Lesson 44 The Backward Society 落后的社會
If a nation is essentially disunited, it is left to the government to hold it together. This increases the expense of government, and reduces correspondingly the amount of economic resources that could be used for developing the country, And it should not be forgotten how small those resources are in a poor and backward country. Where the cost of government is high, resources for development are correspondingly low.
This may be illustrated by comparing the position of a nation with that of a private business enterprise. An enterprise has to incur certain costs and expenses in order to stay in business. For our purposes, we are concerned only with one kind of cost--the cost of managing and administering the business. Such administrative overhead in a business is analogous to the cost of government in a nation. The administrative overhead of a business is low to the extent that everyone working in the business can, be trusted to behave in a way that best promotes the interests of the firm. If they can each be trusted to take such responsibilities, and to exercise such initiative as falls within their sphere, then administrative overhead will be low. It will be low because it will be necessary to have only one man looking after each job, without having another man to check upon what he is doing, keep him in line, and report on him to someone else. But if no one can be trusted to act in a loyal and responsible manner towards his job, then the business will require armies of administrators, checkers, and foremen, and administrative overhead will rise correspondingly. As administrative overhead rises, so the earnings of the business, after meeting the expense of administration, will fall; and the business will have less money to distribute as dividends or invest directly in its future progress and development.
It is precisely the same with a nation. To the extent that the people can be relied upon to behave in a loyal and responsible manner, the government does not require armies of police and civil servants to keep them in order. But if a nation is disunited, the government cannot be sure that the actions of the people will be in the interests of the nation; and it will have to watch, check, and control the people accordingly. A disunited nation therefore has to incur unduly high costs of government.
Disunited a.分裂的 Economic resource 經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)力
Incur vt.承擔(dān) Backward a.落后的
Administrative a.行政管理的 Overhead a.一般費(fèi)用
Analogous a.類似的 Behave vi.行動
Sphere n.范圍 Keep sb. in line 使某人協(xié)調(diào)
Checker n.檢查人員 Foreman n.監(jiān)工
Dividend
n.紅利 Civil servant 文職人員
Unite ~all the people 團(tuán)結(jié)所有的人民
Unify （思想）統(tǒng)一 Union Unification Reunion團(tuán)聚
In China, spring festival/mid autumn day is a good time for reunion.
在中國，中秋節(jié)/春節(jié)是團(tuán)聚的好時間
Chinese people are hoping/expecting the reunion between the mainland and Taiwan Island.
中國人希望大陸兩岸統(tǒng)一。
In 199x, the two Germanies reunifaction. 在199X年東西德統(tǒng)一
Incur
承擔(dān) 后面跟抽象名詞 （費(fèi)用，成本） I have a family to support/feed.
招致，導(dǎo)致 （不好的惡果） Pride incur failure.
Backward Forward 先進(jìn)的 Backward nation Forward country
Under developed 欠發(fā)達(dá) Developing 發(fā)展中
Organ 機(jī)構(gòu) Administrator 管理者 Administration
Bush administration bush*（西方用人名，中國用地名）
Beijing administration MBA master of business and administration
Sphere Hemisphere 半球 Eastern hemisphere 西半球
Western hemisphere 東半球 Semi-colony 半殖民Feudal society 封建社會
Semi-feudal 半封建 Semifinal 半決賽
Domain 域 Field scope 眼界
province He is very provincial 他沒有遠(yuǎn)見
Dividend （入股的）紅利 Allowance 津貼 Bonus 獎金
Civil marriage 不在教堂舉行的婚禮
She keeps the family in line. 她把家打理得井井有條。
State 有政治概念 State law State visit 政事訪問
Correspondingly; therefore so
He wrote me 5 letters, correspondingly I answered 5.
Where the cost of government is high, resources for development are correspondingly now.
Where 可當(dāng)作if 翻譯 Where there is life, there is hope
Compare with 與….. 比較
Contrast 比較，側(cè)重異 compare 側(cè)重 相同 Compare to 比作
Private (business) enterprise /individual enterprise /one man enterprise 私企
Out of business 破產(chǎn) Concern with :talk about
Concern for/about 關(guān)心 I concern for your health.
Is low to the extent/degree that ……..= is so low that
Exercise initiative 發(fā)揮能動性 Initiative stage 初級階段
Within their sphere/ to their utmost 盡其力量
Report sth 報(bào)道 Report on 匯報(bào)
I’m reading carefully. I’m reading with care. I’m reading in a careful manner.
An army (group) of
Meet expense 收支相抵
On one’s behalf For one’s benefit 代表某人的利益 It’s in your interest to tell truth (be honest).
If a nation is essentially disunited, it is left to the government to hold it together. This increases the expense of government, and reduces correspondingly the amount of economic resources that could be used for developing the country, And it should not be forgotten how small those resources are in a poor and backward country. Where the cost of government is high, resources for development are correspondingly low.
This may be illustrated by comparing the position of a nation with that of a private business enterprise. An enterprise has to incur certain costs and expenses in order to stay in business. For our purposes, we are concerned only with one kind of cost--the cost of managing and administering the business. Such administrative overhead in a business is analogous to the cost of government in a nation. The administrative overhead of a business is low to the extent that everyone working in the business can, be trusted to behave in a way that best promotes the interests of the firm. If they can each be trusted to take such responsibilities, and to exercise such initiative as falls within their sphere, then administrative overhead will be low. It will be low because it will be necessary to have only one man looking after each job, without having another man to check upon what he is doing, keep him in line, and report on him to someone else. But if no one can be trusted to act in a loyal and responsible manner towards his job, then the business will require armies of administrators, checkers, and foremen, and administrative overhead will rise correspondingly. As administrative overhead rises, so the earnings of the business, after meeting the expense of administration, will fall; and the business will have less money to distribute as dividends or invest directly in its future progress and development.
It is precisely the same with a nation. To the extent that the people can be relied upon to behave in a loyal and responsible manner, the government does not require armies of police and civil servants to keep them in order. But if a nation is disunited, the government cannot be sure that the actions of the people will be in the interests of the nation; and it will have to watch, check, and control the people accordingly. A disunited nation therefore has to incur unduly high costs of government.
Disunited a.分裂的 Economic resource 經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)力
Incur vt.承擔(dān) Backward a.落后的
Administrative a.行政管理的 Overhead a.一般費(fèi)用
Analogous a.類似的 Behave vi.行動
Sphere n.范圍 Keep sb. in line 使某人協(xié)調(diào)
Checker n.檢查人員 Foreman n.監(jiān)工
Dividend
n.紅利 Civil servant 文職人員
Unite ~all the people 團(tuán)結(jié)所有的人民
Unify （思想）統(tǒng)一 Union Unification Reunion團(tuán)聚
In China, spring festival/mid autumn day is a good time for reunion.
在中國，中秋節(jié)/春節(jié)是團(tuán)聚的好時間
Chinese people are hoping/expecting the reunion between the mainland and Taiwan Island.
中國人希望大陸兩岸統(tǒng)一。
In 199x, the two Germanies reunifaction. 在199X年東西德統(tǒng)一
Incur
承擔(dān) 后面跟抽象名詞 （費(fèi)用，成本） I have a family to support/feed.
招致，導(dǎo)致 （不好的惡果） Pride incur failure.
Backward Forward 先進(jìn)的 Backward nation Forward country
Under developed 欠發(fā)達(dá) Developing 發(fā)展中
Organ 機(jī)構(gòu) Administrator 管理者 Administration
Bush administration bush*（西方用人名，中國用地名）
Beijing administration MBA master of business and administration
Sphere Hemisphere 半球 Eastern hemisphere 西半球
Western hemisphere 東半球 Semi-colony 半殖民Feudal society 封建社會
Semi-feudal 半封建 Semifinal 半決賽
Domain 域 Field scope 眼界
province He is very provincial 他沒有遠(yuǎn)見
Dividend （入股的）紅利 Allowance 津貼 Bonus 獎金
Civil marriage 不在教堂舉行的婚禮
She keeps the family in line. 她把家打理得井井有條。
State 有政治概念 State law State visit 政事訪問
Correspondingly; therefore so
He wrote me 5 letters, correspondingly I answered 5.
Where the cost of government is high, resources for development are correspondingly now.
Where 可當(dāng)作if 翻譯 Where there is life, there is hope
Compare with 與….. 比較
Contrast 比較，側(cè)重異 compare 側(cè)重 相同 Compare to 比作
Private (business) enterprise /individual enterprise /one man enterprise 私企
Out of business 破產(chǎn) Concern with :talk about
Concern for/about 關(guān)心 I concern for your health.
Is low to the extent/degree that ……..= is so low that
Exercise initiative 發(fā)揮能動性 Initiative stage 初級階段
Within their sphere/ to their utmost 盡其力量
Report sth 報(bào)道 Report on 匯報(bào)
I’m reading carefully. I’m reading with care. I’m reading in a careful manner.
An army (group) of
Meet expense 收支相抵
On one’s behalf For one’s benefit 代表某人的利益 It’s in your interest to tell truth (be honest).