Passage Thirty-four
(The Relationship between Brain Process with Mental Experience)
By 1950, the results of attempts to relate brain processes to mental experience appeared rather discouraging. Such variations in size, shape, chemistry, conduction speed, excitation threshold, and the like as had been demonstrated in nerve cells remained negligible in significance for any possible correlation with the manifold dimensions of mental experience.
Near the turn of the century, it had been suggested by Hering that different modes of sensation, such as pain, taste and color, might be correlated with the discharge of specific kinds of nervous energy, However, subsequently developed methods of recording and analyzing nerve potentials failed to reveal any such qualitative diversity. It was possible to demonstrate by other methods refined structural differences among neuron types; however, proof was lacking that the quality of the impulse or its conduction was influenced by these differences, which seemed instead to influence the developmental patterning of the neural circuits. Although qualitative variance among nerve rigidly disproved, the doctrine was generally abandoned in favor of the opposing view, namely, that nerve impulses are essentially homogeneous in quality and are transmitted as “common currency” throughout the nervous system. According to this theory, it is not the quality of the sensory nerve impulses that determines the diverse conscious sensations they produce, but, rather, the different areas of the brain into which they discharge, and there is some evidence for this view. In one experiment, when an electric stimulus was applied to a given sensory field of the cerebral cortex of a conscious human subject, it produced a sensation of the appropriate modality for that particular locus, that is, a visual sensation from the visual cortex, an auditory sensation from the auditory cortex, and so on. Other experiments revealed slight variations in the size, number, arrangement, and interconnection of the nerve cells, but as for as psychoneural correlations were concerned, the obvious similarities of these sensory fields to each other seemed much more remarkable than any of the minute differences.
However, cortical as diverse as those of red, black, green and white, or touch, cold, warmth, movement, pain, posture and pressure apparently may arise through activation of the same cortical areas. What seemed to remain was some kind of differential patterning effects in the brain excitation: it is the difference in the central distribution of impulses that counts. In short, Brain theory suggested a correlation between mental experience and the activity of relatively homogenous nerve-cell units conducting essentially homogeneous impulses through homogeneous cerebral tissue. To match the multiple dimensions of mental experience psychologists could only point to a limitless variation in the spatiotemporal patterning of nerve impulses.
Vocabulary
1. Up until 1950, efforts to establish that brain processes and mental experience are related would most likely have been met with
[A]. vexation. [B]. irritability. [C]. discouragement [D]. neutrality
2. The author mentions “common currency” primarily in order to emphasize the
[A]. lack of differentiation among nerve impulses in human beings.
[B]. similarities in the views of the scientists.
[C]. similarity of sensations of human beings.
[D]. continuous passage of nerve impulses through the nervous system.
3. Which of the following theories is reinforced by the depiction of the experiment in lines 16—19?
[A]. Cognitive experience manifested by sensory nerve impulses are influenced by the area of the brain stimulated.
[B]. Qualitative diversity in nerve potentials can now be studied more accurately.
[C]. Sensory stimuli are heterogeneous and are greatly influenced by the nerve sensors they produce.
[D]. Differentiation in neural modalities influences the length of nerve transmissions.
4. It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following exhibit the LEAST qualitative variation?
[A]. Nerve cells. [B]. Nerve impulses.
[C]. Cortical areas. [C]. Spatial patterns of nerve impulses.
Vocabulary
1. mental experiences 精神感受
2. discharge 釋放
3. negligible 微小的，可以忽略不計(jì)的
4. manifold 多種多樣的，多方面
5. neuron 神經(jīng)元/細(xì)胞
6. neural (中樞)神經(jīng)的(系統(tǒng))
7. qualitative diversity 質(zhì)的多樣性，量變的
8. disprove 反駁，反證
9. homogeneous 相似的
10. sensory nerve 感覺神經(jīng)
11. cortical 外皮的，皮質(zhì)的
12. cerebral cortex 大腦皮層
13. locus 地點(diǎn)，區(qū)域
14. psychoneural 精神神經(jīng)
15. heterogeneous 異源的，異種的，異體的
16. spatiotenporal 時(shí)空的
難句譯注
1. Such variations in size, shape, chemistry, conduction speed, excitation threshold, and the like as had been demonstrated in nerve cells remained negligible in significance for any possible correlation with the manifold dimensions of mental experience.
[結(jié)構(gòu)分析] 句型為such…as 可as 具有關(guān)系代詞作用，此處作從句中had been demonstrated 的主語。
[參考譯文] 神經(jīng)細(xì)胞中所顯示的諸如在尺寸，形狀，化學(xué)，神經(jīng)脈沖中傳導(dǎo)速度，激發(fā)界限等方面的那種變化差異對(duì)多方面的精神感受可能有聯(lián)系來說仍然意義不大。
2. It was possible to demonstrate by other methods refined structural differences among neuron types; however, proof was lacking that the quality of the impulse or its conduction was influenced by these differences, which seemed instead to influence the developmental patterning of the neural circuits.
[參考譯文] 有可能用其他辦法來顯示神經(jīng)類型之間細(xì)微的結(jié)構(gòu)差異?？墒?，缺乏證據(jù)證實(shí)脈沖的或者其脈沖傳導(dǎo)的質(zhì)量受這些差別的影響。相反，這種質(zhì)量看起來它卻影響了中樞神經(jīng)循環(huán)的進(jìn)展模式。
3. In one experiment, when an electric stimulus was applied to a given sensory field of the cerebral cortex of a conscious human subject, it produced a sensation of the appropriate modality for that particular locus, that is, a visual sensation from the visual cortex, an auditory sensation from the auditory cortex, and so on.
[結(jié)構(gòu)分析] 主從句。后面跟解釋性同位語：that is ……。
[參考譯文] 在一個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)中，當(dāng)電刺激作用于有意識(shí)的人體大腦皮層的某個(gè)感覺部位，它對(duì)這個(gè)特定部位產(chǎn)生一種恰如其分的感覺道，也就是說，視覺來自視覺皮層，聽覺來自聽皮層，以此類推。
4. Other experiments revealed slight variations in the size, number, arrangement, and interconnection of the nerve cells, but as for as psychoneural correlations were concerned, the obvious similarities of these sensory fields to each other seemed much more remarkable than any of the minute differences.
[參考譯文] 其他實(shí)驗(yàn)揭示了神經(jīng)細(xì)胞在尺寸，數(shù)目，排列和相互聯(lián)結(jié)上的細(xì)微變化?？墒牵途裆窠?jīng)相互關(guān)系而論，這些感覺部位相互之間明顯的相似性似乎比任何細(xì)微差異更為明顯多。
5. In short, Brain theory suggested a correlation between mental experience and the activity of relatively homogenous nerve-cell units conducting essentially homogeneous impulses through homogeneous cerebral tissue.
[參考譯文] 總之，大腦理論說明精神感覺和相對(duì)相似的神經(jīng)細(xì)胞單位的活動(dòng)有關(guān)系。這種活動(dòng)通過相似的大腦皮層組織傳導(dǎo)的基本相似的脈沖。
寫作方法與文章大意
文章是對(duì)“大腦神經(jīng)活動(dòng)和精神感受關(guān)系的探討?！辈捎脮r(shí)空寫法。先從1950年，探索兩者關(guān)系的結(jié)果令人沮喪談起。在臨近本世紀(jì)轉(zhuǎn)折時(shí)期，由赫林提出的不同的感覺態(tài)可能和某種神經(jīng)能量有關(guān)。經(jīng)過一系列理論和經(jīng)驗(yàn)探索，最后得出大腦理論說明神經(jīng)感受和相對(duì)相似的神經(jīng)細(xì)胞單位活動(dòng)有關(guān)的結(jié)論。這是一種通過相似的大腦結(jié)構(gòu)引導(dǎo)相似脈沖的活動(dòng)。
答案祥解
1. C. 令人失望。答案見文章的第一句話“到了1950年，大腦活動(dòng)過程和精神感受有關(guān)系的實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果看起來令人沮喪?！?BR> A. 令人惱火。 B. 激怒。 D. 中立。 均不對(duì)。
2. A. 在人的神經(jīng)脈沖中缺少變異(差別)。Common currency 本義是一般通用。這里的上下問決定了它的含義“無變異脈沖(普通脈沖)”。第二段“雖然神經(jīng)能量中的質(zhì)變理論從沒有受到嚴(yán)厲的駁斥，但這一學(xué)說被普遍放棄，而贊成其對(duì)立的觀點(diǎn);那就是：神經(jīng)脈沖在質(zhì)量沙鍋內(nèi)基本相似，并作為無變異脈沖(普通脈沖)經(jīng)神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)傳送。”所以普通脈沖就是指神經(jīng)脈沖無變異，在質(zhì)量上基本相似。來源：www.examda.com
B. 科學(xué)家觀點(diǎn)上的相似性。 C. 人類感覺相似性。 D. 神經(jīng)脈沖連續(xù)不斷通過神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)。這三項(xiàng)和common currency 無關(guān)。
3. A. 受刺激的大腦部位影響感覺神經(jīng)脈沖所顯示的認(rèn)知感受。在第二道題譯文下面“根據(jù)這一理論，不是感覺神經(jīng)脈沖的質(zhì)量決定它們所產(chǎn)生的各種有意識(shí)的感覺。而是由脈沖在大腦中釋放的不同部位決定，并且有證據(jù)證明這一論點(diǎn)?！币婋y句譯注3。
B. 現(xiàn)在對(duì)神經(jīng)潛力的質(zhì)量變化可以進(jìn)行更精彩的研究。 C. 感官刺激是異源的，并深受它們所產(chǎn)生的神經(jīng)感覺(感受器)的影響。 D. 神經(jīng)形態(tài)上的差異影響神經(jīng)傳遞長度。
4. B. 神經(jīng)脈沖。這在第2題答案A中譯注(即第二段)已有明確的答復(fù)?！吧窠?jīng)脈沖在質(zhì)量上基本相似……?！?BR> A. 神經(jīng)細(xì)胞。見難句譯注2，“有可能用其他辦法來顯示神經(jīng)細(xì)胞類型之間細(xì)微的結(jié)構(gòu)差異?！?C. 外皮區(qū)域(部位)。 D. 神經(jīng)脈沖空間模式。見難句譯注5和本文最后一句“為了和精神感受多樣性吻合，心理學(xué)家只能指明神經(jīng)脈沖時(shí)空模式上的無限差異?！边@說明，它不是 “Least qualitative variation.”
(The Relationship between Brain Process with Mental Experience)
By 1950, the results of attempts to relate brain processes to mental experience appeared rather discouraging. Such variations in size, shape, chemistry, conduction speed, excitation threshold, and the like as had been demonstrated in nerve cells remained negligible in significance for any possible correlation with the manifold dimensions of mental experience.
Near the turn of the century, it had been suggested by Hering that different modes of sensation, such as pain, taste and color, might be correlated with the discharge of specific kinds of nervous energy, However, subsequently developed methods of recording and analyzing nerve potentials failed to reveal any such qualitative diversity. It was possible to demonstrate by other methods refined structural differences among neuron types; however, proof was lacking that the quality of the impulse or its conduction was influenced by these differences, which seemed instead to influence the developmental patterning of the neural circuits. Although qualitative variance among nerve rigidly disproved, the doctrine was generally abandoned in favor of the opposing view, namely, that nerve impulses are essentially homogeneous in quality and are transmitted as “common currency” throughout the nervous system. According to this theory, it is not the quality of the sensory nerve impulses that determines the diverse conscious sensations they produce, but, rather, the different areas of the brain into which they discharge, and there is some evidence for this view. In one experiment, when an electric stimulus was applied to a given sensory field of the cerebral cortex of a conscious human subject, it produced a sensation of the appropriate modality for that particular locus, that is, a visual sensation from the visual cortex, an auditory sensation from the auditory cortex, and so on. Other experiments revealed slight variations in the size, number, arrangement, and interconnection of the nerve cells, but as for as psychoneural correlations were concerned, the obvious similarities of these sensory fields to each other seemed much more remarkable than any of the minute differences.
However, cortical as diverse as those of red, black, green and white, or touch, cold, warmth, movement, pain, posture and pressure apparently may arise through activation of the same cortical areas. What seemed to remain was some kind of differential patterning effects in the brain excitation: it is the difference in the central distribution of impulses that counts. In short, Brain theory suggested a correlation between mental experience and the activity of relatively homogenous nerve-cell units conducting essentially homogeneous impulses through homogeneous cerebral tissue. To match the multiple dimensions of mental experience psychologists could only point to a limitless variation in the spatiotemporal patterning of nerve impulses.
Vocabulary
1. Up until 1950, efforts to establish that brain processes and mental experience are related would most likely have been met with
[A]. vexation. [B]. irritability. [C]. discouragement [D]. neutrality
2. The author mentions “common currency” primarily in order to emphasize the
[A]. lack of differentiation among nerve impulses in human beings.
[B]. similarities in the views of the scientists.
[C]. similarity of sensations of human beings.
[D]. continuous passage of nerve impulses through the nervous system.
3. Which of the following theories is reinforced by the depiction of the experiment in lines 16—19?
[A]. Cognitive experience manifested by sensory nerve impulses are influenced by the area of the brain stimulated.
[B]. Qualitative diversity in nerve potentials can now be studied more accurately.
[C]. Sensory stimuli are heterogeneous and are greatly influenced by the nerve sensors they produce.
[D]. Differentiation in neural modalities influences the length of nerve transmissions.
4. It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following exhibit the LEAST qualitative variation?
[A]. Nerve cells. [B]. Nerve impulses.
[C]. Cortical areas. [C]. Spatial patterns of nerve impulses.
Vocabulary
1. mental experiences 精神感受
2. discharge 釋放
3. negligible 微小的，可以忽略不計(jì)的
4. manifold 多種多樣的，多方面
5. neuron 神經(jīng)元/細(xì)胞
6. neural (中樞)神經(jīng)的(系統(tǒng))
7. qualitative diversity 質(zhì)的多樣性，量變的
8. disprove 反駁，反證
9. homogeneous 相似的
10. sensory nerve 感覺神經(jīng)
11. cortical 外皮的，皮質(zhì)的
12. cerebral cortex 大腦皮層
13. locus 地點(diǎn)，區(qū)域
14. psychoneural 精神神經(jīng)
15. heterogeneous 異源的，異種的，異體的
16. spatiotenporal 時(shí)空的
難句譯注
1. Such variations in size, shape, chemistry, conduction speed, excitation threshold, and the like as had been demonstrated in nerve cells remained negligible in significance for any possible correlation with the manifold dimensions of mental experience.
[結(jié)構(gòu)分析] 句型為such…as 可as 具有關(guān)系代詞作用，此處作從句中had been demonstrated 的主語。
[參考譯文] 神經(jīng)細(xì)胞中所顯示的諸如在尺寸，形狀，化學(xué)，神經(jīng)脈沖中傳導(dǎo)速度，激發(fā)界限等方面的那種變化差異對(duì)多方面的精神感受可能有聯(lián)系來說仍然意義不大。
2. It was possible to demonstrate by other methods refined structural differences among neuron types; however, proof was lacking that the quality of the impulse or its conduction was influenced by these differences, which seemed instead to influence the developmental patterning of the neural circuits.
[參考譯文] 有可能用其他辦法來顯示神經(jīng)類型之間細(xì)微的結(jié)構(gòu)差異?？墒?，缺乏證據(jù)證實(shí)脈沖的或者其脈沖傳導(dǎo)的質(zhì)量受這些差別的影響。相反，這種質(zhì)量看起來它卻影響了中樞神經(jīng)循環(huán)的進(jìn)展模式。
3. In one experiment, when an electric stimulus was applied to a given sensory field of the cerebral cortex of a conscious human subject, it produced a sensation of the appropriate modality for that particular locus, that is, a visual sensation from the visual cortex, an auditory sensation from the auditory cortex, and so on.
[結(jié)構(gòu)分析] 主從句。后面跟解釋性同位語：that is ……。
[參考譯文] 在一個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)中，當(dāng)電刺激作用于有意識(shí)的人體大腦皮層的某個(gè)感覺部位，它對(duì)這個(gè)特定部位產(chǎn)生一種恰如其分的感覺道，也就是說，視覺來自視覺皮層，聽覺來自聽皮層，以此類推。
4. Other experiments revealed slight variations in the size, number, arrangement, and interconnection of the nerve cells, but as for as psychoneural correlations were concerned, the obvious similarities of these sensory fields to each other seemed much more remarkable than any of the minute differences.
[參考譯文] 其他實(shí)驗(yàn)揭示了神經(jīng)細(xì)胞在尺寸，數(shù)目，排列和相互聯(lián)結(jié)上的細(xì)微變化?？墒牵途裆窠?jīng)相互關(guān)系而論，這些感覺部位相互之間明顯的相似性似乎比任何細(xì)微差異更為明顯多。
5. In short, Brain theory suggested a correlation between mental experience and the activity of relatively homogenous nerve-cell units conducting essentially homogeneous impulses through homogeneous cerebral tissue.
[參考譯文] 總之，大腦理論說明精神感覺和相對(duì)相似的神經(jīng)細(xì)胞單位的活動(dòng)有關(guān)系。這種活動(dòng)通過相似的大腦皮層組織傳導(dǎo)的基本相似的脈沖。
寫作方法與文章大意
文章是對(duì)“大腦神經(jīng)活動(dòng)和精神感受關(guān)系的探討?！辈捎脮r(shí)空寫法。先從1950年，探索兩者關(guān)系的結(jié)果令人沮喪談起。在臨近本世紀(jì)轉(zhuǎn)折時(shí)期，由赫林提出的不同的感覺態(tài)可能和某種神經(jīng)能量有關(guān)。經(jīng)過一系列理論和經(jīng)驗(yàn)探索，最后得出大腦理論說明神經(jīng)感受和相對(duì)相似的神經(jīng)細(xì)胞單位活動(dòng)有關(guān)的結(jié)論。這是一種通過相似的大腦結(jié)構(gòu)引導(dǎo)相似脈沖的活動(dòng)。
答案祥解
1. C. 令人失望。答案見文章的第一句話“到了1950年，大腦活動(dòng)過程和精神感受有關(guān)系的實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果看起來令人沮喪?！?BR> A. 令人惱火。 B. 激怒。 D. 中立。 均不對(duì)。
2. A. 在人的神經(jīng)脈沖中缺少變異(差別)。Common currency 本義是一般通用。這里的上下問決定了它的含義“無變異脈沖(普通脈沖)”。第二段“雖然神經(jīng)能量中的質(zhì)變理論從沒有受到嚴(yán)厲的駁斥，但這一學(xué)說被普遍放棄，而贊成其對(duì)立的觀點(diǎn);那就是：神經(jīng)脈沖在質(zhì)量沙鍋內(nèi)基本相似，并作為無變異脈沖(普通脈沖)經(jīng)神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)傳送。”所以普通脈沖就是指神經(jīng)脈沖無變異，在質(zhì)量上基本相似。來源：www.examda.com
B. 科學(xué)家觀點(diǎn)上的相似性。 C. 人類感覺相似性。 D. 神經(jīng)脈沖連續(xù)不斷通過神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)。這三項(xiàng)和common currency 無關(guān)。
3. A. 受刺激的大腦部位影響感覺神經(jīng)脈沖所顯示的認(rèn)知感受。在第二道題譯文下面“根據(jù)這一理論，不是感覺神經(jīng)脈沖的質(zhì)量決定它們所產(chǎn)生的各種有意識(shí)的感覺。而是由脈沖在大腦中釋放的不同部位決定，并且有證據(jù)證明這一論點(diǎn)?！币婋y句譯注3。
B. 現(xiàn)在對(duì)神經(jīng)潛力的質(zhì)量變化可以進(jìn)行更精彩的研究。 C. 感官刺激是異源的，并深受它們所產(chǎn)生的神經(jīng)感覺(感受器)的影響。 D. 神經(jīng)形態(tài)上的差異影響神經(jīng)傳遞長度。
4. B. 神經(jīng)脈沖。這在第2題答案A中譯注(即第二段)已有明確的答復(fù)?！吧窠?jīng)脈沖在質(zhì)量上基本相似……?！?BR> A. 神經(jīng)細(xì)胞。見難句譯注2，“有可能用其他辦法來顯示神經(jīng)細(xì)胞類型之間細(xì)微的結(jié)構(gòu)差異?！?C. 外皮區(qū)域(部位)。 D. 神經(jīng)脈沖空間模式。見難句譯注5和本文最后一句“為了和精神感受多樣性吻合，心理學(xué)家只能指明神經(jīng)脈沖時(shí)空模式上的無限差異?！边@說明，它不是 “Least qualitative variation.”