Lesson 60 On Moral Courage 論道德勇氣
Although truth and justice1 may be the most powerful impulses to show moral courage, there are others. Compassion is one of these. 2Tentatively it can be suggested that this is the main influence upon those who urge the abolition of capital punishment. 3It is recognition of compassion's part that leads the upholders of capital punishment to accuse the abolitionists of sentimentality in being more sorry for the murderer than for his victim. 4This is nonsense but with it some organs of the popular Press played upon the emotions of their readers so successfully that many candidates for Parliament were afraid to support abolition for fear of losing votes and the result was the muddle-headed Homicide Act of 1957 which made murder with robbery a capital crime and allowed the poisoner to escape the gallows. 5That illogical qualification shows how flimsy is the argument that capital punishment is a deterrent to murder. 6The poisoner always works on a calculated plan of action and therefore is able to consider whether or not his taking another's life is worth the risk of his own; the violent thief is usually at the mercy of an instant emotion. 7The only arguable plea for capital punishment is the right of society to retribution in this world with the prospect of life in another, but since what used to seem to the great majority of civilized humanity the assurance of another life beyond the grave has come to seem to more and more people less certain, a feeling for the value of human life has become deeper and more widespread. This may seem a paradoxical claim to make at a time when mankind is so much preoccupied with weapons of destruction.8Nevertheless, it is a claim that can be sustained and if compassion animates those who urge the abolition of the death penalty it is not a sentimental compassion for the mental agony inflicted upon a condemned man but a dread of destroying the miracle of life.
When in the eighteenth century offences against the law that today would no earn a month in prison were punished with the death penalty, the severity of the penal code had no serious effect on the prevalence of crime. 10When it made no difference to the fate of a highwayman whether he had killed his victim or merely robbed him of a few pieces of silver, there were no more murders then than there were when men like Sir Fraricis Burdett succeeded in lightening the excessive severity of the penal laws. 11In those days the sacredness of life on earth was not greatly regarded because a life in the world to come was taken for granted except by a comparatively small minotity of philosophers.
Nor was the long-drawn ordeal of the condemned cell inflicted either upon the condemned man or his gaolers once upon a time. Those who believe in capital punishment may have arguments for its retention, 13but surely no reasonable argument can be found for retention of the sickening mumbo-jumbo that accompanies it from the moment that the judge dons the black cap with what looks like a pen-wiper balanced on the top of his wig, to the reading of the burial service over the condemned man before he is dead. Moreover, it was more merciful to launch the condemned man into eternity twenty-four hours after he was sentenced than to keep him shivering on the brink of that dread gulf for nearly three weeks. 14Hanging is an atrociously archaic way of killing a human being and the self-satisfied modernity of the electric chair is just as atrocious. 15The administration of a strong sleeping draught to the condemned man every night from which one night he does hot awake, seems a more civilized alternative to our present barbarous procedure, if capital punishment through the influence of backward minds be retained.
1. impulse n. 推動力,沖動 短語:out of impulse =act on impulse 出于沖動 同2. 義詞:impetus /momentum/ drive ; drive for something
3. compassion n. 同4. 情 短語:compassion for sth. /sympathy for sth .同5. 義詞：sympathy (不6. 及compassion) 7. tentatively adv.嘗試性地 常用于文學 短語: tentatively study on clone 芻8. 以克隆 experiental study 嘗試性研究 tentatively smile 勉強的笑
9. abolition n. 廢除 abolish []v. abolishnist []n.短語:to abolish the slavery
10. capital n. 可處死刑的 原意:首的,主要的;短語:capital punishment =death penalty死刑 decapitate v.斬首
11. upholder n.支持者 hold up 同12. 義詞:advocator /proponent
13. sentimentality n. 多愁善感(本質(zhì))、感情脆弱、感傷 辨義:emotional （一時的）情緒化
14. muddle-headed adj. 糊涂的
15. homicide n..兇殺、殺人者 構(gòu):homi= homo: the same 人、同16. 類 cide :kill 組詞:homosexual同17. 性戀 homonym 同18. 音（形）異義詞、同19. 名20. 人 synonym 同21. 義詞antonym反義詞 pesticide 殺蟲劑 suicide 自殺 autocide 撞車自殺 uxorious 害怕老婆的、氣管炎 filicide 殺子女 filial 孝順的
22. gallows n. 絞刑架（木制的）短語:gallows bird 應(yīng)受罰 同23. 類詞：guillotine絞刑架（鐵制的）
24. qualification n.規(guī)定、條件 詞源：qualify合格 unqualified不25. 合格（常自已本身） disqualify 取消資格 （被別人）例句：what qualifications do you have ? 你有什么特長？force start 搶跑（體育用語）
26. flimsy adj. 站不27. 住腳的、不28. 足信的（理論）、脆弱的 聯(lián)想詞:groundless理論太薄/fragile脆弱的玻璃易碎/ rickets軟骨病convincing 令人信服29. 的 unconvincing不30. 讓人信服31. 的
32. deterrent n. 威懾 deter v . :prevent 短語:deter him from smoking
33. caculated adj. 精心制作的,有計劃的 短語:caculated plan/scheme 精心策劃 同34. 類詞:deliberate精心策劃 /well planned /well designed 精心設(shè)計/well schemed
35. at the mercy of 受…支配(抽象意義):under the control of 例句:at the mercy of emotion(reason\impulse) 受感情(理智/沖動)支配
36. plea n. 辯解 例句:make a plea for sth 為…而37. 辯解 make a plea for wrongdoing(misconduct)為錯誤行為(過失)而38. 辯解;I took leave under the plea of headache.以頭疼為借口離開.
39. retribution n. 懲罰，40. 報應(yīng)（宗教）
41. sustain v. 確認 原意:支撐 例句:sustain an applicant in his claim 認定此人申訴有效 his words hold water his words hold water 言之有理 his words can not hold water站不42. 住腳
43. animate v. 促使,、激烈、激活 例句:animate the discussion /animated discussion (heat and lively)激烈爭論
44. penalty n. 刑罰 短語:death penalty死刑 penalty kick 罰點球 free kick 任意球 corner角球隊 例句: no penalty for guessing 不45. 倒扣分
46. agony n. 極度痛苦難 agonise v.短語:agony column(英語報紙常用) :claim 尋人啟事 /divorce 離婚聲明 同47. 類詞： torture 折磨/anguish痛苦 / pang痛苦(一陣一陣的)也可引申用/ throes分娩時陣痛臨死前苦痛 痛苦程度: throes>anguish 例句: it’s agonizing to …
48. inflict v. 使遭受 短語: inflict sth on sb. 例句:I inflict the trouble(misery) on him 我給他帶來麻煩(不49. 幸) 特殊用法:inflict myself on you 對不50. 起,打攪您了.
51. prevalence n. 盛行 prevail v. 例句:Nowdays Korean pop music prevails.同52. 義詞:popular
53. sacredness n. 神圣不54. 可侵犯性 sacred adj.sacred cow 圣牛(宗教) 同55. 類詞: holy /goldly/ heavenly /saint 圣人/saintly例句: he is saintly 他真是圣人一樣的人 holiday 比較正式高雅帶宗教色彩vocation (暑假)
56. ordeal n.折磨 詞源:ancient Greece roman
57. assurance n.信心
58. preoccupy vt. 使全神貫注 短語:be occupied with 對..全神貫注 同59. 類:absorbed(引人入勝) in /immersed (沉浸其間)in
60. retention n.保留 retain v.
61. sickening adj. 令人嘔心的.. 同62. 類詞:disgusting vomit distasteful(較輕 不63. 太喜歡)
64. don vt. 戴 可戴任何,但一般用于上身 同65. 類: wear 穿(什么都可以穿 /表動詞或狀態(tài))put on表動作 dress穿 //dress oneself/be dreesed 穿衣服66. be dressed in blue/he is wearing blue穿著什么 wear socks /wear beard (moustache /long beard)蓄著胡子/wear lipstick 抹口紅
67. wig n. 假發(fā) 短語:big wig 引申為:大人物(big potato/big fish /big man)
68. burial service 葬禮 同69. 義詞:funeral none of your funeral=none of you’re your bussiness不70. 是你的事
71. merciful adj. 仁慈的 mercy n.反:merciless 同72. 類詞:forgiving 寬容 tolerant容忍 lenient(with)對人…寬松
73. gulf n.深淵 短語:go to the gulf below
74. hanging n.絞刑 hang (hung hung ) 掛/hang(hanged hanged)絞刑 例句: if we don’t hang together ,we’ll be hanged separately.林肯:如果我們不75. 團結(jié)起來,只能被一個個處死.
76. atrociously adv. 殘暴地 同77. 義詞:barbarously野蠻的 ruthless無情地 appalling 駭人聽聞
78. archaic adj.古老的 a archaic word 同79. 義詞:antique obsolete outdated不80. 再時髦 passé(法)常指81. 女子的老.
82. draught n.每噸服83. 量
84. barbarous adj. 野蠻的
1. truth and justice: truth 真理,這里譯為永于直言； justice 富有正義感,
2. Tentatively it can be suggested that this is : tentatively :roughly ,generally 大致說來 ；it 指3. 后面的從句；this 指4. compassion
5. It is recognition …that:強調(diào)句 ,正是意識到 ；part :role 作用；accuse of 指6. 責/指7. 控 ；in being 在這方面；
8. This is nonsense but with it some organs of the popular Press played upon.. : but with it :運用前面的論點；organs: institution機構(gòu)組織；popular press :很受歡迎的\大眾的媒體；play upon: 玩弄,利用(make use of /take advantage of )；so..that ..；candidates for Parliament國會候選人；MP-member of parliament國會議員；PHD(博士生)；act:法案(英),=bill(美)；
9. That illogical qualification shows how flimsy is the argument that..:illogical 不10. 合邏輯的；how flimsy is the argument 倒裝句；that 引導(dǎo)同11. 位語
12. work on 構(gòu)思, 構(gòu)想；taking one’s life 殺別人；whether or not；violent thief 暴徒=murderer with robbery; instant emotion；
13. The only arguable plea for capital punishment…: arguable 可爭論的,可辯論的；prospect :hope；but since ；used to :過去常常；claim 理由；mass destruction: 極大殺傷力； the right of society to retribution in this world with the prospect of life in another等于: with the prospect of life in another, a society has a right to give one the retribution.因為擁有給你來生的幸福,所以社會能給你報應(yīng), with 這里做原因狀語；
14. nevertheless=however；claim 理由,觀點；none the less ；該句:這個觀點是可以得到支持的如果這種同15. 情能夠激勵那些要廢除死刑的人,那么這種同16. 情就不17. 是對那些死刑犯感情的同18. 情,而19. 是對毀掉生命奇跡的一種同20. 情； 如改為:it is a claim that can be sustained if compassion animates those who urge the abolition of the death penalty and it is not a sentimental compassion for the mental agony inflicted upon a condemned man but a dread of destroying the miracle of life. 即句子結(jié)構(gòu)為: it is …sustained if death penalty and it is 這是一個能夠支持的論點,如果這種同21. 情能夠激發(fā)那些不22. 支持死刑犯擁護的人士,面這種同23. 情不24. 是對人們精神折磨的同25. 情,而26. 是對對毀掉生命奇跡的一種同27. 情.
28. offences against the law 犯罪；today 時間狀語；severity :serious ; penal code 刑法；civil民法；
29. 當一個人殺死他的受害者或者只搶了少部分的錢財這對他的命運而30. 言沒有大的區(qū)別,當我們這位爵士成功的減輕了過度嚴厲的刑法時,也不31. 見得那種謀殺案有任何的增多.Sir 爵士(做先生的時,不32. 可加姓或名33. )；意為: if u just take away this penalty ,there is no great harm to society ；lightening 減輕；excessive 過度的,過分的；no more ..than : the same as ..與…都不34. 多(兩個沒多大區(qū)別)
35. on earth 人世間； in the world to come 來世；
36. nor 表示和前面一定有聯(lián)系,并用倒裝；gaoler 監(jiān)獄看守gaoler-gaol監(jiān)獄；galo bird； long-drawn:long time；condemned(該死的受人譴責的) cell；cell(single room)-prison；inflict upon 給誰帶來；inflict sth.(ordeal) on sb. ;
37. mumbo-jumbo 繁文縟節(jié)；it:death penalty；兩個繁文縟節(jié):pen-wiper/ the reading
38. self-satisfied 自我滿足的；modernity時髦,現(xiàn)代性；
15. administration 監(jiān)護；administer ；sleeping draught(pill)安眠藥；administration sth to someone讓某人吃什么藥；from which由于；which 指draught; alternative=replacement;替換；if capital punishment ..be retained.虛擬語氣；
Although truth and justice1 may be the most powerful impulses to show moral courage, there are others. Compassion is one of these. 2Tentatively it can be suggested that this is the main influence upon those who urge the abolition of capital punishment. 3It is recognition of compassion's part that leads the upholders of capital punishment to accuse the abolitionists of sentimentality in being more sorry for the murderer than for his victim. 4This is nonsense but with it some organs of the popular Press played upon the emotions of their readers so successfully that many candidates for Parliament were afraid to support abolition for fear of losing votes and the result was the muddle-headed Homicide Act of 1957 which made murder with robbery a capital crime and allowed the poisoner to escape the gallows. 5That illogical qualification shows how flimsy is the argument that capital punishment is a deterrent to murder. 6The poisoner always works on a calculated plan of action and therefore is able to consider whether or not his taking another's life is worth the risk of his own; the violent thief is usually at the mercy of an instant emotion. 7The only arguable plea for capital punishment is the right of society to retribution in this world with the prospect of life in another, but since what used to seem to the great majority of civilized humanity the assurance of another life beyond the grave has come to seem to more and more people less certain, a feeling for the value of human life has become deeper and more widespread. This may seem a paradoxical claim to make at a time when mankind is so much preoccupied with weapons of destruction.8Nevertheless, it is a claim that can be sustained and if compassion animates those who urge the abolition of the death penalty it is not a sentimental compassion for the mental agony inflicted upon a condemned man but a dread of destroying the miracle of life.
When in the eighteenth century offences against the law that today would no earn a month in prison were punished with the death penalty, the severity of the penal code had no serious effect on the prevalence of crime. 10When it made no difference to the fate of a highwayman whether he had killed his victim or merely robbed him of a few pieces of silver, there were no more murders then than there were when men like Sir Fraricis Burdett succeeded in lightening the excessive severity of the penal laws. 11In those days the sacredness of life on earth was not greatly regarded because a life in the world to come was taken for granted except by a comparatively small minotity of philosophers.
Nor was the long-drawn ordeal of the condemned cell inflicted either upon the condemned man or his gaolers once upon a time. Those who believe in capital punishment may have arguments for its retention, 13but surely no reasonable argument can be found for retention of the sickening mumbo-jumbo that accompanies it from the moment that the judge dons the black cap with what looks like a pen-wiper balanced on the top of his wig, to the reading of the burial service over the condemned man before he is dead. Moreover, it was more merciful to launch the condemned man into eternity twenty-four hours after he was sentenced than to keep him shivering on the brink of that dread gulf for nearly three weeks. 14Hanging is an atrociously archaic way of killing a human being and the self-satisfied modernity of the electric chair is just as atrocious. 15The administration of a strong sleeping draught to the condemned man every night from which one night he does hot awake, seems a more civilized alternative to our present barbarous procedure, if capital punishment through the influence of backward minds be retained.
1. impulse n. 推動力,沖動 短語:out of impulse =act on impulse 出于沖動 同2. 義詞:impetus /momentum/ drive ; drive for something
3. compassion n. 同4. 情 短語:compassion for sth. /sympathy for sth .同5. 義詞：sympathy (不6. 及compassion) 7. tentatively adv.嘗試性地 常用于文學 短語: tentatively study on clone 芻8. 以克隆 experiental study 嘗試性研究 tentatively smile 勉強的笑
9. abolition n. 廢除 abolish []v. abolishnist []n.短語:to abolish the slavery
10. capital n. 可處死刑的 原意:首的,主要的;短語:capital punishment =death penalty死刑 decapitate v.斬首
11. upholder n.支持者 hold up 同12. 義詞:advocator /proponent
13. sentimentality n. 多愁善感(本質(zhì))、感情脆弱、感傷 辨義:emotional （一時的）情緒化
14. muddle-headed adj. 糊涂的
15. homicide n..兇殺、殺人者 構(gòu):homi= homo: the same 人、同16. 類 cide :kill 組詞:homosexual同17. 性戀 homonym 同18. 音（形）異義詞、同19. 名20. 人 synonym 同21. 義詞antonym反義詞 pesticide 殺蟲劑 suicide 自殺 autocide 撞車自殺 uxorious 害怕老婆的、氣管炎 filicide 殺子女 filial 孝順的
22. gallows n. 絞刑架（木制的）短語:gallows bird 應(yīng)受罰 同23. 類詞：guillotine絞刑架（鐵制的）
24. qualification n.規(guī)定、條件 詞源：qualify合格 unqualified不25. 合格（常自已本身） disqualify 取消資格 （被別人）例句：what qualifications do you have ? 你有什么特長？force start 搶跑（體育用語）
26. flimsy adj. 站不27. 住腳的、不28. 足信的（理論）、脆弱的 聯(lián)想詞:groundless理論太薄/fragile脆弱的玻璃易碎/ rickets軟骨病convincing 令人信服29. 的 unconvincing不30. 讓人信服31. 的
32. deterrent n. 威懾 deter v . :prevent 短語:deter him from smoking
33. caculated adj. 精心制作的,有計劃的 短語:caculated plan/scheme 精心策劃 同34. 類詞:deliberate精心策劃 /well planned /well designed 精心設(shè)計/well schemed
35. at the mercy of 受…支配(抽象意義):under the control of 例句:at the mercy of emotion(reason\impulse) 受感情(理智/沖動)支配
36. plea n. 辯解 例句:make a plea for sth 為…而37. 辯解 make a plea for wrongdoing(misconduct)為錯誤行為(過失)而38. 辯解;I took leave under the plea of headache.以頭疼為借口離開.
39. retribution n. 懲罰，40. 報應(yīng)（宗教）
41. sustain v. 確認 原意:支撐 例句:sustain an applicant in his claim 認定此人申訴有效 his words hold water his words hold water 言之有理 his words can not hold water站不42. 住腳
43. animate v. 促使,、激烈、激活 例句:animate the discussion /animated discussion (heat and lively)激烈爭論
44. penalty n. 刑罰 短語:death penalty死刑 penalty kick 罰點球 free kick 任意球 corner角球隊 例句: no penalty for guessing 不45. 倒扣分
46. agony n. 極度痛苦難 agonise v.短語:agony column(英語報紙常用) :claim 尋人啟事 /divorce 離婚聲明 同47. 類詞： torture 折磨/anguish痛苦 / pang痛苦(一陣一陣的)也可引申用/ throes分娩時陣痛臨死前苦痛 痛苦程度: throes>anguish 例句: it’s agonizing to …
48. inflict v. 使遭受 短語: inflict sth on sb. 例句:I inflict the trouble(misery) on him 我給他帶來麻煩(不49. 幸) 特殊用法:inflict myself on you 對不50. 起,打攪您了.
51. prevalence n. 盛行 prevail v. 例句:Nowdays Korean pop music prevails.同52. 義詞:popular
53. sacredness n. 神圣不54. 可侵犯性 sacred adj.sacred cow 圣牛(宗教) 同55. 類詞: holy /goldly/ heavenly /saint 圣人/saintly例句: he is saintly 他真是圣人一樣的人 holiday 比較正式高雅帶宗教色彩vocation (暑假)
56. ordeal n.折磨 詞源:ancient Greece roman
57. assurance n.信心
58. preoccupy vt. 使全神貫注 短語:be occupied with 對..全神貫注 同59. 類:absorbed(引人入勝) in /immersed (沉浸其間)in
60. retention n.保留 retain v.
61. sickening adj. 令人嘔心的.. 同62. 類詞:disgusting vomit distasteful(較輕 不63. 太喜歡)
64. don vt. 戴 可戴任何,但一般用于上身 同65. 類: wear 穿(什么都可以穿 /表動詞或狀態(tài))put on表動作 dress穿 //dress oneself/be dreesed 穿衣服66. be dressed in blue/he is wearing blue穿著什么 wear socks /wear beard (moustache /long beard)蓄著胡子/wear lipstick 抹口紅
67. wig n. 假發(fā) 短語:big wig 引申為:大人物(big potato/big fish /big man)
68. burial service 葬禮 同69. 義詞:funeral none of your funeral=none of you’re your bussiness不70. 是你的事
71. merciful adj. 仁慈的 mercy n.反:merciless 同72. 類詞:forgiving 寬容 tolerant容忍 lenient(with)對人…寬松
73. gulf n.深淵 短語:go to the gulf below
74. hanging n.絞刑 hang (hung hung ) 掛/hang(hanged hanged)絞刑 例句: if we don’t hang together ,we’ll be hanged separately.林肯:如果我們不75. 團結(jié)起來,只能被一個個處死.
76. atrociously adv. 殘暴地 同77. 義詞:barbarously野蠻的 ruthless無情地 appalling 駭人聽聞
78. archaic adj.古老的 a archaic word 同79. 義詞:antique obsolete outdated不80. 再時髦 passé(法)常指81. 女子的老.
82. draught n.每噸服83. 量
84. barbarous adj. 野蠻的
1. truth and justice: truth 真理,這里譯為永于直言； justice 富有正義感,
2. Tentatively it can be suggested that this is : tentatively :roughly ,generally 大致說來 ；it 指3. 后面的從句；this 指4. compassion
5. It is recognition …that:強調(diào)句 ,正是意識到 ；part :role 作用；accuse of 指6. 責/指7. 控 ；in being 在這方面；
8. This is nonsense but with it some organs of the popular Press played upon.. : but with it :運用前面的論點；organs: institution機構(gòu)組織；popular press :很受歡迎的\大眾的媒體；play upon: 玩弄,利用(make use of /take advantage of )；so..that ..；candidates for Parliament國會候選人；MP-member of parliament國會議員；PHD(博士生)；act:法案(英),=bill(美)；
9. That illogical qualification shows how flimsy is the argument that..:illogical 不10. 合邏輯的；how flimsy is the argument 倒裝句；that 引導(dǎo)同11. 位語
12. work on 構(gòu)思, 構(gòu)想；taking one’s life 殺別人；whether or not；violent thief 暴徒=murderer with robbery; instant emotion；
13. The only arguable plea for capital punishment…: arguable 可爭論的,可辯論的；prospect :hope；but since ；used to :過去常常；claim 理由；mass destruction: 極大殺傷力； the right of society to retribution in this world with the prospect of life in another等于: with the prospect of life in another, a society has a right to give one the retribution.因為擁有給你來生的幸福,所以社會能給你報應(yīng), with 這里做原因狀語；
14. nevertheless=however；claim 理由,觀點；none the less ；該句:這個觀點是可以得到支持的如果這種同15. 情能夠激勵那些要廢除死刑的人,那么這種同16. 情就不17. 是對那些死刑犯感情的同18. 情,而19. 是對毀掉生命奇跡的一種同20. 情； 如改為:it is a claim that can be sustained if compassion animates those who urge the abolition of the death penalty and it is not a sentimental compassion for the mental agony inflicted upon a condemned man but a dread of destroying the miracle of life. 即句子結(jié)構(gòu)為: it is …sustained if death penalty and it is 這是一個能夠支持的論點,如果這種同21. 情能夠激發(fā)那些不22. 支持死刑犯擁護的人士,面這種同23. 情不24. 是對人們精神折磨的同25. 情,而26. 是對對毀掉生命奇跡的一種同27. 情.
28. offences against the law 犯罪；today 時間狀語；severity :serious ; penal code 刑法；civil民法；
29. 當一個人殺死他的受害者或者只搶了少部分的錢財這對他的命運而30. 言沒有大的區(qū)別,當我們這位爵士成功的減輕了過度嚴厲的刑法時,也不31. 見得那種謀殺案有任何的增多.Sir 爵士(做先生的時,不32. 可加姓或名33. )；意為: if u just take away this penalty ,there is no great harm to society ；lightening 減輕；excessive 過度的,過分的；no more ..than : the same as ..與…都不34. 多(兩個沒多大區(qū)別)
35. on earth 人世間； in the world to come 來世；
36. nor 表示和前面一定有聯(lián)系,并用倒裝；gaoler 監(jiān)獄看守gaoler-gaol監(jiān)獄；galo bird； long-drawn:long time；condemned(該死的受人譴責的) cell；cell(single room)-prison；inflict upon 給誰帶來；inflict sth.(ordeal) on sb. ;
37. mumbo-jumbo 繁文縟節(jié)；it:death penalty；兩個繁文縟節(jié):pen-wiper/ the reading
38. self-satisfied 自我滿足的；modernity時髦,現(xiàn)代性；
15. administration 監(jiān)護；administer ；sleeping draught(pill)安眠藥；administration sth to someone讓某人吃什么藥；from which由于；which 指draught; alternative=replacement;替換；if capital punishment ..be retained.虛擬語氣；