新概念第二冊自學導讀 Lessons31

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課文詳注 Further notes on the text
    1.Before he retired, Frank was the head of a very large business company, but as a boy he used to work in a small shop. 在退休前,弗蘭克是一家非常大的商業(yè)公司的經理,但他小時侯卻在一家小鋪里做工。
    (1)head在此處的意思不是人或動物的“頭部”,而是“首領”、“頭目”,一般出現(xiàn)在“the head of +名詞”結構中:
    John is the head of the family.
    約翰是一家之主。
    Frank is the head of that firm.
    弗蘭克是那家公司的總裁。
    (2) as在這里為介詞,表不“當……時”,as a boy相當于 as he was a boy。
    2.It was his job to repair bicycles…他那時的工作是修理自行車……
    it為“先行主語”,句子的真正主語為to repair bicycles。
    3.He saved money for years and in 1958 he bought a small workshop of his own. 他靠多年積蓄,于1958年買下了自己的一個小鋪子。
    (1)for years表示“許多年”。
    (2)of one's own為固定短語,表示“自己的”、“屬于自己的”,own為代詞:
    He wanted a room of his own.
    他想要一個自己的房間。
    Do you have a house of your own?
    你有自己的房子嗎?
    4.in one's twenties,(在某人)二十多歲的時候。
    one's twenties/thirties/forties…,二十多歲/三十多歲/四十多歲……10的倍數(shù)的復數(shù)形式可用于表達近似的、非確定的數(shù)量,與所有格形容詞(my等)連用時表示大約的年齡:
    My aunt Jennifer is in her late thirties/early forties, but she often appears on the stage as a young girl.
    我的姑媽詹妮弗已接近四十歲/四十出頭,但她卻常在舞臺上扮演小姑娘。
    5.Frank smiled when he remembered his hard early years and the long road to success. 弗蘭克回想著他早年的艱難經歷和走過的漫長的成功之路,微笑了。
    (1)hard意思很多,在這里指“艱難的”、“困苦的”:
    She lived a hard life in those years.
    那些年她的生活很艱難。
    (2)one's early years指某人的早年(生活),意義相近的表達方式為early in one's life。
    (3) the long road to success是一種比喻的說法,因為success是抽象名詞。to在這里表示方向、目的地,意義為“朝”、“往”、“向”等,這個短語的字面意義為“通向成功的漫漫長路”。
    語法 Grammar in use
    1.過去進行時與一般過去時
    在第7課的語法中我們學習了過去進行時。它主要表示過去某個時刻或某段時間正在進行的動作,和一般過去時經常在一個句子里使用。與一般過去時相比,它更強調動作的持續(xù)性,一般過去時則表示比較短暫的動作或事件。在敘述故事時,過去進行時往往用來表示背景:
    Yesterday afternoon Frank Hawkins was telling me about his experiences as a young man.
    昨天下午弗蘭克·霍金斯向我講述了他年輕時的經歷。
    He was still smiling when the door opened and his wife came in.
    他正笑著的時候門開了,他的妻子走了進來。
    Last Sunday, I went and sat on the river bank as usual.
    Some children were playing games on the bank and there were some people rowing on the river.
    上星期天,我和往常一樣,又去河邊坐著。河岸上有些孩子正在玩耍,河面上有些人正在劃船。(過去進行時描述背景)
    比較典型的表示過去正在進行的動作的表達方式如:
    2.used to do
    我們用used to do表示過去有過但現(xiàn)在已不存在的習慣,以便將過去與現(xiàn)在形成對照。它后面經常用由but now…,but
    not…any more/any longer等構成的、用了一般現(xiàn)在時的句子以強調過去和現(xiàn)在的不同之處。
    I used to smoke, but I don't any more/any longer.我過去常吸煙,但現(xiàn)在已不吸了。
    He used to be a lazy boy, but now he is very hard-working.他過去是個懶孩子,但現(xiàn)在他很勤奮。
    used to僅用于一般過去時。它的疑問句和否定句形式可以不用助動詞do而用used本身:
    詞匯學習 Word study
    1.experience
    (1)n.經歷(可數(shù)):
    I had an amusing experience last year.
    去年我有過有趣的經歷。
    He told me about his experiences as a young man.
    他向我講述了他年輕時的經歷。
    (2)n.經驗,體驗(不可數(shù)):
    They want someone with a lot of experience for this job.
    他們想要一位有豐富經驗的人來承擔這項工作。
    Does she have any experience in teaching?
    她有教學經驗嗎?
    (3)vt.經驗,體驗:
    Have you ever experienced anything like this?
    你經歷過像這樣的事情嗎?
    The village has experienced great changes since 1980.
    自1980年以來這個村子經歷了極大的變化。
    experience的過去分詞常作形容詞用,表示“有經驗的”、“經驗豐富的”:
    John is an experienced driver.
    約翰是個經驗豐富的司機。
    2.save vt.,vi.
    (1)救助,搭救,拯救:
    The doctor saved the child's life.
    那位醫(yī)生救了這孩子一命。
    They saved the child from the fire.
    他們從大火中救出了這孩子。
    (2)儲蓄,積攢:
    He saved (money) for years to buy a car.
    為了買一輛車,他積攢了多年。
    He used to save letters.
    他過去常積攢信件。
    3.work與job
    作為名詞,這兩個單詞都可以翻譯為“工作”,但它們在用法上并不一樣。job為可數(shù)名詞,一般與“職業(yè)”、“職位”有關,或表示某人的“份內事”;work作“工作”講時是不可數(shù)名詞,常指具體的“勞動”、“作業(yè)”或“(待做的)工作或事務”等,也可能表示“上班:
    It was his job to repair bicycles.
    他的工作是修理自行車。
    John is looking for a new job.
    約翰正在找一份新工作。
    I'm looking for work as a driver.
    我在找一份開車的活。
    I've a lot of work to do on Sunday.
    星期天我有許多事要做。
    練習答案 Key to written exercises
    1.關鍵句型練習答案
    A What was happening: was telling (1.1);was still smiling (1.10)
    What happened: retired(1.2);saved(1.5);bought(1.6);had(1.7);employed(1.9);smiled when he remembered (1.9);opened…came in…wanted(11.10-11)
    What used to happen: used to work(1.3);used to work(11.4-5);used to make(1.7)
    C …worked/was working…sat/was sitting…was looking…were passing…stopped…got…were/had been…used to come/came…used to go/went…were…quarrelled…h(huán)ad never seen/saw…got/was getting…called…h(huán)urried
    2.難點練習答案
    1 experienced 2jobs 3job 4save
    3.多項選擇題答案
    1d 2b 3a 4c 5a 6a
    7d 8a 9b 10c 11a 12c