They say that pride comes before a fall. In the case of both Napoleon and Hitler, the many victories they enjoyed led them to believe that anything was possible, that nothing could stand in their way. Russia's icy defender was to prove them wrong.
人道是驕兵必敗。就拿拿破侖和*兩人來說吧，他們所向披靡，便以為自己戰(zhàn)無不勝，不可阻擋。但俄羅斯的冰雪衛(wèi)士證明他們錯了。
The Icy Defender
冰雪衛(wèi)士
Nila B. Smith
奈拉·B·史密斯
1. In 1812, Napoleon Bonaparte, Emperor of the French, led his Grand Army into Russia. He was prepared for the fierce resistance of the Russian people defending their homeland. He was prepared for the long march across Russian soil to Moscow, the capital city. But he was not prepared for the devastating enemy that met him in Moscow -- the raw, bitter, bleak Russian winter.
1812年，法國皇帝拿破侖·波拿巴率大軍入侵俄羅斯。他準(zhǔn)備好俄羅斯人民會為保衛(wèi)祖國而奮勇抵抗。他準(zhǔn)備好在俄羅斯廣袤的國土上要經(jīng)過長途跋涉才能進軍首都莫斯科。但他沒有料到在莫斯科他會遭遇勁敵—俄羅斯陰冷凄苦的寒冬。
2. In 1941, Adolf Hitler, leader of Nazi Germany, launched an attack against the Soviet Union, as Russia then was called. Hitler's military might was unequaled. His war machine had mowed down resistance in most of Europe. Hitler expected a short campaign but, like Napoleon before him, was taught a painful lesson. The Russian winter again came to the aid of the Soviet soldiers.
2. 1941年，納粹德國元首阿道夫·*進攻當(dāng)時被稱作蘇聯(lián)的俄羅斯。*的軍事實力堪稱無敵。他的戰(zhàn)爭機器掃除了歐洲絕大部分地區(qū)的抵抗。*希望速戰(zhàn)速決，但是，就像在他之前的拿破侖一樣，他得到的是痛苦的教訓(xùn)。仍是俄羅斯的冬天助了蘇維埃士兵一臂之力。
Napoleon's Campaign
拿破侖發(fā)起的戰(zhàn)役
3. In the spring of 1812, Napoleon assembled an army of six hundred thousand men on the borders of Russia. The soldiers were well trained, efficient, and well equipped. This military force was called the Grand Army. Napoleon, confident of a quick victory, predicted the conquest of Russia in five weeks.
3. 1812年春，拿破侖在俄國邊境屯兵60萬。這些士兵受過良好訓(xùn)練，作戰(zhàn)力強，裝備精良。這支軍隊被稱為大軍。拿破侖對馬到成功充滿自信，預(yù)言要在5個星期內(nèi)攻下俄國。
4. Shortly afterwards, Napoleon's army crossed the Neman River into Russia. The quick, decisive victory that Napoleon expected never happened. To his surprise, the Russians refused to stand and fight. Instead, they retreated eastward, burning their crops and homes as they went. The Grand Army followed, but its advance march soon became bogged down by slow-moving supply lines.
4. 不久，拿破侖的大軍渡過涅曼河進入俄國。拿破侖期盼著的速決速勝遲遲沒有發(fā)生。令他吃驚的是，俄國人并不奮起抵抗。相反，他們一路東撤，沿途焚毀莊稼和民居。大軍緊追不舍，但它的長驅(qū)直入很快由于糧草運輸緩慢而停頓下來。
5. In August, the French and Russian armies engaged at Smolensk, in a battle that left over ten thousand dead on each side. Yet, the Russians were again able to retreat farther into Russian territory. Napoleon had won no decisive victory. He was now faced with a crucial decision. Should he continue to pursue the Russian army? Or should he keep his army in Smolensk for the approaching winter?
5. 到了8月，法俄兩軍在斯摩棱斯克交戰(zhàn)，這一戰(zhàn)役中，雙方各有上萬人陣亡?？墒?，俄國人仍能在自己的國土上繼續(xù)后撤。拿破侖未能取得決定性的勝利。此刻他面臨著一個重要抉擇。是繼續(xù)追擊俄國軍隊，還是把軍隊駐扎在斯摩棱斯克，在那兒度過將到的冬天？
6. Napoleon took the gamble of pressing on to Moscow, 448 kilometers away. On September 7, 1812, the French and Russian armies met in fierce battle at Borodino, 112 kilometers west of Moscow. By nightfall, thirty thousand French and forty-four thousand Russians lay dead or wounded on the battlefield.
6. 拿破侖孤注一擲，決定向遠在448公里之外的莫斯科進發(fā)。1812年9月7日，法俄兩軍在莫斯科以西112公里外的鮑羅季諾激戰(zhàn)。夜幕降臨時，3萬名法國士兵以及4.4萬名俄國士兵或傷或亡，倒在了戰(zhàn)場上。
7. Again, the Russian army retreated to safety. Napoleon had a clear path to Moscow, but the occupation of the city became an empty victory. The Russians fled their capital. Soon after the French arrived, a raging fire destroyed two-thirds of the city. Napoleon offered a truce to Alexander I, but the Russian czar knew he could bide his time: "We shall let the Russian winter fight the war for us."
7. 俄國軍隊再次撤往安全之處。拿破侖順利進入莫斯科，然而，對該市的占領(lǐng)成為毫無意義的勝利。俄國人棄城而走。法國人進城不久，一場熊熊大火燒毀了整個城市的三分之二。拿破侖向亞歷山大一世提出停戰(zhàn)，但沙皇深知他可以等待時機：“且讓俄羅斯的嚴冬為我們戰(zhàn)斗吧。”
8. Napoleon soon realized he could not feed, clothe, and quarter his army in Moscow during the winter. In October 1812, he ordered his Grand Army to retreat from Moscow.
8. 拿破侖很快意識到，他無法在冬天向遠在莫斯科的軍隊供應(yīng)糧草、提供御寒衣物和宿營之地。1812年10月，他命令大軍撤出莫斯科。
9. The French retreat turned into a nightmare. From fields and forests, the Russians launched hit-and-run attacks on the French. A short distance from Moscow, the temperature had already dropped to minus 4 degrees Celsius. On November 3, the winter's first snow came. Exhausted horses fell dead in their tracks. Cannon became stuck in the snow. Equipment had to be burned for fuel. Soldiers took ill and froze to death. The French soldiers dragged on, leaving the dead along every mile.
9. 法軍的撤離成為一場噩夢。俄國人出沒于田野與森林，采用打了就跑的戰(zhàn)術(shù)，向法國人發(fā)起攻擊。剛出莫斯科城，氣溫就降到攝氏零下4度。11月3日降下初雪。困乏的馬匹倒地而死。大炮陷入雪中。裝備只得被用作燃料焚燒。士兵們?nèi)静鏊馈７▏勘现_步行進，一路上留下無數(shù)死尸。
10. As the Russian army was gathering its strength, the French had to flee Russia to avoid certain defeat. At the Berezina River, the Russians nearly trapped the retreating French by burning the bridges over the swollen river. But Napoleon, by a stroke of luck, was able to build two new bridges. Thousands of French soldiers escaped, but at the cost of fifty thousand dead. Once across the Berezina, the tattered survivors limped toward Vilna.
10. 正當(dāng)俄羅斯軍隊集聚兵力之時，法國人卻不得不逃離俄國，以避免注定的失敗。在別列茲那河，俄國人焚燒了漲水的河道上的橋梁，差點將后撤的法軍困于河邊。僥幸的是，拿破侖居然突擊造起兩座橋。成千上萬法國士兵得以逃脫，但卻損失了5萬人。渡過別列茲拿河，潰不成軍的幸存者一瘸一拐地向維爾紐行進。
11. Of the six hundred thousand soldiers Napoleon had led into Russia, less than one hundred thousand came back. The weakened French army continued its retreat westward across Europe. Soon, Britain, Austria, Russia, and Prussia formed a powerful alliance and attacked these stragglers. In March 1814, Paris was captured. Napoleon abdicated and went into exile, his empire at an end.
11. 拿破侖發(fā)兵60萬進入俄國，只有不到10萬士兵返回。元氣大傷的法國軍隊在歐洲繼續(xù)西撤。不久，英國、奧地利、俄國以及普魯士組成強大的聯(lián)盟，攻擊這些散兵游勇。1814年3月，巴黎被攻占。拿破侖退位去過流放生活，他締造的帝國隨之滅亡。
Hitler's Invasion
*的入侵
12. By early 1941, Adolf Hitler, leader of Nazi Germany, had seized control of most of Europe. To the east of Hitler's German empire was the Soviet Union. On June 22, 1941, without a declaration of war, Hitler began an invasion of the Soviet Union that was the largest military land campaign in history. Confident of a quick victory, Hitler expected the campaign to last no longer than three months. He planned to use the blitzkrieg, or "lightning war," tactics that had defeated the rest of Europe. The invasion had three broad thrusts: against Leningrad and Moscow and through the Ukraine.
到1941年初，納粹德國元首阿道夫·*已經(jīng)控制了歐洲大部分地區(qū)。*的德意志帝國的東部與蘇聯(lián)毗鄰。1941年6月22日，*不宣而戰(zhàn)，入侵蘇聯(lián)，發(fā)動了歷規(guī)模的一場陸地戰(zhàn)役。*自信能速戰(zhàn)速決，預(yù)計這一戰(zhàn)役不會超過3個月。他計劃采用征服了歐洲其余地區(qū)的閃電式戰(zhàn)略。入侵計劃包含三大目標(biāo)：向列寧格勒與莫斯科進攻，并橫掃烏克蘭。
13. Caught off guard by the invasion, Soviet leader Joseph Stalin instructed the Russian people to "scorch the earth" in front of the German invaders. Farms and factories were burned, destroyed, or rendered useless. During the first ten weeks of the invasion, the Germans pushed the front eastward, and the Russians suffered more than a million casualties.
13. 蘇聯(lián)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人約瑟夫·斯大林被打了個措手不及，他指示全國人民在德國入侵者到來之前實行“焦土”政策。農(nóng)場和工廠被焚燒毀壞，或被弄得無法運轉(zhuǎn)。在入侵的最初10個星期內(nèi)，德國人一路東進，俄國人傷亡人數(shù)多達一百多萬。
14. In the north, the Germans closed in on Leningrad. Despite great suffering, however, the people of Leningrad refused to surrender. As the battle of Leningrad dragged on into winter, the city's situation became desperate. As food ran out, people died from hunger and disease. By the middle of the winter of 1941-1942, nearly four thousand people starved to death every day. Close to one million people died as a result of the siege.
14. 在北方，德國人包圍了列寧格勒。盡管忍受著極大困苦，列寧格勒的人民絕不投降。列寧格勒保衛(wèi)戰(zhàn)一直持續(xù)到冬季，此時該市的處境變得危急。由于食品匱乏，人們死于饑餓與疾病。到了1941年和1942年之間的寒冬，幾乎每天有4千人死于饑餓。列寧格勒之圍造成近百萬人死亡。
15. In the center of Russia, Hitler's goal was the capture of Moscow. Because the Germans had anticipated a quick victory, they had made no plans for winter supplies. October arrived with heavy rains. "General Mud" slowed down the movement of the Germans' lightning attack.
15. 在俄國中部，*的目標(biāo)是占領(lǐng)莫斯科。由于德國人指望速戰(zhàn)速決，他們沒有準(zhǔn)備過冬的補給。10月來臨，大雨不停?！澳酀魧④姟蓖涎恿说聡碎W電式進攻的行動。
16. As Hitler's armies drew closer and closer to Moscow, an early, severe winter settled over the Soviet Union, the harshest in years. Temperatures dropped to minus 48 degrees Celsius. Heavy snows fell. The German soldiers, completely unprepared for the Russian winter, froze in their light summer uniforms. The German tanks lay buried in the heavy snowbanks. The Russian winter brought the German offensive to a halt.
16. 正當(dāng)*的軍隊逼近莫斯科時，寒冷的冬季早早地降臨蘇聯(lián)，那是多年不遇的嚴寒。氣溫降到攝氏零下48度。大雪紛飛。對俄國的嚴寒冬季毫無思想準(zhǔn)備的德國士兵身著單薄的夏裝，一個個被凍傷。德國人的坦克掩埋在深深的雪堆中。俄羅斯的冬季阻止了德國人的攻勢。
17. By the summer of 1942, Hitler had launched two new offensives. In the south, the Germans captured Sevastopol. Hitler then pushed east to Stalingrad, a great industrial city that stretched for 48 kilometers along the Volga River. Despite great suffering, Soviet defenders refused to give up Stalingrad.
17. 到1942夏天，*又發(fā)起兩場新的攻勢。在南方，德國人占領(lǐng)了塞瓦斯托波爾。*隨后向東推進到斯大林格勒，那是沿伏爾加河綿延48公里的一座大工業(yè)城市。盡管艱苦卓絕，蘇聯(lián)抵抗者拒絕放棄斯大林格勒。
18. In November 1942, the Russians launched a counterattack. With little or no shelter from the winter cold in and around Stalingrad, German troops were further weakened by a lack of food and supplies. Not until January 1943 did the Germans give up their siege. Of the three hundred thousand Germans attacking Stalingrad, only ninety thousand starving soldiers were left. The loss of the battle for Stalingrad finally turned the tide against Hitler. The German victories were over, thanks in part to the Russian winter.
18. 1942年11月，俄國人發(fā)起了一場反攻。德國軍隊在斯大林格勒城內(nèi)外幾乎沒有擋風(fēng)避寒的地方，食品和補給的匱乏更使其元氣大傷。直到1943年1月德國人才放棄圍城。進攻斯大林格勒的30萬德國人只剩下9萬忍饑挨餓的士兵。斯大林格勒一戰(zhàn)的失利最終使*時乖運蹇。部分地由于俄羅斯的冬季，德國人走向失敗。
19. During 1943 and 1944, the Soviet armies pushed the German front back toward the west. In the north, the Red Army broke the three-year siege of Leningrad with a surprise attack on January 15, 1944. Within two weeks, the heroic survivors of Leningrad saw their invaders depart. By March 1944, the Ukraine farming region was again in Soviet hands. On May 9, 1944, Sevastopol was liberated from the Germans. The Russians were now heading for Berlin.
19. 在1943年與1944年期間，蘇聯(lián)軍隊將德軍陣線往西逼退。在北方，1944年1月15日，紅軍發(fā)起突然襲擊，解除了列寧格勒長達3年之久的圍困。列寧格勒那些英勇無畏的幸存者看著入侵者在兩個星期內(nèi)全部撤離。到了1944年3月，烏克蘭的農(nóng)村又回到了蘇維埃手中。1944年5月9日，塞瓦斯托波爾從德國人手中被解放出來。至此，俄國人向柏林進發(fā)。
20.For Hitler, the invasion of the Soviet Union had turned into a military disaster. For the Russian people, it brought unspeakable suffering. The total Soviet dead in World War II reached almost 23 million.
20. 就*而言，對蘇聯(lián)的入侵成為一場軍事災(zāi)難。對俄羅斯人民來說，這場入侵帶來了無法形容的苦難。蘇維埃在第二次世界大戰(zhàn)中死亡的人數(shù)幾乎達到2300萬。
21. Russia's Icy Defender
俄羅斯的冰雪衛(wèi)士
21. The elements of nature must be reckoned with in any military campaign. Napoleon and Hitler both underestimated the severity of the Russian winter. Snow, ice, and freezing temperatures took their toll on both invading armies. For the Russian people, the winter was an icy defender.
21.任何軍事行動都必須考慮到自然的因素。拿破侖和*都低估了俄羅斯冬季的嚴酷。冰雪和極低的氣溫使兩支侵略軍付出慘重的代價。對俄羅斯人民而言，嚴冬是他們的冰雪衛(wèi)士。
人道是驕兵必敗。就拿拿破侖和*兩人來說吧，他們所向披靡，便以為自己戰(zhàn)無不勝，不可阻擋。但俄羅斯的冰雪衛(wèi)士證明他們錯了。
The Icy Defender
冰雪衛(wèi)士
Nila B. Smith
奈拉·B·史密斯
1. In 1812, Napoleon Bonaparte, Emperor of the French, led his Grand Army into Russia. He was prepared for the fierce resistance of the Russian people defending their homeland. He was prepared for the long march across Russian soil to Moscow, the capital city. But he was not prepared for the devastating enemy that met him in Moscow -- the raw, bitter, bleak Russian winter.
1812年，法國皇帝拿破侖·波拿巴率大軍入侵俄羅斯。他準(zhǔn)備好俄羅斯人民會為保衛(wèi)祖國而奮勇抵抗。他準(zhǔn)備好在俄羅斯廣袤的國土上要經(jīng)過長途跋涉才能進軍首都莫斯科。但他沒有料到在莫斯科他會遭遇勁敵—俄羅斯陰冷凄苦的寒冬。
2. In 1941, Adolf Hitler, leader of Nazi Germany, launched an attack against the Soviet Union, as Russia then was called. Hitler's military might was unequaled. His war machine had mowed down resistance in most of Europe. Hitler expected a short campaign but, like Napoleon before him, was taught a painful lesson. The Russian winter again came to the aid of the Soviet soldiers.
2. 1941年，納粹德國元首阿道夫·*進攻當(dāng)時被稱作蘇聯(lián)的俄羅斯。*的軍事實力堪稱無敵。他的戰(zhàn)爭機器掃除了歐洲絕大部分地區(qū)的抵抗。*希望速戰(zhàn)速決，但是，就像在他之前的拿破侖一樣，他得到的是痛苦的教訓(xùn)。仍是俄羅斯的冬天助了蘇維埃士兵一臂之力。
Napoleon's Campaign
拿破侖發(fā)起的戰(zhàn)役
3. In the spring of 1812, Napoleon assembled an army of six hundred thousand men on the borders of Russia. The soldiers were well trained, efficient, and well equipped. This military force was called the Grand Army. Napoleon, confident of a quick victory, predicted the conquest of Russia in five weeks.
3. 1812年春，拿破侖在俄國邊境屯兵60萬。這些士兵受過良好訓(xùn)練，作戰(zhàn)力強，裝備精良。這支軍隊被稱為大軍。拿破侖對馬到成功充滿自信，預(yù)言要在5個星期內(nèi)攻下俄國。
4. Shortly afterwards, Napoleon's army crossed the Neman River into Russia. The quick, decisive victory that Napoleon expected never happened. To his surprise, the Russians refused to stand and fight. Instead, they retreated eastward, burning their crops and homes as they went. The Grand Army followed, but its advance march soon became bogged down by slow-moving supply lines.
4. 不久，拿破侖的大軍渡過涅曼河進入俄國。拿破侖期盼著的速決速勝遲遲沒有發(fā)生。令他吃驚的是，俄國人并不奮起抵抗。相反，他們一路東撤，沿途焚毀莊稼和民居。大軍緊追不舍，但它的長驅(qū)直入很快由于糧草運輸緩慢而停頓下來。
5. In August, the French and Russian armies engaged at Smolensk, in a battle that left over ten thousand dead on each side. Yet, the Russians were again able to retreat farther into Russian territory. Napoleon had won no decisive victory. He was now faced with a crucial decision. Should he continue to pursue the Russian army? Or should he keep his army in Smolensk for the approaching winter?
5. 到了8月，法俄兩軍在斯摩棱斯克交戰(zhàn)，這一戰(zhàn)役中，雙方各有上萬人陣亡?？墒?，俄國人仍能在自己的國土上繼續(xù)后撤。拿破侖未能取得決定性的勝利。此刻他面臨著一個重要抉擇。是繼續(xù)追擊俄國軍隊，還是把軍隊駐扎在斯摩棱斯克，在那兒度過將到的冬天？
6. Napoleon took the gamble of pressing on to Moscow, 448 kilometers away. On September 7, 1812, the French and Russian armies met in fierce battle at Borodino, 112 kilometers west of Moscow. By nightfall, thirty thousand French and forty-four thousand Russians lay dead or wounded on the battlefield.
6. 拿破侖孤注一擲，決定向遠在448公里之外的莫斯科進發(fā)。1812年9月7日，法俄兩軍在莫斯科以西112公里外的鮑羅季諾激戰(zhàn)。夜幕降臨時，3萬名法國士兵以及4.4萬名俄國士兵或傷或亡，倒在了戰(zhàn)場上。
7. Again, the Russian army retreated to safety. Napoleon had a clear path to Moscow, but the occupation of the city became an empty victory. The Russians fled their capital. Soon after the French arrived, a raging fire destroyed two-thirds of the city. Napoleon offered a truce to Alexander I, but the Russian czar knew he could bide his time: "We shall let the Russian winter fight the war for us."
7. 俄國軍隊再次撤往安全之處。拿破侖順利進入莫斯科，然而，對該市的占領(lǐng)成為毫無意義的勝利。俄國人棄城而走。法國人進城不久，一場熊熊大火燒毀了整個城市的三分之二。拿破侖向亞歷山大一世提出停戰(zhàn)，但沙皇深知他可以等待時機：“且讓俄羅斯的嚴冬為我們戰(zhàn)斗吧。”
8. Napoleon soon realized he could not feed, clothe, and quarter his army in Moscow during the winter. In October 1812, he ordered his Grand Army to retreat from Moscow.
8. 拿破侖很快意識到，他無法在冬天向遠在莫斯科的軍隊供應(yīng)糧草、提供御寒衣物和宿營之地。1812年10月，他命令大軍撤出莫斯科。
9. The French retreat turned into a nightmare. From fields and forests, the Russians launched hit-and-run attacks on the French. A short distance from Moscow, the temperature had already dropped to minus 4 degrees Celsius. On November 3, the winter's first snow came. Exhausted horses fell dead in their tracks. Cannon became stuck in the snow. Equipment had to be burned for fuel. Soldiers took ill and froze to death. The French soldiers dragged on, leaving the dead along every mile.
9. 法軍的撤離成為一場噩夢。俄國人出沒于田野與森林，采用打了就跑的戰(zhàn)術(shù)，向法國人發(fā)起攻擊。剛出莫斯科城，氣溫就降到攝氏零下4度。11月3日降下初雪。困乏的馬匹倒地而死。大炮陷入雪中。裝備只得被用作燃料焚燒。士兵們?nèi)静鏊馈７▏勘现_步行進，一路上留下無數(shù)死尸。
10. As the Russian army was gathering its strength, the French had to flee Russia to avoid certain defeat. At the Berezina River, the Russians nearly trapped the retreating French by burning the bridges over the swollen river. But Napoleon, by a stroke of luck, was able to build two new bridges. Thousands of French soldiers escaped, but at the cost of fifty thousand dead. Once across the Berezina, the tattered survivors limped toward Vilna.
10. 正當(dāng)俄羅斯軍隊集聚兵力之時，法國人卻不得不逃離俄國，以避免注定的失敗。在別列茲那河，俄國人焚燒了漲水的河道上的橋梁，差點將后撤的法軍困于河邊。僥幸的是，拿破侖居然突擊造起兩座橋。成千上萬法國士兵得以逃脫，但卻損失了5萬人。渡過別列茲拿河，潰不成軍的幸存者一瘸一拐地向維爾紐行進。
11. Of the six hundred thousand soldiers Napoleon had led into Russia, less than one hundred thousand came back. The weakened French army continued its retreat westward across Europe. Soon, Britain, Austria, Russia, and Prussia formed a powerful alliance and attacked these stragglers. In March 1814, Paris was captured. Napoleon abdicated and went into exile, his empire at an end.
11. 拿破侖發(fā)兵60萬進入俄國，只有不到10萬士兵返回。元氣大傷的法國軍隊在歐洲繼續(xù)西撤。不久，英國、奧地利、俄國以及普魯士組成強大的聯(lián)盟，攻擊這些散兵游勇。1814年3月，巴黎被攻占。拿破侖退位去過流放生活，他締造的帝國隨之滅亡。
Hitler's Invasion
*的入侵
12. By early 1941, Adolf Hitler, leader of Nazi Germany, had seized control of most of Europe. To the east of Hitler's German empire was the Soviet Union. On June 22, 1941, without a declaration of war, Hitler began an invasion of the Soviet Union that was the largest military land campaign in history. Confident of a quick victory, Hitler expected the campaign to last no longer than three months. He planned to use the blitzkrieg, or "lightning war," tactics that had defeated the rest of Europe. The invasion had three broad thrusts: against Leningrad and Moscow and through the Ukraine.
到1941年初，納粹德國元首阿道夫·*已經(jīng)控制了歐洲大部分地區(qū)。*的德意志帝國的東部與蘇聯(lián)毗鄰。1941年6月22日，*不宣而戰(zhàn)，入侵蘇聯(lián)，發(fā)動了歷規(guī)模的一場陸地戰(zhàn)役。*自信能速戰(zhàn)速決，預(yù)計這一戰(zhàn)役不會超過3個月。他計劃采用征服了歐洲其余地區(qū)的閃電式戰(zhàn)略。入侵計劃包含三大目標(biāo)：向列寧格勒與莫斯科進攻，并橫掃烏克蘭。
13. Caught off guard by the invasion, Soviet leader Joseph Stalin instructed the Russian people to "scorch the earth" in front of the German invaders. Farms and factories were burned, destroyed, or rendered useless. During the first ten weeks of the invasion, the Germans pushed the front eastward, and the Russians suffered more than a million casualties.
13. 蘇聯(lián)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人約瑟夫·斯大林被打了個措手不及，他指示全國人民在德國入侵者到來之前實行“焦土”政策。農(nóng)場和工廠被焚燒毀壞，或被弄得無法運轉(zhuǎn)。在入侵的最初10個星期內(nèi)，德國人一路東進，俄國人傷亡人數(shù)多達一百多萬。
14. In the north, the Germans closed in on Leningrad. Despite great suffering, however, the people of Leningrad refused to surrender. As the battle of Leningrad dragged on into winter, the city's situation became desperate. As food ran out, people died from hunger and disease. By the middle of the winter of 1941-1942, nearly four thousand people starved to death every day. Close to one million people died as a result of the siege.
14. 在北方，德國人包圍了列寧格勒。盡管忍受著極大困苦，列寧格勒的人民絕不投降。列寧格勒保衛(wèi)戰(zhàn)一直持續(xù)到冬季，此時該市的處境變得危急。由于食品匱乏，人們死于饑餓與疾病。到了1941年和1942年之間的寒冬，幾乎每天有4千人死于饑餓。列寧格勒之圍造成近百萬人死亡。
15. In the center of Russia, Hitler's goal was the capture of Moscow. Because the Germans had anticipated a quick victory, they had made no plans for winter supplies. October arrived with heavy rains. "General Mud" slowed down the movement of the Germans' lightning attack.
15. 在俄國中部，*的目標(biāo)是占領(lǐng)莫斯科。由于德國人指望速戰(zhàn)速決，他們沒有準(zhǔn)備過冬的補給。10月來臨，大雨不停?！澳酀魧④姟蓖涎恿说聡碎W電式進攻的行動。
16. As Hitler's armies drew closer and closer to Moscow, an early, severe winter settled over the Soviet Union, the harshest in years. Temperatures dropped to minus 48 degrees Celsius. Heavy snows fell. The German soldiers, completely unprepared for the Russian winter, froze in their light summer uniforms. The German tanks lay buried in the heavy snowbanks. The Russian winter brought the German offensive to a halt.
16. 正當(dāng)*的軍隊逼近莫斯科時，寒冷的冬季早早地降臨蘇聯(lián)，那是多年不遇的嚴寒。氣溫降到攝氏零下48度。大雪紛飛。對俄國的嚴寒冬季毫無思想準(zhǔn)備的德國士兵身著單薄的夏裝，一個個被凍傷。德國人的坦克掩埋在深深的雪堆中。俄羅斯的冬季阻止了德國人的攻勢。
17. By the summer of 1942, Hitler had launched two new offensives. In the south, the Germans captured Sevastopol. Hitler then pushed east to Stalingrad, a great industrial city that stretched for 48 kilometers along the Volga River. Despite great suffering, Soviet defenders refused to give up Stalingrad.
17. 到1942夏天，*又發(fā)起兩場新的攻勢。在南方，德國人占領(lǐng)了塞瓦斯托波爾。*隨后向東推進到斯大林格勒，那是沿伏爾加河綿延48公里的一座大工業(yè)城市。盡管艱苦卓絕，蘇聯(lián)抵抗者拒絕放棄斯大林格勒。
18. In November 1942, the Russians launched a counterattack. With little or no shelter from the winter cold in and around Stalingrad, German troops were further weakened by a lack of food and supplies. Not until January 1943 did the Germans give up their siege. Of the three hundred thousand Germans attacking Stalingrad, only ninety thousand starving soldiers were left. The loss of the battle for Stalingrad finally turned the tide against Hitler. The German victories were over, thanks in part to the Russian winter.
18. 1942年11月，俄國人發(fā)起了一場反攻。德國軍隊在斯大林格勒城內(nèi)外幾乎沒有擋風(fēng)避寒的地方，食品和補給的匱乏更使其元氣大傷。直到1943年1月德國人才放棄圍城。進攻斯大林格勒的30萬德國人只剩下9萬忍饑挨餓的士兵。斯大林格勒一戰(zhàn)的失利最終使*時乖運蹇。部分地由于俄羅斯的冬季，德國人走向失敗。
19. During 1943 and 1944, the Soviet armies pushed the German front back toward the west. In the north, the Red Army broke the three-year siege of Leningrad with a surprise attack on January 15, 1944. Within two weeks, the heroic survivors of Leningrad saw their invaders depart. By March 1944, the Ukraine farming region was again in Soviet hands. On May 9, 1944, Sevastopol was liberated from the Germans. The Russians were now heading for Berlin.
19. 在1943年與1944年期間，蘇聯(lián)軍隊將德軍陣線往西逼退。在北方，1944年1月15日，紅軍發(fā)起突然襲擊，解除了列寧格勒長達3年之久的圍困。列寧格勒那些英勇無畏的幸存者看著入侵者在兩個星期內(nèi)全部撤離。到了1944年3月，烏克蘭的農(nóng)村又回到了蘇維埃手中。1944年5月9日，塞瓦斯托波爾從德國人手中被解放出來。至此，俄國人向柏林進發(fā)。
20.For Hitler, the invasion of the Soviet Union had turned into a military disaster. For the Russian people, it brought unspeakable suffering. The total Soviet dead in World War II reached almost 23 million.
20. 就*而言，對蘇聯(lián)的入侵成為一場軍事災(zāi)難。對俄羅斯人民來說，這場入侵帶來了無法形容的苦難。蘇維埃在第二次世界大戰(zhàn)中死亡的人數(shù)幾乎達到2300萬。
21. Russia's Icy Defender
俄羅斯的冰雪衛(wèi)士
21. The elements of nature must be reckoned with in any military campaign. Napoleon and Hitler both underestimated the severity of the Russian winter. Snow, ice, and freezing temperatures took their toll on both invading armies. For the Russian people, the winter was an icy defender.
21.任何軍事行動都必須考慮到自然的因素。拿破侖和*都低估了俄羅斯冬季的嚴酷。冰雪和極低的氣溫使兩支侵略軍付出慘重的代價。對俄羅斯人民而言，嚴冬是他們的冰雪衛(wèi)士。