.
A. if I have been to the Great Wall B. where did he study
C. how I can get to the station D. what’s your name
(06年 錦州)
【答案】C
【解析】根據(jù)間接引語(yǔ)應(yīng)該是陳述句語(yǔ)序，排除B、D選項(xiàng)，A意思不合邏輯。句中could是一種委婉語(yǔ)氣，不要和過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)聯(lián)系在一起。
5. The students said they ____ have a picnic together after the big test.
A. would love to B. would love C. had love D. had love
(06年 呼和浩特)
【答案】A
【解析】主句中的said是動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式，從after the big test可判斷，間接引語(yǔ)應(yīng)該用過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí); to have a picnic together是would love的賓語(yǔ)。
6. — What did the head teacher say at themeeting?
— He said， “We ___ be proud of working hard. We mustn’t be lazy. ”
A. must B. needn’t C. may D. can’t
(06年 福州)
【答案】A
【解析】此題是一句直接引語(yǔ)，根據(jù)句意“我們應(yīng)該以勤勞為榮，不應(yīng)該懶惰”，選擇A。
7. Who can tell me ___ at the meeting?
A. what he said B. he said what
C. what did he say D. how he said
(06年 徐州)
【答案】A
【解析】根據(jù)間接引語(yǔ)對(duì)連接詞和語(yǔ)序的要求，排除B、C選項(xiàng); said是及物動(dòng)詞，what作賓語(yǔ)。
8. Will you please tell us ____ before you came to our city?
A. where do you work B. where did you work
C. where you worked
(06年 成都)
【答案】C
【解析】 從句應(yīng)該是用陳述語(yǔ)序。
二、根據(jù)要求完成下列各題。
1. If you ask someone to help you carry a heavy box， what will you say?
(06年 連云港)
【答案】Could you give/lend me a hand? 或：Could you help me，please?
【解析】因?yàn)檎?qǐng)求別人幫忙，所以說(shuō)話語(yǔ)氣要委婉，使用could要比can更好。
2. My brother said he ____ (let) me have the bike as soon as he had cleaned it.
(用所給詞的適當(dāng)形式填空)
(06年 無(wú)錫)
【答案】would let/ was going to let
【解析】as soon as引導(dǎo)的是時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，因?yàn)橹骶涫沁^(guò)去式，所以從句由一般將來(lái)時(shí)改變?yōu)檫^(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)。
3. She said to me， “Don’t write the letter with a pencil. ” (改為間接引語(yǔ))
She told me ___ with a pencil.
(06年 廣州)
【答案】not to write the letter
【解析】直接引語(yǔ)是否定祈使句，變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，用not to do sth.作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。
語(yǔ)法要點(diǎn)：直接引語(yǔ)和間接引語(yǔ)屬于賓語(yǔ)從句范疇。直接引述別人的原話，叫直接引語(yǔ)；用自己的話轉(zhuǎn)述別人的話，或引用自己說(shuō)過(guò)的話，叫間接引語(yǔ)。由 于時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)以及人物都有可能起變化，所以間接引語(yǔ)中的時(shí)態(tài)、人稱、語(yǔ)序、指示代詞、時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)、地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)等要作相應(yīng)的變化。
1. 直接引語(yǔ)和間接引語(yǔ)的轉(zhuǎn)換方法
?、?間接引語(yǔ)語(yǔ)序改為陳述句語(yǔ)序
陳述句用 that 引導(dǎo)，口語(yǔ)中常省略 She said，例：
“I am going to the cinema. ”
→ She said (that) she was going to the cinema.
?、?一般疑問(wèn)句
用if/whether連接，例：
“Have you ever travelled by plane?” she asked me.
→ She asked me if / whether I had travelled by plane.
?、?反意疑問(wèn)句
用if/whether連接，例：
He asked，“You are a doctor， aren’t you?”
→ He asked (me) if / whether I was a doctor.
④ 特殊疑問(wèn)句
由原疑問(wèn)詞連接(如疑問(wèn)代詞是主語(yǔ)，不要改變語(yǔ)序)，例：
He asked, “Who will come to help us?”
→ He asked who would come to help them.
She said, “Where have you been， Simon?”
→ She asked Simon where he had been.
?、?選擇疑問(wèn)句
由 whether…or 引導(dǎo)，例：
Eddie said, “Is this a TV set or a computer?”
→ Eddie asked (me) whether that was a TV set or a computer.
?、?祈使句
用“tell /ask /order someone (not) to do something” 結(jié)構(gòu)，將動(dòng)詞原形變?yōu)閯?dòng)詞不定式，例：
“Put up your hands，” said the teacher.
→ The teacher told them to put up their hands.
“Don’t play football on the street，” the policeman said.
→ The policeman ordered us not to play football on the street.
2. 時(shí)態(tài)的變化
如主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是一般過(guò)去時(shí)，直接引語(yǔ)變間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞在時(shí)態(tài)上要作相應(yīng)變化：
直接引語(yǔ) 間接引語(yǔ)
一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) → 一般過(guò)去時(shí)
現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) → 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) → 過(guò)去完成時(shí)
一般過(guò)去時(shí) → 過(guò)去完成時(shí)
過(guò)去完成時(shí) → 過(guò)去完成時(shí)(不變)
一般將來(lái)時(shí) → 過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)
3. 指示代詞、時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)和地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)，直接引語(yǔ)變間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)的變化
?、?指示代詞
this →that
these → those
?、?時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)
now → then
today → that day
tonight → that night
this morning (week， month…) → that morning (week， month …)
tomorrow → the next day
next week (month…) →the next week (month …)
yesterday → the day before
last week (month…) →the week (month…) before
three days (a year …) ago → three days (a year …) before
?、?地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ) here → there
?、?動(dòng)詞 come → go
特別提示：以上變化要根據(jù)說(shuō)話的實(shí)際情況來(lái)定，不要機(jī)械地照搬。假如就在當(dāng)?shù)剞D(zhuǎn)述，here 就不必改為there；如果就在當(dāng)天轉(zhuǎn)述，yesterday，tomorrow 等時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)也不必改變。
直擊考點(diǎn)
一、單項(xiàng)填空
1. — My parents always tell me ___ others lateat night.
— They’re right. It’s not polite.
A. call B. not call C. to call D. not to call
(06年 福州)
【答案】D
【解析】從答語(yǔ)“他們說(shuō)得對(duì)，那是不禮貌的”可知，“My parents always tell me…”意為“父母常叫我不要在夜里給別人打電話”。動(dòng)詞不定式是not to do，即tell sb. not to do sth. 。
2. This morning my mother asked me ___.
A. why he is not here B. how did my brother do it
C. what time is it D. what Judy did over the weekend
(06年 長(zhǎng)春)
【答案】D
【解析】主句動(dòng)詞asked是過(guò)去式，間接引語(yǔ)應(yīng)用與過(guò)去有關(guān)的時(shí)態(tài)，并用陳述語(yǔ)序，只有選項(xiàng)D符合要求。
3. They say there ___ a new bridge across the river in two years.
A. will have B. is going to be C. has
(06年 武漢)
【答案】B
【解析】They say句是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，又因 in two years“兩年之后”，間接引語(yǔ)要用一般將來(lái)時(shí); there be 不可與have一起用，故答案是B。
4. — Could you tell me ____?
— Glad to help.
A. if I have been to the Great Wall B. where did he study
C. how I can get to the station D. what’s your name
(06年 錦州)
【答案】C
【解析】根據(jù)間接引語(yǔ)應(yīng)該是陳述句語(yǔ)序，排除B、D選項(xiàng)，A意思不合邏輯。句中could是一種委婉語(yǔ)氣，不要和過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)聯(lián)系在一起。
5. The students said they ____ have a picnic together after the big test.
A. would love to B. would love C. had love D. had love
(06年 呼和浩特)
【答案】A
【解析】主句中的said是動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式，從after the big test可判斷，間接引語(yǔ)應(yīng)該用過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí); to have a picnic together是would love的賓語(yǔ)。
6. — What did the head teacher say at themeeting?
— He said， “We ___ be proud of working hard. We mustn’t be lazy. ”
A. must B. needn’t C. may D. can’t
(06年 福州)
【答案】A
【解析】此題是一句直接引語(yǔ)，根據(jù)句意“我們應(yīng)該以勤勞為榮，不應(yīng)該懶惰”，選擇A。
7. Who can tell me ___ at the meeting?
A. what he said B. he said what
C. what did he say D. how he said
(06年 徐州)
【答案】A
【解析】根據(jù)間接引語(yǔ)對(duì)連接詞和語(yǔ)序的要求，排除B、C選項(xiàng); said是及物動(dòng)詞，what作賓語(yǔ)。
8. Will you please tell us ____ before you came to our city?
A. where do you work B. where did you work
C. where you worked
(06年 成都)
【答案】C
【解析】 從句應(yīng)該是用陳述語(yǔ)序。
二、根據(jù)要求完成下列各題。
1. If you ask someone to help you carry a heavy box， what will you say?
(06年 連云港)
【答案】Could you give/lend me a hand? 或：Could you help me，please?
【解析】因?yàn)檎?qǐng)求別人幫忙，所以說(shuō)話語(yǔ)氣要委婉，使用could要比can更好。
2. My brother said he ____ (let) me have the bike as soon as he had cleaned it.
(用所給詞的適當(dāng)形式填空)
(06年 無(wú)錫)
【答案】would let/ was going to let
【解析】as soon as引導(dǎo)的是時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，因?yàn)橹骶涫沁^(guò)去式，所以從句由一般將來(lái)時(shí)改變?yōu)檫^(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)。
3. She said to me， “Don’t write the letter with a pencil. ” (改為間接引語(yǔ))
She told me ___ with a pencil.
(06年 廣州)
【答案】not to write the letter
【解析】直接引語(yǔ)是否定祈使句，變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，用not to do sth.作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。