英語構(gòu)詞法主要有以下五種:
派生法 Derivation
轉(zhuǎn)化法 Conversion
合成法 Compounding
拼綴法 Blending
首字母縮略法 Acronymizing
1. 派生法 Derivation
派生法: 由一個(gè)詞根加上前綴或后綴構(gòu)成一個(gè)新詞。
例如: uncontroversial, oversimplification, disqualify, reclaim, irrelevant
前綴: dis- , in- , im- , il- , ir- , re- , un- , non-, over-, etc.
后綴: -able , -al , -an , -ful , -ive , -er , -ese , -ist , -ment , -ness , -tion , -fy , -ian , -ing , is(z)e , -ly , -teen , -ty , -th , -y , etc.
由前綴e- , cyber- , hyper-等構(gòu)成的網(wǎng)絡(luò)新詞匯也層出不窮。如:
E-currency電子貨幣
E-paper 電子報(bào)
cyberculture 網(wǎng)絡(luò)文化
hyperterminal 超級(jí)終端的
2. 轉(zhuǎn)化法 Conversion
轉(zhuǎn)化法:由某一詞性轉(zhuǎn)化成另一詞性,其意義也會(huì)發(fā)生一定的變化。
例如:
Democratic delegates restored to their party platform Wednesday the position that Jerusalem is the capital of Israel, reversing a controversial omission that had angered some Jewish organizations and drew criticism from Republicans that President Obama was distancing the United States from its closest ally in the Middle East.
例文中的 “distance”用作動(dòng)詞,意為 “疏遠(yuǎn),與……保持距離”。
3. 合成法 Compounding
合成法:由兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的單詞組成一個(gè)新的單詞。例如:
blackboard, man-made, overthrow, spacecraft, output, time-out, borderline, underwrite, stock-market, debt-reduction , grassroots, get-tough-on-the-press strategy(對(duì)媒體采取強(qiáng)硬策略), get-rich-quick business model(快錢商業(yè)模式), government shutdown (政府停擺)
如今,英語中出現(xiàn)了web, net和virtual 構(gòu)成的大量網(wǎng)絡(luò)復(fù)合詞。如:
webTV 網(wǎng)絡(luò)電視, netfiles 網(wǎng)絡(luò)文件,virtualbox,etc.
4. 拼綴法 Blending
拼綴法:由兩個(gè)詞剪裁復(fù)合而成,既可使文字活潑,又可節(jié)省用詞,在新聞?dòng)⒄Z里十分常見。
例如:
robodocs = robot + doctor 機(jī)器醫(yī)生(指遠(yuǎn)程用電腦行醫(yī))
holidazed = holiday + dazed 節(jié)日忙得頭腦發(fā)昏
autocide = automobile + suicide 撞車自殺
chunnel = channel+ tunnel 水底隧道
smog = smoke+ fog 霧霾
medicaid = medical+ aid 醫(yī)療救助
workfare = work+ welfare 勞動(dòng)福利
netizen = net+citizen 網(wǎng)民
psywar = psychological + warfare 心理戰(zhàn)
telex = teleprinter + exchanger 電傳
stagflation = stagnation + inflation 經(jīng)濟(jì)滯漲
5. 首字母縮略法 Acronymizing
ISBN: International Standard Book Number 國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)圖書編號(hào)
VIP: very important person 貴賓,大人物
A&E: accident and emergency 急診科
ATM: automated teller machine 自動(dòng)提款機(jī)
BBC: British Broadcasting Corporation 英國(guó)廣播公司
CEO: chief executive officer 總裁, 首席執(zhí)行官
GDP: gross domestic product 國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值
GNP: gross national product 國(guó)民生產(chǎn)總值
GP: general practitioner 全科醫(yī)生
GRE: Graduate Record Examination 研究生入學(xué)資格考試
GPA: grade point average 各科成績(jī)的平均積點(diǎn)分
HKSAR: Hong Kong Special Administrative Region 香港特別行政區(qū)
ICU: intensive care unit 重癥監(jiān)護(hù)室
WHO: World Health Organization 世界衛(wèi)生組織
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