請(qǐng)看下列例句：
1.During the holiday， I learned to wrap dumplings.
2.My grandpa sees the gate for a factory.
3.She received the first place in the singing competition.
4.Under the teacher's help I worked out the difficult problem.
5.In the afternoon， I played table-tennis with Xiao Ming and I always won him.
6.The man dresses a black coat.
7.The policeman caught the thief's arm.
8.I very like English.
9.He wastes sleep and forgets meals when he studies.
10.Our Chinese teacher bites his words and sentences when he speaks.
在以上的句子中，例句1至8屬于第一種錯(cuò)誤。
其中，第1至4例句是把英語(yǔ)單詞的一個(gè)漢語(yǔ)釋義生硬地放在了英語(yǔ)句子中。
1. 漢語(yǔ)中的“包餃子”是指從無(wú)到有地把餃子做出來(lái)，制做過(guò)程是“包”；而英語(yǔ)的wrap是指把現(xiàn)有的東西包起來(lái)，只有“包”這個(gè)意思，沒(méi)有制做的意思。所以例句1中的wrap應(yīng)該改為make.
2. 例句2中“看門(mén)”的“看”是“看守”的意思，并不是一直用眼睛盯著看。所以應(yīng)該把sees改為keeps或guards.
3. 例句3中的receive是指“得到”具體的物件，不是抽象的名次。獲得什么名次要說(shuō)成get/take/win the……place.
4. 例句4是要說(shuō)“在老師的幫助下，我解出了那道難題”，其實(shí)前半句是指“借助于老師的幫助”的意思，應(yīng)該把under改為with.
5. 例句5是用錯(cuò)了英語(yǔ)單詞的搭配。本句中的won只能用運(yùn)動(dòng)項(xiàng)目或活動(dòng)作賓語(yǔ)，不能是人。要說(shuō)“贏了某人”應(yīng)該說(shuō)成beat sb.。
例句6至8不符合英語(yǔ)的表達(dá)習(xí)慣。
6. 第6句中的dress不能在其后直接跟衣服名稱(chēng)，其常見(jiàn)的結(jié)構(gòu)是“dress sb. in+衣服名稱(chēng)”。所以本句應(yīng)該改為：The man dresses himself in a black coat.英語(yǔ)中要說(shuō)“抓住某人的胳膊”，句型應(yīng)該是catch sb. by the arm .
7. 例句7應(yīng)該改為：The policeman caught the thief by the arm.需要注意的其他常用動(dòng)詞結(jié)構(gòu)還有cost sb. sth.，hit sb. in the face等。
8. 例句8中very是副詞，但習(xí)慣上只用來(lái)修飾形容詞或其他副詞，不用來(lái)修飾動(dòng)詞。修飾動(dòng)詞要用very much，而且常置于句末。
漢語(yǔ)句子中某些詞語(yǔ)出現(xiàn)在某一位置，在英語(yǔ)句子中表示同一個(gè)意思的詞語(yǔ)不一定也在那個(gè)位置上。所以一定要注意英漢句子詞序的差別。寫(xiě)錯(cuò)詞序也是一種典型的錯(cuò)誤。再如要說(shuō)“我對(duì)他很熟悉”，英語(yǔ)應(yīng)該是I know him very well.而不是I very well know him. 通過(guò)對(duì)以上各個(gè)例句的分析，不難看出，要學(xué)好用英語(yǔ)表達(dá)，必須先學(xué)好英語(yǔ)單詞的確切含義、詞語(yǔ)搭配、習(xí)慣用法以及英語(yǔ)句子的詞序。其中動(dòng)詞是最主要的。另外，還要特別注意英語(yǔ)的代詞和冠詞的使用。
9. 例句9、10犯了第二種錯(cuò)誤，這兩個(gè)句子的黑體部分分別要表達(dá)漢語(yǔ)成語(yǔ)“廢寢忘食”和“咬文嚼字”。兩個(gè)句子本來(lái)應(yīng)該是：He forgets to eat and sleep when he studies.和Our Chinese teacher pays too much attention to wording when he speaks.但根據(jù)漢語(yǔ)硬套英語(yǔ)，結(jié)果不倫不類(lèi)。
初學(xué)寫(xiě)短文時(shí)，總是躍躍欲試，想什么就打算寫(xiě)什么，這種積極性是好的。但一定要從現(xiàn)有表達(dá)能力的實(shí)際出發(fā)，盡量不去表達(dá)復(fù)雜的意思。有時(shí)不得不表達(dá)復(fù)雜些的意思時(shí)，在不改變?cè)獾那疤嵯?，首先要避難就易，繞道而行之，即把復(fù)雜的意思用類(lèi)似的簡(jiǎn)單意思表達(dá)；其次可以化整為零，分解表達(dá)，把復(fù)雜的意思用幾個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的句子表達(dá)出來(lái)。初學(xué)寫(xiě)作不要使用自己拿不準(zhǔn)的詞匯，多使用常見(jiàn)的詞語(yǔ)，靈活運(yùn)用已學(xué)過(guò)的知識(shí)，表達(dá)明確的意義，從簡(jiǎn)單句子入手，不寫(xiě)沒(méi)把握的句子，少寫(xiě)長(zhǎng)句子，盡量避免試圖表達(dá)比較復(fù)雜的思想內(nèi)容。另外，短文不宜寫(xiě)得過(guò)長(zhǎng)，要從簡(jiǎn)從短練起。經(jīng)常訓(xùn)練病句改錯(cuò)題，模仿范文，寫(xiě)英語(yǔ)日記等，都有助于練習(xí)英語(yǔ)短文寫(xiě)作。
語(yǔ)言是評(píng)判作文的一個(gè)極其重要的因素。在實(shí)際的閱卷過(guò)程中，語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤，尤其是較為嚴(yán)重的錯(cuò)誤，是閱卷人員的主要“照顧點(diǎn)”，有時(shí)甚至是惟一的點(diǎn)；當(dāng)然那樣處理是有道理的，大家可以設(shè)想一下，一篇語(yǔ)法上漏洞百出、嚴(yán)重影響表達(dá)的作文又會(huì)有什么樣的好內(nèi)容呢？如果因?yàn)檎Z(yǔ)言上的錯(cuò)誤而導(dǎo)致失分，那將得不償失。因此，認(rèn)清各種各樣的語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤，盡可能地避免少犯，對(duì)于提高作文分是有極大的幫助的。現(xiàn)將我們?cè)陂喚磉^(guò)程中所發(fā)現(xiàn)的大量語(yǔ)言錯(cuò)誤逐一歸類(lèi)，抽出其中的典型錯(cuò)誤，以警示大家，供參考。
1.句子成分殘缺不全
We always working till late at night before taking exams。(誤)
We are always working /We always work till late at night before taking exams(正)
We should read books may be useful to us. (誤)
We should read books which may be useful to us. (正)
2.句子成分多余
This test is end, but there is another test is waiting for you. (誤)
One test ends, but another is waiting for you. (正)
The driver of the red car was died on the spot. (誤)
The driver of the red car died on the spot. (正)
3.主謂不一致
Someone/Somebody think that reading should be selective. (誤)
Some think that reading should be selective. (正)
My sister go to the cinema at least once a week. (誤)
My sister goes to the cinema at least once a week. (正)
4.動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)的誤用
I was walking along the road, and there are not so many cars on the street. (誤)
I was walking along the road and there were not so many vehicles on the street. (正)
We have little time to read some books which we interest. (誤)
We have little time to read some books in which we are interested. (正)
I am a student who has studying in the college for two years. (誤)
I have been studying in the college for two years(正)
5.詞類(lèi)混淆
It is my point that reading must be selectively. (誤)
In my opinion, reading must be selective. (正)
Honest is so important for everyperson. (誤)
Honesty is so important for everyone. (正)
The old man was hit by a car when he across the street. (誤)
The old man was hit by a car when he was crossing the street. (正)