一、 關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的區(qū)別
1、關(guān)系代詞(that, who, whom, whose, which)所代替的先行詞是人或物的名詞或代詞，并在句中充當(dāng)主語、賓語、定語等成分。
例1. Is he the man who/that wants to see you?(who / that在從句中作主語，指人)
例2. He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.(whom / that在從句中作賓語，指人)
例3. They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.(whose在句中作定語，指人)
例4. Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green.(whose在句中作定語，指物。若指物，它還可以同of which互換)
例5. The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。(which / that在句中作carry的賓語，指物)
2、關(guān)系副詞(when, where, why, that)可代替的先行詞是時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)或理由的名詞，在從句中作狀語。關(guān)系副詞when, where, why的含義相當(dāng)于"介詞+ which"結(jié)構(gòu)，因此常常和"介詞+ which"結(jié)構(gòu)交替使用。
例6. Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born.
例7. Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer?
例8. His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born.
例9. He can’t find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago.
二、 判斷用關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞
方法1： 用關(guān)系代詞，還是關(guān)系副詞完全取決于從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞。及物動(dòng)詞后面無賓語，就必須要求用關(guān)系代詞;而不及物動(dòng)詞則要求用關(guān)系副詞。請(qǐng)改錯(cuò)：
1. This is the mountain village where I visited last year.
2. I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.
習(xí)慣上總把表地點(diǎn)或時(shí)間的名詞與關(guān)系副詞 where, when聯(lián)系在一起。此兩題錯(cuò)在關(guān)系詞的誤用上。句1和句2的where, when都應(yīng)改為which.。
方法2： 準(zhǔn)確判斷先行詞在定語從句中的成分(主、謂、賓、定、狀)，根據(jù)第一點(diǎn)(區(qū)別)，也能正確選擇出關(guān)系代詞/關(guān)系副詞。
例10.This museum is ___ you visited a few days age?
A. where B. that C. on which D. the one
例11. This is the museum ____ the exhibition was held.
A. where B. that C. on which D. the one (答案：例1 D，例2 A)
在例10中，所缺部分為賓語，而where, that, on which都不能起到賓語的作用，只有the one既做了主句的表語，又可做從句的賓語，可以省略關(guān)系代詞，所以應(yīng)選D。
而例11中, 主、謂、賓俱全，從句部分為句子的狀語表地點(diǎn)，既可用副詞where，又因 in the museum詞組，可用介詞in + which 引導(dǎo)地點(diǎn)狀語。而此題中，介詞on 用的不對(duì)，所以選A。
關(guān)系詞的選擇依據(jù)在從句中所做的成分，先行詞在從句中做主、定、賓語時(shí)，選擇關(guān)系代詞 (who, whom, that, which, whose); 先行詞在從句中做狀語時(shí)，應(yīng)選擇關(guān)系副詞 ( where 地點(diǎn)狀語，when 時(shí)間狀語，why 原因狀語)。
方法3：當(dāng)先行詞是all, everything, anything, nothing，the one, much, few, any, little等，或先行詞是形容詞級(jí)時(shí)，或在there be 句型中，或當(dāng)先行行詞既有人又有物時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞用that, 而不用which。
例12. Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police.
例13. The soldiers and their guns that we sent to the front were lost.
方法4：在引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句時(shí)，和在介詞后不能用that，應(yīng)用which。
例14.(錯(cuò)) The tree, that (改為which)is four hundred years old, is very famous here.
例15.We depend on the land from which we get our food.
1、關(guān)系代詞(that, who, whom, whose, which)所代替的先行詞是人或物的名詞或代詞，并在句中充當(dāng)主語、賓語、定語等成分。
例1. Is he the man who/that wants to see you?(who / that在從句中作主語，指人)
例2. He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.(whom / that在從句中作賓語，指人)
例3. They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.(whose在句中作定語，指人)
例4. Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green.(whose在句中作定語，指物。若指物，它還可以同of which互換)
例5. The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。(which / that在句中作carry的賓語，指物)
2、關(guān)系副詞(when, where, why, that)可代替的先行詞是時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)或理由的名詞，在從句中作狀語。關(guān)系副詞when, where, why的含義相當(dāng)于"介詞+ which"結(jié)構(gòu)，因此常常和"介詞+ which"結(jié)構(gòu)交替使用。
例6. Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born.
例7. Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer?
例8. His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born.
例9. He can’t find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago.
二、 判斷用關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞
方法1： 用關(guān)系代詞，還是關(guān)系副詞完全取決于從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞。及物動(dòng)詞后面無賓語，就必須要求用關(guān)系代詞;而不及物動(dòng)詞則要求用關(guān)系副詞。請(qǐng)改錯(cuò)：
1. This is the mountain village where I visited last year.
2. I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.
習(xí)慣上總把表地點(diǎn)或時(shí)間的名詞與關(guān)系副詞 where, when聯(lián)系在一起。此兩題錯(cuò)在關(guān)系詞的誤用上。句1和句2的where, when都應(yīng)改為which.。
方法2： 準(zhǔn)確判斷先行詞在定語從句中的成分(主、謂、賓、定、狀)，根據(jù)第一點(diǎn)(區(qū)別)，也能正確選擇出關(guān)系代詞/關(guān)系副詞。
例10.This museum is ___ you visited a few days age?
A. where B. that C. on which D. the one
例11. This is the museum ____ the exhibition was held.
A. where B. that C. on which D. the one (答案：例1 D，例2 A)
在例10中，所缺部分為賓語，而where, that, on which都不能起到賓語的作用，只有the one既做了主句的表語，又可做從句的賓語，可以省略關(guān)系代詞，所以應(yīng)選D。
而例11中, 主、謂、賓俱全，從句部分為句子的狀語表地點(diǎn)，既可用副詞where，又因 in the museum詞組，可用介詞in + which 引導(dǎo)地點(diǎn)狀語。而此題中，介詞on 用的不對(duì)，所以選A。
關(guān)系詞的選擇依據(jù)在從句中所做的成分，先行詞在從句中做主、定、賓語時(shí)，選擇關(guān)系代詞 (who, whom, that, which, whose); 先行詞在從句中做狀語時(shí)，應(yīng)選擇關(guān)系副詞 ( where 地點(diǎn)狀語，when 時(shí)間狀語，why 原因狀語)。
方法3：當(dāng)先行詞是all, everything, anything, nothing，the one, much, few, any, little等，或先行詞是形容詞級(jí)時(shí)，或在there be 句型中，或當(dāng)先行行詞既有人又有物時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞用that, 而不用which。
例12. Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police.
例13. The soldiers and their guns that we sent to the front were lost.
方法4：在引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句時(shí)，和在介詞后不能用that，應(yīng)用which。
例14.(錯(cuò)) The tree, that (改為which)is four hundred years old, is very famous here.
例15.We depend on the land from which we get our food.