動(dòng)詞ing形式
非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞-動(dòng)詞-ing形式
ing形式：動(dòng)詞的-ing形式也是一種非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。-ing形式仍保留有動(dòng)詞的特征，可以帶有其所需要的賓語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)而構(gòu)成-ing短語(yǔ)。
1、-ing的形式：-ing有一般式和完成式。及物動(dòng)詞的-ing還有主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，而不及物動(dòng)詞的-ing則沒(méi)有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)?，F(xiàn)在以及物動(dòng)詞make 和不及物動(dòng)詞go為例，將其-ing各種形式列表如下：
動(dòng)詞 語(yǔ)態(tài)
形式
及物動(dòng)詞make
不及物動(dòng)詞go
主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)
被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)
主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)
一般式
making
being made
going
完成式
having made
having been made
having gone
2、-ing形式的基本用法。
(1)作主語(yǔ)：Seeing is believing.百聞不如一見(jiàn)。Talking is easier than doing. –ing作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，如果其結(jié)構(gòu)較長(zhǎng)，可用it作形式主語(yǔ)，而將作主語(yǔ)的-ing后置。如：It isn’t much good writing to them again. It’s no use waiting here.
(2)作表語(yǔ)：Her job is washing and cooking. My hobby is collecting stamps.
(3)作賓語(yǔ)：①作及物動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)。She likes drawing very much.;②作某些短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)。 Mary is thinking of going back to New York.;③ do+限定詞(my, some, any, the等)+ -ing，表示“做…事”之意，如：We often do our cleaning on Saturday afternoon. Will you do any shopping on Saturday this afternoon? ④作介詞的賓語(yǔ)：Her sister is good at learning physics.;⑤作形容詞worth, busy等的賓語(yǔ)：This book is well worth reading. –ing作賓語(yǔ)帶有賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí)，要用it作為形式賓語(yǔ)，而將作賓語(yǔ)的-ing后置，如：We found it no good talking like that. Do you think it necessary trying again?
(4)作定語(yǔ)：The sleeping child is only five years old. Do you know the man standing at the gate? 注：-ing形式作定語(yǔ)用時(shí)，如果-ing只是一個(gè)單詞，就位于其修飾的名詞之前，如果是-ing短語(yǔ)，就位于其修飾的名詞之后，-ing作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，被-ing所修飾的名詞就是該-ing的邏輯主語(yǔ)。另外，-ing作定語(yǔ)用時(shí)，其動(dòng)作和句子謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作是同時(shí)進(jìn)行的，如果不是同時(shí)進(jìn)行的，就不能用-ing作定語(yǔ)，要使用定語(yǔ)從句，如：The girl who wrote a letter there yesterday can speak English very well.
(5)作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)：We can see steam rising from the wet clothes. 注：當(dāng)-ing在復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)中作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)用時(shí)，句中賓語(yǔ)就是這個(gè)-ing的邏輯主語(yǔ)，可以帶有這種復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞有see, watch, hear, observe, feel, find, have, keep等。
(6)作狀語(yǔ)：①時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：Seeing Tom, I couldn’t help thinking of his brother. 分詞在句中作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，其前一般可加when或while，如：When crossing street, you must be careful. ②原因狀語(yǔ)：Being ill, he didn’t go to school yesterday. ③方式或伴隨狀語(yǔ)：Mary stood at the school gate waiting for Betty.
3、主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)-ing完成式的基本用法。主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)-ing完成式所表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之前，一般在句中作時(shí)間或原因狀語(yǔ)用。句中的主語(yǔ)是它的邏輯主語(yǔ)，并且是它所表示的動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，如：Having answered the letter, she went on to read an English novel.
4、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)-ing一般式的基本用法。被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)-ing一般式所表示的動(dòng)作是一個(gè)正在進(jìn)行中的被動(dòng)動(dòng)作，而且這個(gè)被動(dòng)動(dòng)作也是和句中謂語(yǔ)所表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生的。它一般在句中作定語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)用。如：The truck being repaired there is ours.
5、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)-ing完成式的基本用法。被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)-ing完成式所表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之前，在句中一般作狀語(yǔ)用。如：Having been shown the lab, we were taken to see the library.
6、-ing形式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。在-ing前加物主代詞或名詞所有格即構(gòu)成-ing的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。其中的物主代詞或名詞所有格為-ing的邏輯主語(yǔ)。這種結(jié)構(gòu)在句中可作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)，如：Your smoking and drinking too much will do harm to your health. 但在口語(yǔ)中，這種結(jié)構(gòu)如作賓語(yǔ)用，其中的物主代詞常用人稱(chēng)代詞的賓格，名詞的所有格常用名詞的普通格代替，如：She insisted on Peter’s (or Peter)going there first.
7、-ing形式與動(dòng)詞不定式在句中作主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)時(shí)的區(qū)別。一般說(shuō)來(lái)，表示一個(gè)比較抽象或泛指的動(dòng)作時(shí)多用-ing形式。表示一個(gè)具體某一次的動(dòng)作時(shí)，多用動(dòng)詞不定式，如：Our job is making steel. She likes playing the piano, but she doesn't want to play it today.
8、-ing形式與動(dòng)詞不定式在句中作定語(yǔ)的區(qū)別。-ing形式作定語(yǔ)用時(shí)，其動(dòng)作一般與句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)詞同時(shí)發(fā)生，而動(dòng)詞不定式作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，其動(dòng)作一般發(fā)生在句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之后。如：The girl writing a letter there can speak English very well./I have three letters to write.
9、-ing形式與動(dòng)詞不定式在作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí)的區(qū)別。(1)不定式作賓補(bǔ)時(shí)，其動(dòng)作一般發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之后，如：I have told them to come again tomorrow.(2)在see, watch, hear, feel等之后，如果用-ing形式作賓補(bǔ)，表示其動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行中，而用不帶to的不定式作賓補(bǔ)時(shí)，不定式所表示的動(dòng)作是一個(gè)動(dòng)作的過(guò)程，如：I hear her singing in the room.我聽(tīng)見(jiàn)她正在屋里唱歌。 I hear her sing in the room.我聽(tīng)見(jiàn)她在屋里唱過(guò)歌。
10、-ing形式與動(dòng)詞不定式在句中作狀語(yǔ)的區(qū)別。-ing形式在句作狀語(yǔ)表示時(shí)間、原因、方式或伴隨情況，而動(dòng)詞不定式一般式在句中作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，一般是作目的或結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)，如：Not receiving his letter, I wrote to him again./ I looked into the window to see what was going on inside.