收入
收入可以是國(guó)民收入和個(gè)人收入。國(guó)民收入被規(guī)定為所有生產(chǎn)要素所得收入，即所獲利潤(rùn)、利息、房租、工資和其他的勞動(dòng)報(bào)酬的總和。個(gè)人收入可以被規(guī)定為在支付個(gè)人所得稅前的個(gè)人收入的總和。國(guó)民收入不等于國(guó)民生產(chǎn)總值，因?yàn)樯a(chǎn)要素不能從資本消費(fèi)限額支付或間接商業(yè)稅中得到補(bǔ)償，這兩方面都包括在國(guó)民生產(chǎn)總值中。為資本消費(fèi)而儲(chǔ)蓄的那一部分錢用于自換設(shè)備，因此不能算作收入。間接稅包括營(yíng)業(yè)稅、財(cái)產(chǎn)稅和消費(fèi)稅，由商家直接支付給政府，因此減少了剩下來(lái)用于支付生產(chǎn)要素的款額。國(guó)民收入的3/4用于支付工資、薪金和其他各種形式的雇員補(bǔ)償。
國(guó)民收入反映了生產(chǎn)要素所得收入，個(gè)人收入衡量個(gè)人和家庭收入。公司所獲得的利潤(rùn)包括在國(guó)民收入內(nèi)，因?yàn)樗麄兪巧a(chǎn)要素所得。無(wú)論怎樣，必須從這些利潤(rùn)中拿出一部分向政府交納公司收益稅，剩余的一些錢必須用于擴(kuò)大經(jīng)營(yíng)。只有利潤(rùn)中作為股息分紅的那部分才歸個(gè)人所有，所以，在公司獲利中只有股利算作個(gè)人收入。生產(chǎn)要素所得用于社會(huì)保障金和失業(yè)保險(xiǎn)金，但這些錢歸政府(不是一種生產(chǎn)要素)而不是歸個(gè)人。所以說(shuō)它是國(guó)民收入的一部分，而不是個(gè)人收入的一部分。
另一方面，個(gè)人領(lǐng)取社會(huì)保障金和失業(yè)保險(xiǎn)時(shí)所得的錢，不是掙來(lái)的錢而是領(lǐng)取的錢。政府債券所得利息也屬于這種范疇，因?yàn)閺淖C券的買賣中獲得的大部分錢用作支付軍事生產(chǎn)，而那些產(chǎn)品不再為經(jīng)濟(jì)提供服務(wù)。
個(gè)人收入所得的錢既可以消費(fèi)也可以儲(chǔ)蓄，但無(wú)論如何花費(fèi)不都是完全自愿的。我們收入中的相當(dāng)一部分要用于支付個(gè)人所得稅，大多數(shù)人從來(lái)沒(méi)有收到他們交納的稅，因?yàn)樗鼜乃麄兊墓べY卡上被扣除了。個(gè)人在繳納所得稅后余留下來(lái)的錢是可自由支配的個(gè)人收入?？勺杂芍涞氖杖肟杀环譃閭€(gè)人消費(fèi)支出和個(gè)人儲(chǔ)蓄，請(qǐng)記住個(gè)人儲(chǔ)蓄是消費(fèi)后剩下的那部分收入，這一點(diǎn)很重要。
Income
Income may be national income and personal income. Whereas national income is defined as the total earned income of all the factors of production—namely, profits, interest, rent, wages, and other compensation for labor, personal income may be defined as total money income received by individuals before personal taxes are paid. National income does not equal GNP(Gross National Product)because the factors of production do not receive payment for either capital consumption allowances or indirect business taxes, both of which are included in GNP. The money put aside for capital consumption is for replacement and thus is not counted as income. Indirect taxes include sales taxes, property taxes, and excise taxes that are paid by businesses directly to the government and so reduce the income left to pay for the factors of production. Three-fourths of national income goes for wages, salaries, and other forms of compensation to employees.
Whereas national income shows the income that the factors of production earn, personal income measures the income that individuals or households receive. Corporation profits are included in national income because they are earned. Out of these profits, however, corporation profit taxes must be paid to government, and some money must be put into the business for expansion. Only that part of profits distributed as dividends goes to the individual; therefore, out of corporation profits only dividends count as personal income. The factors of production earn money for social security and unemployment insurance contributions, but this money goes to government(which is not a factor of production), not to individuals. It is therefore part of national income but not part of personal income.
On the other hand, money received by individuals when they collect social security or unemployment compensation is not money earned but money received. Interest received on government bonds is also in this category, because much of the money received from the sale of bonds went to pay for war production and that production no longer furnishes a service to the economy.
The money people receive as personal income may be either spent or saved. However, not all spending is completely voluntary. A significant portion of our income goes to pay personal taxes. Most workers never receive the money they pay in personal taxes, because it is withheld from their paychecks. The money that individuals are left with after they have met their tax obligations is disposable personal income. Disposable income can be divided between personal consumption expenditures and personal savings. It is important to remember that personal saving is what is left after spending.
收入可以是國(guó)民收入和個(gè)人收入。國(guó)民收入被規(guī)定為所有生產(chǎn)要素所得收入，即所獲利潤(rùn)、利息、房租、工資和其他的勞動(dòng)報(bào)酬的總和。個(gè)人收入可以被規(guī)定為在支付個(gè)人所得稅前的個(gè)人收入的總和。國(guó)民收入不等于國(guó)民生產(chǎn)總值，因?yàn)樯a(chǎn)要素不能從資本消費(fèi)限額支付或間接商業(yè)稅中得到補(bǔ)償，這兩方面都包括在國(guó)民生產(chǎn)總值中。為資本消費(fèi)而儲(chǔ)蓄的那一部分錢用于自換設(shè)備，因此不能算作收入。間接稅包括營(yíng)業(yè)稅、財(cái)產(chǎn)稅和消費(fèi)稅，由商家直接支付給政府，因此減少了剩下來(lái)用于支付生產(chǎn)要素的款額。國(guó)民收入的3/4用于支付工資、薪金和其他各種形式的雇員補(bǔ)償。
國(guó)民收入反映了生產(chǎn)要素所得收入，個(gè)人收入衡量個(gè)人和家庭收入。公司所獲得的利潤(rùn)包括在國(guó)民收入內(nèi)，因?yàn)樗麄兪巧a(chǎn)要素所得。無(wú)論怎樣，必須從這些利潤(rùn)中拿出一部分向政府交納公司收益稅，剩余的一些錢必須用于擴(kuò)大經(jīng)營(yíng)。只有利潤(rùn)中作為股息分紅的那部分才歸個(gè)人所有，所以，在公司獲利中只有股利算作個(gè)人收入。生產(chǎn)要素所得用于社會(huì)保障金和失業(yè)保險(xiǎn)金，但這些錢歸政府(不是一種生產(chǎn)要素)而不是歸個(gè)人。所以說(shuō)它是國(guó)民收入的一部分，而不是個(gè)人收入的一部分。
另一方面，個(gè)人領(lǐng)取社會(huì)保障金和失業(yè)保險(xiǎn)時(shí)所得的錢，不是掙來(lái)的錢而是領(lǐng)取的錢。政府債券所得利息也屬于這種范疇，因?yàn)閺淖C券的買賣中獲得的大部分錢用作支付軍事生產(chǎn)，而那些產(chǎn)品不再為經(jīng)濟(jì)提供服務(wù)。
個(gè)人收入所得的錢既可以消費(fèi)也可以儲(chǔ)蓄，但無(wú)論如何花費(fèi)不都是完全自愿的。我們收入中的相當(dāng)一部分要用于支付個(gè)人所得稅，大多數(shù)人從來(lái)沒(méi)有收到他們交納的稅，因?yàn)樗鼜乃麄兊墓べY卡上被扣除了。個(gè)人在繳納所得稅后余留下來(lái)的錢是可自由支配的個(gè)人收入?？勺杂芍涞氖杖肟杀环譃閭€(gè)人消費(fèi)支出和個(gè)人儲(chǔ)蓄，請(qǐng)記住個(gè)人儲(chǔ)蓄是消費(fèi)后剩下的那部分收入，這一點(diǎn)很重要。
Income
Income may be national income and personal income. Whereas national income is defined as the total earned income of all the factors of production—namely, profits, interest, rent, wages, and other compensation for labor, personal income may be defined as total money income received by individuals before personal taxes are paid. National income does not equal GNP(Gross National Product)because the factors of production do not receive payment for either capital consumption allowances or indirect business taxes, both of which are included in GNP. The money put aside for capital consumption is for replacement and thus is not counted as income. Indirect taxes include sales taxes, property taxes, and excise taxes that are paid by businesses directly to the government and so reduce the income left to pay for the factors of production. Three-fourths of national income goes for wages, salaries, and other forms of compensation to employees.
Whereas national income shows the income that the factors of production earn, personal income measures the income that individuals or households receive. Corporation profits are included in national income because they are earned. Out of these profits, however, corporation profit taxes must be paid to government, and some money must be put into the business for expansion. Only that part of profits distributed as dividends goes to the individual; therefore, out of corporation profits only dividends count as personal income. The factors of production earn money for social security and unemployment insurance contributions, but this money goes to government(which is not a factor of production), not to individuals. It is therefore part of national income but not part of personal income.
On the other hand, money received by individuals when they collect social security or unemployment compensation is not money earned but money received. Interest received on government bonds is also in this category, because much of the money received from the sale of bonds went to pay for war production and that production no longer furnishes a service to the economy.
The money people receive as personal income may be either spent or saved. However, not all spending is completely voluntary. A significant portion of our income goes to pay personal taxes. Most workers never receive the money they pay in personal taxes, because it is withheld from their paychecks. The money that individuals are left with after they have met their tax obligations is disposable personal income. Disposable income can be divided between personal consumption expenditures and personal savings. It is important to remember that personal saving is what is left after spending.