Lesson 28 No parking
課文內(nèi)容：What is Jasper White's problem?
Jasper White is one of those rare people who believes in ancient myths. he has just bought a new housein the city, but ever since he moved in, he has had trouble with cars and their owners.When he returns home at night, he always finds that someone has parked a car outside his gate.Because of this, he has not been able to get his own car into his garage even once. Jasper has put up 'No Parking' signs outside his gate, but these have not had any effect. Now he has put an ugly stone head over the gate. Itis one of the ugliest faces I have ever seen. I asked him what it was and he toldme that it was Medusa, the Gorgon. jasper hopes that she will turn cars and their owners to stone. Butnone of them has been turned to stone yet!
語法歸納：
定語從句一句話總結(jié)：在句中起定語作用，修飾某一個名詞或代詞的從句。定語從句中被修飾的名詞或代詞叫先行詞，定語從句通常出現(xiàn)在先行詞之后，由關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞引出。關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中多充當(dāng)主語、定語、賓語等成分;關(guān)系副詞在定語從句中只能作狀語。
關(guān)系代詞：who, whom, whose, which, that
who主格，先行詞是人，在從句中一般作主語;
whom賓語，先行詞是人，在從句中一般作賓語;
whose屬格，用來指人或物，在從句中作定語;
which,先行詞是事物，在從句中可作主語、賓語;
that可指人和物，在從句中可作主語、賓講。
關(guān)系副詞：when, where, why
when 指時間，先行詞常用day, time, moment, occasion, week, month等;
where 指地點，先行詞常用place, room, spot, city, country等;
why指原因，先行詞常用reason。
例：She is one of the students who is going to take the examination.她是馬上就要參加考試的學(xué)生之一。
I know the boy whose girlfriend is very nice.我認(rèn)識那個有漂亮女朋友的男孩。
A letter that is written in pencil is difficult to read.用鉛筆寫的信讀起來很費(fèi)勁。
The river, which flows through London, is called the Thames.這條流經(jīng)倫敦的河叫泰晤士河。
He still remembers the day when he went to school.他依然記得他上學(xué)的那一天。
定語從句分為限制性定語從句和非限制定語從句。限制性定語從句是不能去掉的，如果去掉句子剩下的部分就會失去意義，句子不能成立或意思表達(dá)不淸楚。非限制定語從句則不然，它只對所修飾的詞進(jìn)一步的說明，去掉之后句子其他部分的意思仍然完整。
1) The river, which flows through London, is called the Thames.這條流經(jīng)倫敦的河叫泰晤士河。(如果去掉“which flows through London”，句子仍完整。)
2) This book was left by John, who was here an hour ago.這本書是約翰留下的，他一小時前來過。(如果去掉“who was here an hour ago”，句子仍完整。)
逐句精講：
1.Jasper White is one of those rare people who believes in ancient myths.
賈斯珀•懷特是為數(shù)不多的信奉古代神話的人之一。
語言點1 “one of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞”的用法：
1)當(dāng)“one of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞”在句子中充當(dāng)主語時，實際主語是one，緊跟其后的謂語動詞一定用單數(shù)形式。
One of my students is a lawyer.我的一個學(xué)生是律師。
2)當(dāng)“one of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞”后加定語從句時，因為定語從句的關(guān)系代詞所修飾的先行詞不是one，而是of后面的復(fù)數(shù)名詞，所以從句的謂語動詞一定用復(fù)數(shù)形式。
Our organization is just one of many charities that are providing famine relief in the region.我們的組織僅僅是為這個饑荒地區(qū)提供救濟(jì)的慈善組織之一。
3)要注意，當(dāng)one前有the，thevery，the only等修飾限制時，從句中的謂語動詞一定要用單數(shù)。
She is the only one of the students who has already learnt Spanish.她是這些學(xué)生中一個曾學(xué)過西班牙語的人。
語言點2 believe in sth. / sb.信奉、相信某物/某人：
believe in Christ信奉基督教
believe in God 信仰上帝
believe in ghosts 相信鬼神
believe in Buddhism 信奉佛教
2.He has just bought a new house in the city, but ever since he moved in, he has had trouble with cars and their owners.
他剛在城里買了一所新房子，但自從他搬進(jìn)去后，就和汽車及車主們發(fā)生了摩擦。 語言點1 just常用于現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)中，請參考Lesson5。
語言點2 in the city = in the downtown在市中心，在城里
相關(guān)表達(dá)：in the suburb在郊區(qū);in the border land在邊疆
I live in the suburb of Beijing and work in the city.我住在北京郎區(qū)，而在城里工作， 語言點3 have troublewith sth. / sb.和某物/某人有摩擦
Mr. Green always has trouble with his neighbours.格林先生總是和他的鄰居們鬧糾紛。
語言點4 move in遷入;move out遷出;move over挪動一下，騰出空位
3.when he returns home at night, he always finds that someone has parked a car outside hisgate.
當(dāng)他夜里回到家時，總會發(fā)現(xiàn)有人把車停在了他家的大門外。
語言點 “動詞+ home”中間一般不需加介詞：return home返回家中;go home回家;leave home離開家，但stay at home (待在家中)為一個例外。
比較學(xué)習(xí)：home, house, family, household
home一個居所以及居于其中的家庭或社會單位;
house主要指建筑物和住宅;
family 一般側(cè)重指家庭成員;
household指住在一起的家庭成員及其他非親屬(如仆人)所組成的家庭單位。
4. Because of this, he has not been able to get his own car into his garage even once.
因此，他甚至也沒能把自己的車開進(jìn)車庫。
語言點1 總結(jié)表達(dá)“原因”：
1) because +從句
I came late, because it was raining outside.因為外面下雨了，所以我來晚了。
2) because of +名詞性短語
I came late because of traffic jam.因為塞車，所以我來晚 了。
3) For +名詞性短語/從句
For some reason, it came into use.因為某種原因，它開始投入使用了。
4) due to +名詞性短語
My illness was due to terrible food.我生病是因為吃了變質(zhì)的食物造成的。
5) thanks to +名詞性短語
It was thanks to John that we won the game.多虧了約翰，我們才贏了這場比賽。
6) owing to +名詞性短語
They could not cross the river owing to the flood.由于洪水，他們不能過河。
深入總結(jié)：
1) because引導(dǎo)的從句可以放在句末或句中，而for引導(dǎo)的句子不能放在句中，
2) 在回答why的提問句時，只能用because回答，而不能用for回答。
3) because可以與 not...but...連用，而for不可以與 not...but...連用。
例：I did it not because I liked it but I had to do it.我做這件事不是因為喜歡做，而是不得不做。
(×) I did it not for I liked it but I had to do it.(錯誤)
語言點2 比較學(xué)習(xí)：
drive car into somewhere.把車撞進(jìn)某地，撞車
get car into somewhere.把車開進(jìn)某地
原句替換用詞：
He has not been able to drive his own car into his garage even once.
他甚至也沒有成功地把他的車撞進(jìn)車庫里。(本句與原句意思迥然不同。)
5.Jasper has put up ‘No Parking, signs outside his gate, but these have not had any effect.
賈斯珀曾把幾塊“禁止停車”的牌子掛在他的門外，但沒有任何效果。
語言點1 put up意為“掛起，豎起”。
語言點2 have not any effect = have no effect 沒有任何效果
原句還可改為：Jasper has put up ‘No Parking’ signs outside his gate, but these have had no effect (本句的效果沒有用have not had any effect好。)
6. Now he has put an ugly stone head over the gate.
現(xiàn)在他把一個丑陋的石雕頭像放在了大門上邊。
語言點1 put sth. over somewhere把某物放、摘在某處的上面
語言點2 an ugly stone head 一個丑陋的石雕頭像
7.It is one of the ugliest faces I have ever seen.
這是我見過的丑陋的頭像之一。
語言點1 經(jīng)典句型：形容詞高級/the only+名詞+ that引導(dǎo)定語從句(完成時態(tài))
這個句型結(jié)構(gòu)的特點有三個：
1) 主句中有形容詞的高級或表示的詞，從句是由that引導(dǎo)的定語從句，that作從句中賓語時可省略。
2) 主句和定語從句的時態(tài)呼應(yīng)：
主句用一般現(xiàn)在時，宛語從句則用現(xiàn)在完成時;
主句用一般過去時,定語從句則用過去憲成時。
3) 定語從句中常有ever(曾經(jīng))放在have/had與過去分詞之間用來加強(qiáng)語氣。
語言點2 ...I have ever seen我曾經(jīng)見過的……
..I have ever done我曾經(jīng)做過的
...I have ever heard我曾經(jīng)聽說過的
例：This is the most difficult problem I have ever worked out.這是我曾經(jīng)做過的難的一道題。
This is the most amusing story 1 have ever heard.這是我曾經(jīng)聽過的好玩的一個故事。
8.I asked him what it was and he told me that it was Medusa, the Gorgon.
我問他那是什么，他告訴我那是蛇發(fā)女怪美杜莎。
語言點1 What it was為ask的賓語從句。
語言點2 the Gorgon是Medusa的同位語。
9.Jasper hopes that she will turn cars and their owners to stone.
賈斯珀希望她把汽車和車主們都變成石頭。
語言點 turn...to/into…意為“把……變成……”。Tum表示變化，指通過某種方法或外力使某人或某物改變特定的性質(zhì)、身份或外形。例：
Autumn turns the green leaves golden.秋天綠葉變成了金黃色。
The sky turned to pink at dawn. The night turned into day.天空在黎明時分變成了 粉紅色。黑夜變成了白天。
10、But none of them has been turned to stone yet!
但到目前為止還沒有一個人變成石頭呢!
語言點 總結(jié)學(xué)習(xí)：
1) “none of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞”作主語謂語動詞用單復(fù)數(shù)形式均可：
None of the televisions if/are working.沒有一臺電視機(jī)不是壞的。
2) “either of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞”作主語謂語動詞常用單數(shù)：
Is either of the sisters coming?這姐妹倆有哪個要來嗎?
3) “neither of+復(fù)數(shù)名詞”作主語謂語動詞用中單復(fù)數(shù)形式均可：
Neither of the twins is here,那對雙胞場都不在這里。
Neither of us enjoy getting up early.我們倆誰也不喜歡早起。
4) “any of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞”謂語動詞一般多用單數(shù)，依上下文情況而定：
Have any of you actually seen UFO?你們中是不是有人確實看到過不明飛行物?
課文內(nèi)容：What is Jasper White's problem?
Jasper White is one of those rare people who believes in ancient myths. he has just bought a new housein the city, but ever since he moved in, he has had trouble with cars and their owners.When he returns home at night, he always finds that someone has parked a car outside his gate.Because of this, he has not been able to get his own car into his garage even once. Jasper has put up 'No Parking' signs outside his gate, but these have not had any effect. Now he has put an ugly stone head over the gate. Itis one of the ugliest faces I have ever seen. I asked him what it was and he toldme that it was Medusa, the Gorgon. jasper hopes that she will turn cars and their owners to stone. Butnone of them has been turned to stone yet!
語法歸納：
定語從句一句話總結(jié)：在句中起定語作用，修飾某一個名詞或代詞的從句。定語從句中被修飾的名詞或代詞叫先行詞，定語從句通常出現(xiàn)在先行詞之后，由關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞引出。關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中多充當(dāng)主語、定語、賓語等成分;關(guān)系副詞在定語從句中只能作狀語。
關(guān)系代詞：who, whom, whose, which, that
who主格，先行詞是人，在從句中一般作主語;
whom賓語，先行詞是人，在從句中一般作賓語;
whose屬格，用來指人或物，在從句中作定語;
which,先行詞是事物，在從句中可作主語、賓語;
that可指人和物，在從句中可作主語、賓講。
關(guān)系副詞：when, where, why
when 指時間，先行詞常用day, time, moment, occasion, week, month等;
where 指地點，先行詞常用place, room, spot, city, country等;
why指原因，先行詞常用reason。
例：She is one of the students who is going to take the examination.她是馬上就要參加考試的學(xué)生之一。
I know the boy whose girlfriend is very nice.我認(rèn)識那個有漂亮女朋友的男孩。
A letter that is written in pencil is difficult to read.用鉛筆寫的信讀起來很費(fèi)勁。
The river, which flows through London, is called the Thames.這條流經(jīng)倫敦的河叫泰晤士河。
He still remembers the day when he went to school.他依然記得他上學(xué)的那一天。
定語從句分為限制性定語從句和非限制定語從句。限制性定語從句是不能去掉的，如果去掉句子剩下的部分就會失去意義，句子不能成立或意思表達(dá)不淸楚。非限制定語從句則不然，它只對所修飾的詞進(jìn)一步的說明，去掉之后句子其他部分的意思仍然完整。
1) The river, which flows through London, is called the Thames.這條流經(jīng)倫敦的河叫泰晤士河。(如果去掉“which flows through London”，句子仍完整。)
2) This book was left by John, who was here an hour ago.這本書是約翰留下的，他一小時前來過。(如果去掉“who was here an hour ago”，句子仍完整。)
逐句精講：
1.Jasper White is one of those rare people who believes in ancient myths.
賈斯珀•懷特是為數(shù)不多的信奉古代神話的人之一。
語言點1 “one of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞”的用法：
1)當(dāng)“one of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞”在句子中充當(dāng)主語時，實際主語是one，緊跟其后的謂語動詞一定用單數(shù)形式。
One of my students is a lawyer.我的一個學(xué)生是律師。
2)當(dāng)“one of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞”后加定語從句時，因為定語從句的關(guān)系代詞所修飾的先行詞不是one，而是of后面的復(fù)數(shù)名詞，所以從句的謂語動詞一定用復(fù)數(shù)形式。
Our organization is just one of many charities that are providing famine relief in the region.我們的組織僅僅是為這個饑荒地區(qū)提供救濟(jì)的慈善組織之一。
3)要注意，當(dāng)one前有the，thevery，the only等修飾限制時，從句中的謂語動詞一定要用單數(shù)。
She is the only one of the students who has already learnt Spanish.她是這些學(xué)生中一個曾學(xué)過西班牙語的人。
語言點2 believe in sth. / sb.信奉、相信某物/某人：
believe in Christ信奉基督教
believe in God 信仰上帝
believe in ghosts 相信鬼神
believe in Buddhism 信奉佛教
2.He has just bought a new house in the city, but ever since he moved in, he has had trouble with cars and their owners.
他剛在城里買了一所新房子，但自從他搬進(jìn)去后，就和汽車及車主們發(fā)生了摩擦。 語言點1 just常用于現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)中，請參考Lesson5。
語言點2 in the city = in the downtown在市中心，在城里
相關(guān)表達(dá)：in the suburb在郊區(qū);in the border land在邊疆
I live in the suburb of Beijing and work in the city.我住在北京郎區(qū)，而在城里工作， 語言點3 have troublewith sth. / sb.和某物/某人有摩擦
Mr. Green always has trouble with his neighbours.格林先生總是和他的鄰居們鬧糾紛。
語言點4 move in遷入;move out遷出;move over挪動一下，騰出空位
3.when he returns home at night, he always finds that someone has parked a car outside hisgate.
當(dāng)他夜里回到家時，總會發(fā)現(xiàn)有人把車停在了他家的大門外。
語言點 “動詞+ home”中間一般不需加介詞：return home返回家中;go home回家;leave home離開家，但stay at home (待在家中)為一個例外。
比較學(xué)習(xí)：home, house, family, household
home一個居所以及居于其中的家庭或社會單位;
house主要指建筑物和住宅;
family 一般側(cè)重指家庭成員;
household指住在一起的家庭成員及其他非親屬(如仆人)所組成的家庭單位。
4. Because of this, he has not been able to get his own car into his garage even once.
因此，他甚至也沒能把自己的車開進(jìn)車庫。
語言點1 總結(jié)表達(dá)“原因”：
1) because +從句
I came late, because it was raining outside.因為外面下雨了，所以我來晚了。
2) because of +名詞性短語
I came late because of traffic jam.因為塞車，所以我來晚 了。
3) For +名詞性短語/從句
For some reason, it came into use.因為某種原因，它開始投入使用了。
4) due to +名詞性短語
My illness was due to terrible food.我生病是因為吃了變質(zhì)的食物造成的。
5) thanks to +名詞性短語
It was thanks to John that we won the game.多虧了約翰，我們才贏了這場比賽。
6) owing to +名詞性短語
They could not cross the river owing to the flood.由于洪水，他們不能過河。
深入總結(jié)：
1) because引導(dǎo)的從句可以放在句末或句中，而for引導(dǎo)的句子不能放在句中，
2) 在回答why的提問句時，只能用because回答，而不能用for回答。
3) because可以與 not...but...連用，而for不可以與 not...but...連用。
例：I did it not because I liked it but I had to do it.我做這件事不是因為喜歡做，而是不得不做。
(×) I did it not for I liked it but I had to do it.(錯誤)
語言點2 比較學(xué)習(xí)：
drive car into somewhere.把車撞進(jìn)某地，撞車
get car into somewhere.把車開進(jìn)某地
原句替換用詞：
He has not been able to drive his own car into his garage even once.
他甚至也沒有成功地把他的車撞進(jìn)車庫里。(本句與原句意思迥然不同。)
5.Jasper has put up ‘No Parking, signs outside his gate, but these have not had any effect.
賈斯珀曾把幾塊“禁止停車”的牌子掛在他的門外，但沒有任何效果。
語言點1 put up意為“掛起，豎起”。
語言點2 have not any effect = have no effect 沒有任何效果
原句還可改為：Jasper has put up ‘No Parking’ signs outside his gate, but these have had no effect (本句的效果沒有用have not had any effect好。)
6. Now he has put an ugly stone head over the gate.
現(xiàn)在他把一個丑陋的石雕頭像放在了大門上邊。
語言點1 put sth. over somewhere把某物放、摘在某處的上面
語言點2 an ugly stone head 一個丑陋的石雕頭像
7.It is one of the ugliest faces I have ever seen.
這是我見過的丑陋的頭像之一。
語言點1 經(jīng)典句型：形容詞高級/the only+名詞+ that引導(dǎo)定語從句(完成時態(tài))
這個句型結(jié)構(gòu)的特點有三個：
1) 主句中有形容詞的高級或表示的詞，從句是由that引導(dǎo)的定語從句，that作從句中賓語時可省略。
2) 主句和定語從句的時態(tài)呼應(yīng)：
主句用一般現(xiàn)在時，宛語從句則用現(xiàn)在完成時;
主句用一般過去時,定語從句則用過去憲成時。
3) 定語從句中常有ever(曾經(jīng))放在have/had與過去分詞之間用來加強(qiáng)語氣。
語言點2 ...I have ever seen我曾經(jīng)見過的……
..I have ever done我曾經(jīng)做過的
...I have ever heard我曾經(jīng)聽說過的
例：This is the most difficult problem I have ever worked out.這是我曾經(jīng)做過的難的一道題。
This is the most amusing story 1 have ever heard.這是我曾經(jīng)聽過的好玩的一個故事。
8.I asked him what it was and he told me that it was Medusa, the Gorgon.
我問他那是什么，他告訴我那是蛇發(fā)女怪美杜莎。
語言點1 What it was為ask的賓語從句。
語言點2 the Gorgon是Medusa的同位語。
9.Jasper hopes that she will turn cars and their owners to stone.
賈斯珀希望她把汽車和車主們都變成石頭。
語言點 turn...to/into…意為“把……變成……”。Tum表示變化，指通過某種方法或外力使某人或某物改變特定的性質(zhì)、身份或外形。例：
Autumn turns the green leaves golden.秋天綠葉變成了金黃色。
The sky turned to pink at dawn. The night turned into day.天空在黎明時分變成了 粉紅色。黑夜變成了白天。
10、But none of them has been turned to stone yet!
但到目前為止還沒有一個人變成石頭呢!
語言點 總結(jié)學(xué)習(xí)：
1) “none of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞”作主語謂語動詞用單復(fù)數(shù)形式均可：
None of the televisions if/are working.沒有一臺電視機(jī)不是壞的。
2) “either of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞”作主語謂語動詞常用單數(shù)：
Is either of the sisters coming?這姐妹倆有哪個要來嗎?
3) “neither of+復(fù)數(shù)名詞”作主語謂語動詞用中單復(fù)數(shù)形式均可：
Neither of the twins is here,那對雙胞場都不在這里。
Neither of us enjoy getting up early.我們倆誰也不喜歡早起。
4) “any of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞”謂語動詞一般多用單數(shù)，依上下文情況而定：
Have any of you actually seen UFO?你們中是不是有人確實看到過不明飛行物?