只好向上
想到——個(gè)現(xiàn)代化的城市首先進(jìn)入腦海的就是它的空中輪廓線。幢幢高樓如根根插入天 空的手指一般。確實(shí)有些城市因不愿改變城市固有的風(fēng)格而不允許建筑物超出——定的高度。但任何一個(gè)城市想要引起世界關(guān)注，第一件事就是建造摩天大樓。
當(dāng)人口在城市聚集時(shí)，就產(chǎn)生了對(duì)土地的需求。城市是資本的聚集地，對(duì)土地的需求 可以實(shí)現(xiàn)。而在城市利用土地賺錢的方米洛舍維奇之死法就是在最小的土地面積上居住最多的人。這 就意味著要建高樓。
早在19世紀(jì)建造高樓的技術(shù)已經(jīng)存在，但樓房的高度還受一個(gè)很重要的因素的制約。 那就是樓房必須能讓頂層的居民上下方便，人們下班回家后肯定不想像爬山那樣去爬樓梯。
美國(guó)發(fā)明家艾莉莎?奧的斯為我們創(chuàng)造了電梯，他更喜歡叫它升降機(jī)。其實(shí)其中大部 分技術(shù)都是很古老的，電梯使用的是跟埃及人修建金字塔同樣的滑輪系統(tǒng)。奧的斯所作的 貢獻(xiàn)是將滑輪系統(tǒng)與一個(gè)爭(zhēng)氣機(jī)連接起來(lái)制成一個(gè)剎車裝置確保電梯上的鏈條斷開(kāi)時(shí)電梯 不會(huì)墜落。正是這項(xiàng)技術(shù)贏得了人們對(duì)這項(xiàng)新發(fā)明的信心。事實(shí)上他在游樂(lè)場(chǎng)里讓大家試 乘了幾年才把這個(gè)想法出售給建筑師和營(yíng)造商。
電梯在現(xiàn)代社會(huì)肯定不能成為主題公園的看點(diǎn)了，乘電梯也成了再普通不過(guò)的事情， 有時(shí)甚至?xí)屓擞X(jué)得厭煩。然而心理學(xué)家及其他研究人類行為的學(xué)者則發(fā)現(xiàn)了電梯的妙處。 原因很簡(jiǎn)單?？茖W(xué)家經(jīng)常在動(dòng)物園里研究動(dòng)物，而對(duì)于研究人類來(lái)說(shuō)最接近的方式就是在電梯里觀察他們了。
工作場(chǎng)所心理學(xué)家賈利?菲茨基波恩說(shuō)：“電梯空間狹小，人們想要享受私人空間的要 求在這里成了幻想，你不可能選擇隨意離開(kāi)那里?！彼€指出人被封閉在這個(gè)小空間里會(huì)產(chǎn) 生很多不同的情緒。有些人會(huì)感到害怕，有些人則把它當(dāng)作接近老板的好機(jī)會(huì)。有些人喜 歡站在靠門的地方，有些人則藏在角落里。大部分的人試圖混在人群里，而有些人特意表 現(xiàn)以引起別人的注意，還有的人索性靠在角落記筆記。
不要擔(dān)心，他們可能只是大學(xué)里的研究者。
The Only Way Is Up
Think of a modem city and the first image that come to mind is the skyline. It is full of great buildings, pointing like fingers to heaven. It is true that some cities don't permit buildings to go above a certain height. But these are cities concerned with the past. The first thing any city does when it wants to tell the world that it has arrived is to build skyscrapers.
When people gather together in cities, they create a demand for land. Since cities are places where money is made, that demand can be met. And the best way to make money out of city land is to put as many people as possible in a space that covers the smallest amount of ground. That means building upwards.
The technology existed to do this as early as the 19th century. But the height of buildings was limited by one important factor. They had to be small enough for people on the top floors to climb stairs. People could not be expected to climb a mountain at the end of their journey to work, or home.
Elisha Otis, a US inventor, was the man who brought us the lift - or elevator, as he preferred to call it. However, most of the technology is very old. Lifts work using the same pulley system the Egyptians used to create the Pyramids. What Otis did was attach the system to a steam engine and develop the elevator brake, which stops the lift falling if the cords that hold it up are broken. It was this that did the most to gain public confidence in the new invention1. In fact, he spent a number of years exhibiting lifts at fairgrounds, giving people the chance to try
them out before selling the idea to architects and builders.
A lift would not be a very good theme park attraction now. Going in a lift is such an everyday thing that it would just be boring. Yet psychologists and others who study human behavior find lifts fascinating. The reason is simple. Scientists have always studied animals in zoos. The nearest they can get to that with humans is in observing them in lifts2.
"It breaks all the usual conventions about the bubble of personal space3 we carry around with us -- and you just can't choose to move away," says workplace psychologist, Gary Fitzgibbon. Being trapped in this setting can create different types of tensions, he says. Some people are scared of them. Others use them as an opportunity to get close to the boss. Some stand close to the door. Others hide in the comers. Most people try and shrink into the background. But some behave in a way that makes others notice them. There are a few people who just stand in a comer taking notes.
Don't worry about them. They are probably from a university.
想到——個(gè)現(xiàn)代化的城市首先進(jìn)入腦海的就是它的空中輪廓線。幢幢高樓如根根插入天 空的手指一般。確實(shí)有些城市因不愿改變城市固有的風(fēng)格而不允許建筑物超出——定的高度。但任何一個(gè)城市想要引起世界關(guān)注，第一件事就是建造摩天大樓。
當(dāng)人口在城市聚集時(shí)，就產(chǎn)生了對(duì)土地的需求。城市是資本的聚集地，對(duì)土地的需求 可以實(shí)現(xiàn)。而在城市利用土地賺錢的方米洛舍維奇之死法就是在最小的土地面積上居住最多的人。這 就意味著要建高樓。
早在19世紀(jì)建造高樓的技術(shù)已經(jīng)存在，但樓房的高度還受一個(gè)很重要的因素的制約。 那就是樓房必須能讓頂層的居民上下方便，人們下班回家后肯定不想像爬山那樣去爬樓梯。
美國(guó)發(fā)明家艾莉莎?奧的斯為我們創(chuàng)造了電梯，他更喜歡叫它升降機(jī)。其實(shí)其中大部 分技術(shù)都是很古老的，電梯使用的是跟埃及人修建金字塔同樣的滑輪系統(tǒng)。奧的斯所作的 貢獻(xiàn)是將滑輪系統(tǒng)與一個(gè)爭(zhēng)氣機(jī)連接起來(lái)制成一個(gè)剎車裝置確保電梯上的鏈條斷開(kāi)時(shí)電梯 不會(huì)墜落。正是這項(xiàng)技術(shù)贏得了人們對(duì)這項(xiàng)新發(fā)明的信心。事實(shí)上他在游樂(lè)場(chǎng)里讓大家試 乘了幾年才把這個(gè)想法出售給建筑師和營(yíng)造商。
電梯在現(xiàn)代社會(huì)肯定不能成為主題公園的看點(diǎn)了，乘電梯也成了再普通不過(guò)的事情， 有時(shí)甚至?xí)屓擞X(jué)得厭煩。然而心理學(xué)家及其他研究人類行為的學(xué)者則發(fā)現(xiàn)了電梯的妙處。 原因很簡(jiǎn)單?？茖W(xué)家經(jīng)常在動(dòng)物園里研究動(dòng)物，而對(duì)于研究人類來(lái)說(shuō)最接近的方式就是在電梯里觀察他們了。
工作場(chǎng)所心理學(xué)家賈利?菲茨基波恩說(shuō)：“電梯空間狹小，人們想要享受私人空間的要 求在這里成了幻想，你不可能選擇隨意離開(kāi)那里?！彼€指出人被封閉在這個(gè)小空間里會(huì)產(chǎn) 生很多不同的情緒。有些人會(huì)感到害怕，有些人則把它當(dāng)作接近老板的好機(jī)會(huì)。有些人喜 歡站在靠門的地方，有些人則藏在角落里。大部分的人試圖混在人群里，而有些人特意表 現(xiàn)以引起別人的注意，還有的人索性靠在角落記筆記。
不要擔(dān)心，他們可能只是大學(xué)里的研究者。
The Only Way Is Up
Think of a modem city and the first image that come to mind is the skyline. It is full of great buildings, pointing like fingers to heaven. It is true that some cities don't permit buildings to go above a certain height. But these are cities concerned with the past. The first thing any city does when it wants to tell the world that it has arrived is to build skyscrapers.
When people gather together in cities, they create a demand for land. Since cities are places where money is made, that demand can be met. And the best way to make money out of city land is to put as many people as possible in a space that covers the smallest amount of ground. That means building upwards.
The technology existed to do this as early as the 19th century. But the height of buildings was limited by one important factor. They had to be small enough for people on the top floors to climb stairs. People could not be expected to climb a mountain at the end of their journey to work, or home.
Elisha Otis, a US inventor, was the man who brought us the lift - or elevator, as he preferred to call it. However, most of the technology is very old. Lifts work using the same pulley system the Egyptians used to create the Pyramids. What Otis did was attach the system to a steam engine and develop the elevator brake, which stops the lift falling if the cords that hold it up are broken. It was this that did the most to gain public confidence in the new invention1. In fact, he spent a number of years exhibiting lifts at fairgrounds, giving people the chance to try
them out before selling the idea to architects and builders.
A lift would not be a very good theme park attraction now. Going in a lift is such an everyday thing that it would just be boring. Yet psychologists and others who study human behavior find lifts fascinating. The reason is simple. Scientists have always studied animals in zoos. The nearest they can get to that with humans is in observing them in lifts2.
"It breaks all the usual conventions about the bubble of personal space3 we carry around with us -- and you just can't choose to move away," says workplace psychologist, Gary Fitzgibbon. Being trapped in this setting can create different types of tensions, he says. Some people are scared of them. Others use them as an opportunity to get close to the boss. Some stand close to the door. Others hide in the comers. Most people try and shrink into the background. But some behave in a way that makes others notice them. There are a few people who just stand in a comer taking notes.
Don't worry about them. They are probably from a university.