一.總結(jié)聽力材料summarize the lecture：
The speaker talks about
The lecture discusses/is mainly discussing
The professor made the point that
二.引出要點introduce key points：
First/second/third
First/then/another point is that
Or express the key point directly in a topic sentence.
三.引出例子introduce examples or reasons：
For example (instance)/one example is/such as/that is
四.增加例子add examples or reasons：
Next/Furthermore/another example is/in addition
五.對比觀點Shw contrast between ideas：
However/In contrast/on the contrary/on the other hand/but
六.精彩opening：
1) The lecture discusses…which differs from the main idea in the reading that…
2) The professor made the point that…. The reading does not discuss this point.
Another important point is that…， but the reading does not discuss the point.
Finally， the Professor stated that….
In general， the Professor discusses problems of…that the reading does not include.
3) According to the lecture， ….On the other hand/while the reading stated that…
The professor made the point that…. On the contrary/however/in contrast， the writer demonstrated an idea that…
The lecture supports/illustrates the idea that…
The lecture contradicts/refutes/is in contrary to/is the opposite of the idea that…
七.對材料的指稱：
The speaker/lecturer/professor/listening material/lecture
The writer/narrator/reading material/writing