Lesson 53 自學(xué)導(dǎo)讀First things first
課文詳注 Further notes on the text
1.At last firemen have put out a big forest fire in California.消防隊(duì)員們終于撲滅了加利福尼亞的一場(chǎng)森林大火。
(1)at last(終于,到底)表示經(jīng)過(guò)一番努力之后。
(2)put out可以表示“撲滅”、“熄滅”、“關(guān)掉”等含義:
Please put the light/ fire out.
請(qǐng)把燈關(guān)掉/把火滅掉。
(3)forest雖然是名詞,但在句中起形容詞的作用,修飾fire。
2.…they have been trying to find out how the fire began.……他們一直試圖找出起火的原因。
(1)短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞find out表示經(jīng)過(guò)研究、努力等“發(fā)現(xiàn)”、“找出”、“查出”:
I'll try and find out the name of the person who saved my life yesterday.
我將設(shè)法查出昨天救我命的那個(gè)人的姓名。
(2)how the fire began是find out的賓語(yǔ),它是一個(gè)由疑問(wèn)詞how引導(dǎo)的名詞從句。
3.They were also quite sure that a cigarette end did not start the fire.他們還十分肯定火災(zāi)也不是由煙頭引起的。
(1)start作及物動(dòng)詞時(shí)可以表示“使……發(fā)生”、“引起”。
(2)be sure后面跟的是名詞從句。that引導(dǎo)的這個(gè)名詞從句也可以寫成that the fire was not started by a cigarette end。但這里強(qiáng)調(diào)的是引起火災(zāi)的原因(不是碎玻璃或煙頭),所以用煙頭作主語(yǔ)。
4.…a fireman accidentally discovered the cause.……一個(gè)消防隊(duì)員偶然發(fā)現(xiàn)了起火的原因。
discover本身含有偶然發(fā)現(xiàn)(某個(gè)已經(jīng)存在的東西)的含義:
I don't know who discovered America.
我不知道誰(shuí)發(fā)現(xiàn)美洲的。
在discover前面加上accidentally更加強(qiáng)了“偶然”、“意外”的含義。
5.He noticed the remains of a snake which was wound round the electric wires of a 16,000-volt power line.他發(fā)現(xiàn)了纏繞在16,000伏高壓線上的一條死蛇。
(1)the remains表示“尸體”、“殘骸”,必須用復(fù)數(shù)形式:
The villagers were surprised to see the remains of an aeroplane near the lake.
村民們驚訝地發(fā)現(xiàn)湖邊有一架飛機(jī)的殘骸。
(2)wound為wind的過(guò)去分詞。wind在這里不表示“蜿蜒”,而表示“卷在……上”、“纏繞”,常與around/round連用:
Did you wind this piece of wire round the tree?
是你把這根鐵絲纏在樹上的嗎?
(3)wire指具體的電線、鐵絲等,line在這里指“線路”,含義比wire廣。
6.When it did so…當(dāng)它這樣做時(shí)……
so常用于一些動(dòng)詞之后,代指前面提過(guò)的某個(gè)動(dòng)作/某件事,以免重復(fù):
Has Susan got into university?
蘇珊上大學(xué)了嗎?
I believe/think so.
我想是的。
語(yǔ)法 Grammar in use
一般過(guò)去時(shí)、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)(cf.第29課與第52課語(yǔ)法)
一般過(guò)去時(shí)通常與一個(gè)表示確切的時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用,現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)則有時(shí)與表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用,有時(shí)不需要時(shí)間狀語(yǔ),而現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)則有時(shí)與表示一段 時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用,有時(shí)與all+表示時(shí)間的名詞連用?,F(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與一般過(guò)去時(shí)中既可以用狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞(表示存在、擁有、感情、思想、需求等的動(dòng)詞)也可以用行 為動(dòng)詞,現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)則通常與行為動(dòng)詞連用:
When did you visit Old Delhi?
你什么時(shí)候去舊德里游覽的?
I visited it two years ago.
兩年前我去過(guò)。(一般過(guò)去時(shí),有確切的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ))
Have you ever visited Old Delhi?
你去舊德里游覽過(guò)嗎?
Yes,I've visited it twice.
是我,我去過(guò)兩次。(沒(méi)有確切的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ))
Yes,I visited it two years ago.
是的,兩年前我去過(guò)。
Yes,I once visited it for two weeks.
是的,有我在那里觀光了兩星期。(once與一般過(guò)去時(shí)連用)
詞匯學(xué)習(xí) Word study
1.throw
throw作及物動(dòng)詞主要含義為“投”、“擲”、“拋”、“扔”。當(dāng)它與不同的介詞或副詞連用時(shí),其意義會(huì)稍有變化。throw away表示“扔掉”、“丟棄”;throw at表示對(duì)準(zhǔn)某一目標(biāo)扔;throw to則表示扔給(某人):
Many people throw away cigarette ends carelessly.
許多人隨手亂扔香煙頭。
Shall I throw this old newspaper away?
我把這舊報(bào)紙扔掉好嗎?
Don't throw stones at the dog/ the window.
別對(duì)著狗/窗子扔石頭。
I threw the ball to John but Tom caught it.
我把球扔給約翰,但湯姆接住了球。
2.cause與reason
(1)cause作名詞時(shí)重要的含義是“原因”、“起因”:
A fireman accidentally discovered the cause of the fire.
一個(gè)消防隊(duì)員偶然發(fā)現(xiàn)了起火的原因。
Do you know the cause of the war?
你知道這場(chǎng)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的起因嗎?(cause通常與of連用)
cause作動(dòng)詞時(shí)可以表示“使……產(chǎn)生/發(fā)生”、“引起”:
Forest fires are often caused by broken glass or cigarette ends.
森林火災(zāi)時(shí)常由碎玻璃或香煙頭引起。
What caused the accident?
事故是如何造成的?
(2)reason作名詞時(shí)重要的含義是“理由”、“原因”:
Give me your reasons for going there.
請(qǐng)告訴我你去那里的理由。
What was the reason for the delay?
延遲的原因是什么?
作“原因”講時(shí),reason與cause可以互相交換使用,但reason與介詞for連用,而cause則與介詞of連用:
What was the cause of the delay?
(譯文同上)
reason后面通常跟why引導(dǎo)的從句:
That was the reason why the meeting was put off.
這就是會(huì)議推遲的原因。
reason作動(dòng)詞時(shí)表示“推理”、“勸導(dǎo)”、“說(shuō)服”等:
How can you reason with him when he is so worried?
他現(xiàn)在如此擔(dān)心,你怎么能勸得了他?
3.drop與fall
drop既可作及物動(dòng)詞又可作不及物動(dòng)詞,表示“(使)掉下”、“(使)落下”、“放下”:
As he walked past the tree, an apple dropped from it.
當(dāng)他走過(guò)那棵樹時(shí),一個(gè)蘋果從樹上掉了下來(lái)。
The waiter dropped a fork.
那侍者掉了一把叉子。
He dropped the bag on the floor.
他把包放在地板上。
fall通常為不及物動(dòng)詞,表示“落下”、“(雨、雪)下”、“降”、“跌倒”、“摔倒”:
I fell and hurt myself.
我摔倒了并受了傷。
Please hold the vase and don't let it fall.
請(qǐng)拿住這花瓶,別讓它倒了。
When leaves fall in autumn, I'll come back.
秋天葉落時(shí),我就會(huì)回來(lái)。