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Lesson 22 By heart 熟記臺(tái)詞
Some plays are so successful that they run for years on end. In many ways, this is unfortunate for the poor actors who are required to go on repeating the same lines night after night. One would expect them to know their parts by heart and never have cause to falter. Yet this is not always the case.
A famous actor in a highly successful play was once cast in the role of an aristocrat who had been imprisoned in the Bastille for twenty years. In the last act, a gaoler would always come on to the stage with a letter which he would hand to the prisoner. Even though the noble was expected to read the letter at each performance, he always insisted that it should be written out in full.
One night, the gaoler decided to play a joke on his colleague to find out if, after so many performances, he had managed to learn the contents of the letter by heart. The curtain went up on the final act of the play and revealed the aristocrat sitting alone behind bars in his dark cell. Just then, the gaoler appeared with the precious letter in his hands. He entered the cell and presented the letter to the aristocrat. But the copy he gave him had not been written out in full as usual. It was simply a blank sheet of paper. The gaoler looked on eagerly, anxious to see if his fellow actor had at last learnt his lines. The noble stared at the blank sheet of paper for a few seconds. Then, squinting his eyes, he said: 'The light is dim. Read the letter to me.' And he promptly handed the sheet of paper to the gaoler. Finding that he could not remember a word of the letter either, the gaoler replied: 'The light is indeed dim, sire. I must get my glasses.' With this, he hurried off the stage. Much to the aristocrat's amusement, the gaoler returned a few moments later with a pair of glasses and the usual copy of the letter which he proceeded to read to the prisoner.
Language points
(Attention：The following points are not covered by the video. It is better for you to watch the video or listen to the MP3 first and try to take notes on your own. Then you may check here to get more details. )
1, Some plays are so successful that they run for years on end.
on end
a.== continuously: 連續(xù)的，位于具體的時(shí)間之后
Eg: He sat there for hours on end.
We had hardly anything to eat for days on end.
b. ==upright 豎著
Eg: The cat's fur stood on end.
I got a big shock so my hear stood on end.我嚇了一大跳，以致于毛骨悚然。
2, In many ways, this is unfortunate for the poor actors who are required to go on repeating the same lines night after night.
who = actor, 關(guān)系代詞做主語(yǔ)，不能省略
Eg.: The student who was required to recite the poem 100 times is really poor.
3，One would expect them to know their parts by heart and never have cause to falter.
learn/ know by heart: 把……牢記在心
Eg.: The sentence is so important that you must learn it by heart.
heart and soul 全心全意的，全身心的
Eg: We serve the students heart and soul
take heart 鼓起勇氣，恢復(fù)信心
lose heart 失去信心
lose heart to sb= give heart to sb: 輕信于某人
Eg: The boy lost his heart to the girl
put one's heart into sth: 致力于某事
Eg: Nothing is difficult if you put your heart into it.世上無(wú)難事，只怕有心人
have one's heart in one's boots提心吊膽
Eg: He had his heart in his boots when he went out alone at night.
4,Even though the noble was expected to read the letter at each performance
even though = even if = though / although
at each performance = at every performance
5, he always insisted that it should be written out in full.
insist: 堅(jiān)決要求，suggest:建議， order:命令，demand:要求，require:要求
表示建議/要求/希望，和that賓語(yǔ)從句搭配，that從句必須出現(xiàn)should + 動(dòng)詞原形的虛擬，should 可以省略。
in full==fully=completely
6, The curtain went up on the final act of the play and revealed the aristocrat sitting alone behind bars in his dark cell.
on the final act == in the last act 最后一場(chǎng)演出
7, The gaoler looked on eagerly, anxious to see if his fellow actor had at last learnt his lines.
look on 旁觀
anxious,形容詞短語(yǔ)做伴隨狀況狀語(yǔ)
8, The noble stared at the blank sheet of paper for a few seconds.
stare at 一眨不眨地看
squinting: ing形式，做方式狀語(yǔ)，伴隨狀況狀語(yǔ)
9，One night, the gaoler decided to play a joke on his colleague to find out if, after so many performances, he had managed to learn the contents of the letter by heart.
play a joke on 開(kāi)玩笑; play a trick on 捉弄，單方面取樂(lè)
have a joke with sb. 和某人開(kāi)玩笑，強(qiáng)調(diào)兩人共同取樂(lè)
Eg.: He laughs best who laughs last. 笑到最后的才是笑得的。
Key structures
定語(yǔ)從句(二)
如果用定語(yǔ)從句把兩個(gè)句子合二為一:首先找出兩個(gè)句子當(dāng)中相同的部分，定語(yǔ)從句修飾的就是這一部分。要把其中一個(gè)句子變成定語(yǔ)從句，就要把這句中相同的那個(gè)部分用一個(gè)關(guān)系詞來(lái)代替;代替時(shí)，先看被代替的部分是指人還是指物、再看它作什么句成分。
指人并作主語(yǔ)的，就用who或that;指人并作賓語(yǔ)的，就用whom或that;指人并作定語(yǔ)的，就用whose。指物并作主語(yǔ)的，就用which或that認(rèn)指物并作賓語(yǔ)的，還是用which或that認(rèn)是物并作定語(yǔ)的，就用whose或of which。
這樣找好并替換以后，再把這個(gè)關(guān)系代詞放到要變成定語(yǔ)從句的那個(gè)句子的最前面(被代替的部分不能再保留，其它的詞語(yǔ)一律不變)，這個(gè)句子就變成了定語(yǔ)從句。然后，再把這個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句整個(gè)放在被修飾的詞后面，最后，如果還有其它句子成分，就把它們放到定語(yǔ)從句的后面，就行了。
例如：Have you found the book? You were looking for the book yesterday.
在這兩個(gè)句子中，the book是相同的，定語(yǔ)從句修飾的就是the book。把后面這一句變成定語(yǔ)從句，找個(gè)關(guān)系詞來(lái)代替the book;在將要被變成定語(yǔ)從句的名子中，the book是物并作賓語(yǔ)，所以用which或that代替它。
that/which代替的是原句中的賓語(yǔ)，原句變成了從句，它們?nèi)匀蛔鲝木涞馁e語(yǔ)。關(guān)系代詞在從句中作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可以省略，因此上句又可變成“have you found the book you were looking for yesterday?”.
Exercises
Multiple choices
1,The play in which the two actors took part _____ .
a. had had a highly successful run of twenty years
b. was about the plight of a nobleman
c. ended with the imprisonment of the aristocrat
d. had been performed so often that audiences were bored by it
2 ,Which statement is true?
When the aristocrat was presented with a blank sheet of paper, _____ .
a. he improvised the words which he had forgotten
b. the gaoler was eagerly waiting to take the aristocrat’s part
c. he pretended that the light was not good enough for him to read by
d. he asked the gaoler to fetch him some glasses
Translation
3, He locked himself in his room for hours on end.
4, 我要求你們按時(shí)還書(shū)。
5, 非常令我討厭的是，他又對(duì)我撒謊了。
改寫(xiě)為定語(yǔ)從句
6, "The dog belongs to the Browns. It ate my fish yesterday."
7, "The lady has gone to the police station. Her car has been stolen."
8, "I' ve seen the film. His girl friend played the leading role In it.''
Lesson 22 By heart 熟記臺(tái)詞
Some plays are so successful that they run for years on end. In many ways, this is unfortunate for the poor actors who are required to go on repeating the same lines night after night. One would expect them to know their parts by heart and never have cause to falter. Yet this is not always the case.
A famous actor in a highly successful play was once cast in the role of an aristocrat who had been imprisoned in the Bastille for twenty years. In the last act, a gaoler would always come on to the stage with a letter which he would hand to the prisoner. Even though the noble was expected to read the letter at each performance, he always insisted that it should be written out in full.
One night, the gaoler decided to play a joke on his colleague to find out if, after so many performances, he had managed to learn the contents of the letter by heart. The curtain went up on the final act of the play and revealed the aristocrat sitting alone behind bars in his dark cell. Just then, the gaoler appeared with the precious letter in his hands. He entered the cell and presented the letter to the aristocrat. But the copy he gave him had not been written out in full as usual. It was simply a blank sheet of paper. The gaoler looked on eagerly, anxious to see if his fellow actor had at last learnt his lines. The noble stared at the blank sheet of paper for a few seconds. Then, squinting his eyes, he said: 'The light is dim. Read the letter to me.' And he promptly handed the sheet of paper to the gaoler. Finding that he could not remember a word of the letter either, the gaoler replied: 'The light is indeed dim, sire. I must get my glasses.' With this, he hurried off the stage. Much to the aristocrat's amusement, the gaoler returned a few moments later with a pair of glasses and the usual copy of the letter which he proceeded to read to the prisoner.
Language points
(Attention：The following points are not covered by the video. It is better for you to watch the video or listen to the MP3 first and try to take notes on your own. Then you may check here to get more details. )
1, Some plays are so successful that they run for years on end.
on end
a.== continuously: 連續(xù)的，位于具體的時(shí)間之后
Eg: He sat there for hours on end.
We had hardly anything to eat for days on end.
b. ==upright 豎著
Eg: The cat's fur stood on end.
I got a big shock so my hear stood on end.我嚇了一大跳，以致于毛骨悚然。
2, In many ways, this is unfortunate for the poor actors who are required to go on repeating the same lines night after night.
who = actor, 關(guān)系代詞做主語(yǔ)，不能省略
Eg.: The student who was required to recite the poem 100 times is really poor.
3，One would expect them to know their parts by heart and never have cause to falter.
learn/ know by heart: 把……牢記在心
Eg.: The sentence is so important that you must learn it by heart.
heart and soul 全心全意的，全身心的
Eg: We serve the students heart and soul
take heart 鼓起勇氣，恢復(fù)信心
lose heart 失去信心
lose heart to sb= give heart to sb: 輕信于某人
Eg: The boy lost his heart to the girl
put one's heart into sth: 致力于某事
Eg: Nothing is difficult if you put your heart into it.世上無(wú)難事，只怕有心人
have one's heart in one's boots提心吊膽
Eg: He had his heart in his boots when he went out alone at night.
4,Even though the noble was expected to read the letter at each performance
even though = even if = though / although
at each performance = at every performance
5, he always insisted that it should be written out in full.
insist: 堅(jiān)決要求，suggest:建議， order:命令，demand:要求，require:要求
表示建議/要求/希望，和that賓語(yǔ)從句搭配，that從句必須出現(xiàn)should + 動(dòng)詞原形的虛擬，should 可以省略。
in full==fully=completely
6, The curtain went up on the final act of the play and revealed the aristocrat sitting alone behind bars in his dark cell.
on the final act == in the last act 最后一場(chǎng)演出
7, The gaoler looked on eagerly, anxious to see if his fellow actor had at last learnt his lines.
look on 旁觀
anxious,形容詞短語(yǔ)做伴隨狀況狀語(yǔ)
8, The noble stared at the blank sheet of paper for a few seconds.
stare at 一眨不眨地看
squinting: ing形式，做方式狀語(yǔ)，伴隨狀況狀語(yǔ)
9，One night, the gaoler decided to play a joke on his colleague to find out if, after so many performances, he had managed to learn the contents of the letter by heart.
play a joke on 開(kāi)玩笑; play a trick on 捉弄，單方面取樂(lè)
have a joke with sb. 和某人開(kāi)玩笑，強(qiáng)調(diào)兩人共同取樂(lè)
Eg.: He laughs best who laughs last. 笑到最后的才是笑得的。
Key structures
定語(yǔ)從句(二)
如果用定語(yǔ)從句把兩個(gè)句子合二為一:首先找出兩個(gè)句子當(dāng)中相同的部分，定語(yǔ)從句修飾的就是這一部分。要把其中一個(gè)句子變成定語(yǔ)從句，就要把這句中相同的那個(gè)部分用一個(gè)關(guān)系詞來(lái)代替;代替時(shí)，先看被代替的部分是指人還是指物、再看它作什么句成分。
指人并作主語(yǔ)的，就用who或that;指人并作賓語(yǔ)的，就用whom或that;指人并作定語(yǔ)的，就用whose。指物并作主語(yǔ)的，就用which或that認(rèn)指物并作賓語(yǔ)的，還是用which或that認(rèn)是物并作定語(yǔ)的，就用whose或of which。
這樣找好并替換以后，再把這個(gè)關(guān)系代詞放到要變成定語(yǔ)從句的那個(gè)句子的最前面(被代替的部分不能再保留，其它的詞語(yǔ)一律不變)，這個(gè)句子就變成了定語(yǔ)從句。然后，再把這個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句整個(gè)放在被修飾的詞后面，最后，如果還有其它句子成分，就把它們放到定語(yǔ)從句的后面，就行了。
例如：Have you found the book? You were looking for the book yesterday.
在這兩個(gè)句子中，the book是相同的，定語(yǔ)從句修飾的就是the book。把后面這一句變成定語(yǔ)從句，找個(gè)關(guān)系詞來(lái)代替the book;在將要被變成定語(yǔ)從句的名子中，the book是物并作賓語(yǔ)，所以用which或that代替它。
that/which代替的是原句中的賓語(yǔ)，原句變成了從句，它們?nèi)匀蛔鲝木涞馁e語(yǔ)。關(guān)系代詞在從句中作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可以省略，因此上句又可變成“have you found the book you were looking for yesterday?”.
Exercises
Multiple choices
1,The play in which the two actors took part _____ .
a. had had a highly successful run of twenty years
b. was about the plight of a nobleman
c. ended with the imprisonment of the aristocrat
d. had been performed so often that audiences were bored by it
2 ,Which statement is true?
When the aristocrat was presented with a blank sheet of paper, _____ .
a. he improvised the words which he had forgotten
b. the gaoler was eagerly waiting to take the aristocrat’s part
c. he pretended that the light was not good enough for him to read by
d. he asked the gaoler to fetch him some glasses
Translation
3, He locked himself in his room for hours on end.
4, 我要求你們按時(shí)還書(shū)。
5, 非常令我討厭的是，他又對(duì)我撒謊了。
改寫(xiě)為定語(yǔ)從句
6, "The dog belongs to the Browns. It ate my fish yesterday."
7, "The lady has gone to the police station. Her car has been stolen."
8, "I' ve seen the film. His girl friend played the leading role In it.''