Lesson 15 Secrecy in industry
第十五課工業(yè)中的秘密
by J.D. BERNAL
from The Social Function of Science
15-1. Two factors weigh heavily against the effectiveness of scientific research in industry.
【譯文】?jī)煞N因素嚴(yán)重妨礙工業(yè)方面的科研效率。
【單詞和短語(yǔ)】
weigh：有分量，具有重要性，有影響（to influence someone’s opinion and the decision that they make），
例如：
Such recommendations will weigh in his favour.
這種推薦對(duì)他大有裨益。
The lady’s evidence weighed heavily against him.
女房東的證詞對(duì)他極為不利。
Selfish interests don’t weigh with him at all.
他根本不把私利置于心上。
15-2. One is the general atmosphere of secrecy in which it is carried out, the other the lack of freedom of the individual research worker.
【譯文】一是普遍的保密氣氛，科研就是在這種氣氛中進(jìn)行的；二是個(gè)體的研究人員缺乏自由。
【講解】it指scientific research。the other the lack of…中other后省略了is。
【單詞和短語(yǔ)】
secrecy：秘密，秘密狀態(tài)，保密（the process of keeping something secret, or when something is kept a secret），
例如：
do sth. with great secrecy 極秘密地做某事
practise secrecy 保密
The mayor stressed the necessity of absolute secrecy.
市長(zhǎng)強(qiáng)調(diào)必須絕對(duì)保密。
There was no effort at secrecy.
沒有一點(diǎn)保密措施。
secrecy的形容詞形式為secret。
15-3. In so far as any inquiry is a secret one, it naturally limits all those engaged in carrying it out from effective contact with their fellow scientists either in other countries or in universities, or even, often enough, in other departments of the same firm.
【譯文】任何一項(xiàng)研究都秘密進(jìn)行，這自然會(huì)限制所有從事研究的人員與國(guó)外的、其他大學(xué)的、甚至常常在本公司其他部門的同行科學(xué)家進(jìn)行有效的接觸。
【講解】第一個(gè)it指secrecy，第二個(gè)it指inquiry。engaged in carrying it out是過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)，作定語(yǔ)，修飾those。either in other countries…the same firm作定語(yǔ)，修飾their fellow scientists。
【單詞和短語(yǔ)】
inquiry：探究，研究（the act or process of asking questions in order to get information），
例如：
The True is the goal of all scientific and all philosophical inquiry.
真理是一切科學(xué)研究和一切哲學(xué)探索的終極目的。
15-4. The degree of secrecy naturally varies considerably.
【譯文】保密程度自然差別很大。
【單詞和短語(yǔ)】
vary: 變化，有不同，呈差異（if something varies, it changes depending on the situation），
例如：
Her mood varies with the weather.
她的情緒隨天氣的變化而變化。
The demand varies with the season.
需求隨季節(jié)變化。
a varying society 變化著的社會(huì)
Opinions vary on this point. 對(duì)這一點(diǎn)看法各異。
The watch never varies more than one second in a month.
這塊表一個(gè)月的誤差從未超過(guò)一秒。
considerably：相當(dāng)大地，在很大程度上（much or a lot），
例如：
Losing 50 pounds changed her appearance considerably.
她體重減了50磅，容顏大改。
She is considerably older than she looks.
她的實(shí)際年齡比她看上去要大得多。
15-5. Some of the bigger firms are engaged in researches which are of such general and fundamental nature that it is a positive advantage to them not to keep them secret.
【譯文】某些大公司進(jìn)行的是一般性和基礎(chǔ)性研究，因此公開這些研究對(duì)他們有利。
【講解】which are of such…keep them secret 系定語(yǔ)從句，修飾researches。are of意為“具有”。not to keep them secret乃真正的主語(yǔ)，it是形式主語(yǔ)。這種否定主、賓、狀，亦即對(duì)非謂語(yǔ)成分的否定，稱作“特指否定”。句中的第一個(gè)them指the bigger firms，第二個(gè)them指researches。
【單詞和短語(yǔ)】
positive的反義詞為negative。
第十五課工業(yè)中的秘密
by J.D. BERNAL
from The Social Function of Science
15-1. Two factors weigh heavily against the effectiveness of scientific research in industry.
【譯文】?jī)煞N因素嚴(yán)重妨礙工業(yè)方面的科研效率。
【單詞和短語(yǔ)】
weigh：有分量，具有重要性，有影響（to influence someone’s opinion and the decision that they make），
例如：
Such recommendations will weigh in his favour.
這種推薦對(duì)他大有裨益。
The lady’s evidence weighed heavily against him.
女房東的證詞對(duì)他極為不利。
Selfish interests don’t weigh with him at all.
他根本不把私利置于心上。
15-2. One is the general atmosphere of secrecy in which it is carried out, the other the lack of freedom of the individual research worker.
【譯文】一是普遍的保密氣氛，科研就是在這種氣氛中進(jìn)行的；二是個(gè)體的研究人員缺乏自由。
【講解】it指scientific research。the other the lack of…中other后省略了is。
【單詞和短語(yǔ)】
secrecy：秘密，秘密狀態(tài)，保密（the process of keeping something secret, or when something is kept a secret），
例如：
do sth. with great secrecy 極秘密地做某事
practise secrecy 保密
The mayor stressed the necessity of absolute secrecy.
市長(zhǎng)強(qiáng)調(diào)必須絕對(duì)保密。
There was no effort at secrecy.
沒有一點(diǎn)保密措施。
secrecy的形容詞形式為secret。
15-3. In so far as any inquiry is a secret one, it naturally limits all those engaged in carrying it out from effective contact with their fellow scientists either in other countries or in universities, or even, often enough, in other departments of the same firm.
【譯文】任何一項(xiàng)研究都秘密進(jìn)行，這自然會(huì)限制所有從事研究的人員與國(guó)外的、其他大學(xué)的、甚至常常在本公司其他部門的同行科學(xué)家進(jìn)行有效的接觸。
【講解】第一個(gè)it指secrecy，第二個(gè)it指inquiry。engaged in carrying it out是過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)，作定語(yǔ)，修飾those。either in other countries…the same firm作定語(yǔ)，修飾their fellow scientists。
【單詞和短語(yǔ)】
inquiry：探究，研究（the act or process of asking questions in order to get information），
例如：
The True is the goal of all scientific and all philosophical inquiry.
真理是一切科學(xué)研究和一切哲學(xué)探索的終極目的。
15-4. The degree of secrecy naturally varies considerably.
【譯文】保密程度自然差別很大。
【單詞和短語(yǔ)】
vary: 變化，有不同，呈差異（if something varies, it changes depending on the situation），
例如：
Her mood varies with the weather.
她的情緒隨天氣的變化而變化。
The demand varies with the season.
需求隨季節(jié)變化。
a varying society 變化著的社會(huì)
Opinions vary on this point. 對(duì)這一點(diǎn)看法各異。
The watch never varies more than one second in a month.
這塊表一個(gè)月的誤差從未超過(guò)一秒。
considerably：相當(dāng)大地，在很大程度上（much or a lot），
例如：
Losing 50 pounds changed her appearance considerably.
她體重減了50磅，容顏大改。
She is considerably older than she looks.
她的實(shí)際年齡比她看上去要大得多。
15-5. Some of the bigger firms are engaged in researches which are of such general and fundamental nature that it is a positive advantage to them not to keep them secret.
【譯文】某些大公司進(jìn)行的是一般性和基礎(chǔ)性研究，因此公開這些研究對(duì)他們有利。
【講解】which are of such…keep them secret 系定語(yǔ)從句，修飾researches。are of意為“具有”。not to keep them secret乃真正的主語(yǔ)，it是形式主語(yǔ)。這種否定主、賓、狀，亦即對(duì)非謂語(yǔ)成分的否定，稱作“特指否定”。句中的第一個(gè)them指the bigger firms，第二個(gè)them指researches。
【單詞和短語(yǔ)】
positive的反義詞為negative。