2016年托福閱讀長(zhǎng)難句:長(zhǎng)難句障礙處理方法

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    長(zhǎng)難句分析的第三篇進(jìn)入了非簡(jiǎn)單句的部分,開(kāi)始逐漸增加難度和需要記憶的細(xì)節(jié)知識(shí)點(diǎn)?;A(chǔ)不好的同學(xué)們一定要仔細(xì)閱讀,這是一個(gè)難得的機(jī)會(huì)把這些經(jīng)常聽(tīng)到又不確定的語(yǔ)法名詞的來(lái)龍去脈從頭記清。不要忘了看過(guò)之后要復(fù)習(xí)呦。
    第二章 對(duì)于非簡(jiǎn)單句障礙的處理
    非簡(jiǎn)單句的定義:還有一套以上的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)且句子中有成分是由句子構(gòu)成的。
    一. 非簡(jiǎn)單句意思理解的障礙來(lái)源
    從本質(zhì)上來(lái)講一個(gè)非簡(jiǎn)單句其實(shí)就是由簡(jiǎn)單句1,簡(jiǎn)單句2,一直到簡(jiǎn)單句n的一個(gè)集合。簡(jiǎn)單句組合成非簡(jiǎn)單句最重要的兩個(gè)要素是連接詞和主句專一原則:
    1. 連接詞分類關(guān)系代詞:常見(jiàn)有that,which,who,whom,as,what等。
    2. 關(guān)系連詞:常見(jiàn)有that,When,where,why,how,等。
    3. 標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)::和- ;
    4. .并列連詞:常見(jiàn)有and,or,but等。
    非簡(jiǎn)單句中分句之間的關(guān)聯(lián)方式
    連接詞可以分為兩大類:
    1. 關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系連詞以及“:”和“-”所連接的分句間的關(guān)系是主從復(fù)合的關(guān)系,這樣的非簡(jiǎn)單句被稱為復(fù)合句;
    2. 并列連詞和“;”所連接的分句間的關(guān)系為并列關(guān)系,這樣的非簡(jiǎn)單句被稱之為并列句。
    二、兩種非簡(jiǎn)單句類型的講解
    (一)并列句的講解
    1、定義:兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的簡(jiǎn)單句用并列連詞連在一起構(gòu)成的句子,叫作并列句。
    2、結(jié)構(gòu)識(shí)別:句子+并列連詞+句子
    3、并列連詞:
    and表示順承;
    while表示對(duì)比;
    but/yet表示轉(zhuǎn)折;
    for/so表示因果;
    or/either...or表示選擇;
    and/then表示時(shí)間;
    and/so/neither/nor表示并列;
    notonly...but also/neither...nor表示遞進(jìn)。
    并列句通常就從并列連詞處斷開(kāi),分為兩個(gè)句子進(jìn)行解析。
    【示例】He drank beer,andit made him fat.
    【譯文】他喝酒,這使得他變胖。
    【解析】并列連詞將兩個(gè)句子連接起來(lái)。
    4、并列連詞的用法
    (1)連接兩個(gè)句子(句間的并列);
    (2)連接兩個(gè)句子中成分,可以是從句也可以是短語(yǔ)等(句中并列),從連詞后往前尋找并列成分;
    (3)并列連詞表示并列的終結(jié);
    (4)并列常常引起省略(可以是省略并列成分,也可以省略連詞如and等)。
    【例1】He drank beer,and it made him fat.(句間的并列)
    【例2】It is a little upsetting to read that a certain line describes a fightbetween a Turkish and a Bulgarian officer and to find that the line consists ofthe noise of their falling and the weights of the officers,”Pluff!Pluff!A hundred and eighty-fivekilograms.”(句中并列)
    【解析】并列成分為to read...and to find…
    【例3】A and B,C and D.
    【解析】并列連詞表示并列的終結(jié)就意味著:A and B是一個(gè)并列成分和C以及D構(gòu)成并列。
    【例4】 To see the world in a grain ofsand
    And a heaven in a wildflower
    Hold infinity in the palm of yourhand
    And eternity in an hour.
    【譯文】一沙一世界,一花一天國(guó)。
    君掌盛無(wú)邊,剎那含永劫。
    【解析】完整的應(yīng)該是:
    To see the world in a grain of sand
    And to see a heaven in a wild flower
    Hold infinity in the palm of your hand
    And to hold eternity in an hour.
    出于簡(jiǎn)潔的考慮的句子中的并列成分被省略了,因此在閱讀句子的過(guò)程中,條件反射的應(yīng)該養(yǎng)成遇到并列就要思考是否產(chǎn)生了省略的習(xí)慣。
    【例5】那一天,閉目在經(jīng)殿香霧中,驀然聽(tīng)見(jiàn)你頌經(jīng)中的真言。
    那一月,我搖動(dòng)所有的轉(zhuǎn)經(jīng)筒,不為超度,只為觸摸你的指尖。
    那一年,磕長(zhǎng)頭匍匐在山路,不為覲見(jiàn),只為貼著你的溫暖。
    那一世,轉(zhuǎn)山轉(zhuǎn)水轉(zhuǎn)佛塔啊,不為修來(lái)生,只為途中與你相見(jiàn)。
    【譯文】That day,Iclosed my eyes in the incense fog of the Buddha s Hall,suddenlyheard the mantra from your voice;
    That month,I turned all the prayerwheels,not formy salvation,but for the touch of your fingertips;
    That year,I prostrated myself alongthe mountain paths,not for my pilgrimage ,but for the warmth of being close to you;
    That life,I turned around mountainsand rivers,I turned around all the Pagodas,not for earning my afterlife,but to meet with you in the way.
    【解析】這是傳說(shuō)中六世達(dá)賴倉(cāng)央嘉措所作的情詩(shī),這個(gè)翻譯的版本不能說(shuō)優(yōu)美,但是中規(guī)中矩,在句子I closed my eyes in the incense fog of the Buddha s Hall,and suddenly heard themantra from your voice中也省略了and。
    【例6】It is said that in England death is pressing,in Canada inevitable and inCalifornia optional.
    【解析】句子的完整形式應(yīng)該是:
    It is said that in Englanddeath is pressing.
    In Canada the death isinevitable.
    In California the death isoptional.
    為了簡(jiǎn)潔并列引起了省略:據(jù)說(shuō)在英國(guó)死亡時(shí)迫在眉睫的;在加拿大死亡是不可避免的;在加利福尼亞死亡是可選的。
    【例7】Failing hips can be replaced,clinical depression controlled,cataracts removed in a 30-minute surgical procedure.
    【解析】句子的完整形式應(yīng)該是:
    Failing hips can bereplaced;
    Clinical depression can becontrolled;
    Cataracts can be removed ina 30-minute surgical procedure.
    為了句子的簡(jiǎn)潔并列引起了省略:壞掉的髖關(guān)節(jié)可以被換掉;臨床性的抑郁癥可以被控制;白內(nèi)障可以用三十分鐘的手術(shù)去掉。
    二. 主從復(fù)合句的分類
    1. 三大從句:
    名詞性從句:主語(yǔ)從句,賓語(yǔ)從句,表語(yǔ)從句,同位語(yǔ)從句
    形容詞性從句:定語(yǔ)從句
    副詞性從句:狀語(yǔ)從句
    2. 常見(jiàn)的連接詞
    (1)名詞性從句:關(guān)系代詞what,who,whom,which
    關(guān)系連詞that,when,where,how
    (2)形容詞性從句:關(guān)系代詞that,who,whom,whose,which,as
    關(guān)系連詞where,when,why,how
    (3)副詞性從句:
    連接詞小結(jié)
    

    狀語(yǔ)從句類型
    

    常用連接詞
    

    特殊連接詞
    

    時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句
    

    when,while,as,
    before,since,till,
    Until,as soon as
    

    1、一些時(shí)間名詞:the moment,the instant,
    the minute,the day,next time,every time;
    2、一些副詞:instantly,immediately,directly;
    3、固定搭配的連詞;no sooner...than,hardly...when,scarcely...when
    

    地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句
    

    Where
    

    wherever,anywhere,everywhere
    

    原因狀語(yǔ)從句
    

    before,as,for,since
    

    seeing that,considering that,now that,given that,in that,in as much as,in so much as
    

    目的狀語(yǔ)從句
    

    so that,in order that,that
    

    Lest,for fear that,in case,in the hope that,on purpose that,for the purpose that,to the end that
    

    結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句
    

    so...that,so that,
    such...that
    

    such that,to the degree that,to the extent that,to such a degree that,to such an extent that
    

    條件狀語(yǔ)從句
    

    If,unless
    

    suppose,supposing,providing,provided(特別關(guān)注:supposed,provide不用作條件從句的連詞),on condition that,so long as,as long as
    

    讓步狀語(yǔ)從句
    

    Although,though,
    even though,
    even if
    

    while(一般用在句首),as(用于倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)),whatever,whoever,whichever,however,whenever,wherever,whether...or...,as+adj.+as+主謂結(jié)構(gòu)(用在句首)
    

    比較狀語(yǔ)從句
    

    as,than
    

    the more...,the more...;just as...,so...;
    A is to B what/as C is to D;no more...than;
    not A so much as B/not so much A as B
    

    方式狀語(yǔ)從句
    

    as,the way
    

    

    3、主從復(fù)合句中的主句專一原則
    (1)一個(gè)句子中只能有一個(gè)主句,主句中沒(méi)有連接詞;
    (2)一個(gè)句子中有n個(gè)分句,則只有n-1個(gè)連接詞(并列連詞除外)。
    例證:在過(guò)去的英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)中我們知道:because和so不能連用,although和but不能連用,就是由于在一個(gè)句子中如果只有兩個(gè)分句同時(shí)使用了because和so的話就違背了主句專一原則。
    比如:Although I love you,butI can t marry you.這個(gè)句子中有兩個(gè)分句,但是兩個(gè)連接詞,就沒(méi)有主句了。
    待續(xù)...