Lesson 19 English Social Differences 英國(guó)社會(huì)的差異
A gentleman is, rather than does. He is interested in nothing in a professional way. He is allowed to cultivate hobbies, even eccentricities, but must not practise a vocation. He must know how to ride and shoot and cast a fly. He should have relatives in the army and navy and at least one connection in the diplomatic service. But there are weaknesses in the English gentleman's ability to rule us today. He usually knows nothing of political economy and less about how foreign countries are governed. He does not respect learning and prefers 'sport '.The problem set for society is not the virtues of the type so much as its adequacy for its function, and here grave difficulties arise. He refuses to consider sufficiently the wants of the customer, who must buy, not the thing he desires but the thing the English gentleman wants to sell. He attends inadequately to technological development. Disbelieving in the necessity of large-scale production in the modern world, he is passionately devoted to excessive secrecy, both in finance and method of production. He has an incurable and widespread nepotism in appointment, discounting ability and relying upon a mystic entity called 'character,' which means, in a gentleman's mouth, the qualities he traditionally possesses himself. His lack of imagination and the narrowness of his social loyal ties have ranged against him one of the fundamental estates of the realm. He is incapable of that imaginative realism which admits that this is a new world to which he must adjust himself and his institutions, that every privilege he formely took as of right he can now attain only by offering proof that it is directly relevant to social welfare.
professional n. 職業(yè)的 cultivate vt. 培養(yǎng)
hobby n. 業(yè)余愛(ài)好 eccentricity n. 怪癖
cast a fly 垂釣 diplomatic service 外交部門(mén)
govern vt. 治理 adequacy n. 適當(dāng)
grave a. 嚴(yán)重的 sufficiently ad. 充分地
inadequately ad. 不充分地 disbelieve vt. 不相信
devoted a. 熱心的 excessive a. 過(guò)分的
incurable a. 不可救藥的 neotism n. 裙帶關(guān)系
discount vt. 看輕 mystic a. 神秘的
entity n. 存在，本質(zhì) narrowness n. 狹隘
quality n. 品質(zhì) estate n. 社會(huì)階層
realm n. 王國(guó) realism n. 現(xiàn)實(shí)主義 adjust vt. 使適應(yīng)
privilege n. 特權(quán) relevant a. 有關(guān)的 difference n. 差異
1.professional n. 職業(yè)的 通常略寫(xiě)為prof [反]amateur
[辨異]profession, occupation, job
profession “專(zhuān)業(yè)”，強(qiáng)調(diào)highly skilled/highly educated, such as lawyer, doctor, IT engineer, architect
occupation: normal and general, everybody can have an occupation.
job不僅指工作，還可以表示干活，例如家務(wù)活。
You did a good job.
[注意]technical/vocational school 職業(yè)學(xué)校
2.cultivate vt. 培養(yǎng) [同]nurture, develop, foster
cultivate a hobby/habit
He is well cultivated/educated/bred/trained. 他很有教養(yǎng)。
3.hobby n. 業(yè)余愛(ài)好
[辨異]mania, hobby, pastime, diversion
mania 顛狂，狂熱，癖好 hobby n. 業(yè)余愛(ài)好
pastime 消遣 diversion 消遣，指轉(zhuǎn)移注意力，換換腦筋。
4.eccentricity n. 怪癖 [同]odd
eccentric 古怪的，怪癖的
concentric 同軸的，同心的
[辨異]eccentric, outlandish, grotesque eccentric 古怪的，怪癖的
outlandish異國(guó)風(fēng)味的,奇異的,古怪的 outlandish clothes奇裝異服
grotesque 怪誕的，藝術(shù)、美術(shù)、文學(xué)中的怪異派、怪異的作品
5.cast a fly 垂釣[同]go fishing, on the fishing trip(悠閑垂釣)
cast a net 撒網(wǎng)，為了生存捕魚(yú)
6.diplomatic service 外交部門(mén)
airline service航空公司 travel service/agency 旅行社
diplomacy 外交 diplomat 外交官
He is a diplomat. 他是一個(gè)左右逢源的人。 He is a philosopher.
他是一個(gè)夸夸其談的人。
7.govern vt. 治理
government/governing body 政府 governor 州長(zhǎng)
governess 女家教 benevolent government 仁政
8.adequacy n. 適當(dāng) [同]sufficient [反]inadequate
He often doubts his adequacy as a father.
=He often doubts whether he is adequate as a father.
他常常懷疑他是不是夠格做父親。
[辨異]deficient, sparse, meager
deficient沒(méi)有足夠的，缺乏的
sparse 稀少 meager 貧乏的,不充分的,不足的 The food is meager for winter.
9.grave a. 嚴(yán)重的
[同]solemn, serious, severe have one foot in the grave 來(lái)日不多了
grave situation 嚴(yán)峻的形勢(shì) gravity 地球引力，嚴(yán)重
10.disbelieve vt. 不相信
dis- 多做動(dòng)詞的反義詞 disappear 消失 disbelieve 不相信
11.devoted a. 熱心的
[同]committed, dedicated
devote v. devote oneself to sth be devoted to sth
[注意]to后面一定要用名詞或動(dòng)名詞
He devoted himself to researches.
He is devoted to researches. 他致力于研究。
She is devoted to her children. 她太溺愛(ài)孩子了。
這里，devoted相當(dāng)于spoil, pamper
12.excessive a. 過(guò)分的
[同]immoderate [反]moderate
Excessive studying bores/tires me.
過(guò)多的學(xué)習(xí)使我厭倦/疲憊不堪。
Excessive smoking harms/does harm to the health.
過(guò)度吸煙有害健康。
Excessive smoking is dangerous.
extreme 極端的
13.incurable a. 不可救藥的
cure 治療
cure sb 為某人治病
cure sb of 治某人的……病
curable 可治療的
to breathe one’s last 奄奄一息
He is beyond cure/remedy.
他不行了/不可救了。
引申為他不可救藥了。=He is rotten to the core.
People heat him to death.
人們都恨死他了。
I’m hungry to death.
我都快餓死了。
[注意]不能說(shuō)成I starve to death.
14.neotism n. 裙帶關(guān)系
It means giving of favors to his relatives/relations by a person/man in the high position or promoting the people closest to him
backdoor “后門(mén)”
15.discount vt. 看輕
count 數(shù)
I count on him. 我看重/器重他。
discount 打折 以物做賓語(yǔ)
I discount what he sales.
contempt/belittle/look down on 以人做賓語(yǔ)
16.mystic a. 神秘的,帶有宗教色彩
mysterious則不帶宗教色彩
occult 神秘的，玄妙的
supernatural 超自然的
metaphysical 形而上學(xué)的
Garden of Eden 伊甸園
nether world 陰間
heavenly world 天堂
17.narrowness n. 狹隘
He is narrow-minded. 他心胸狹窄。
He is narrow-sighted/shortsighted.
他目光短淺。
narrow escape 九死一生
18.quality n. 品質(zhì)
He is a man of quality. 他是一個(gè)高尚的人。
a lady of quality 貴婦
19.estate n. 社會(huì)階層，房地產(chǎn)
class, hierarchy, stratification
都有階層的意思。
real estate 不動(dòng)產(chǎn)
personal estate 動(dòng)產(chǎn)
estate agent 房地產(chǎn)商
20.realm n. 王國(guó)(抽象概念)
kingdom 具體概念
mental realm 思想境界
literature realm 文學(xué)界
flim/movie realm 電影界
[辨異]estate, domaln, sphere
estate 社會(huì)階層
domaln
donaln name 域名
sphere 球，球形，球體，球面，范圍，領(lǐng)域
realism n. 現(xiàn)實(shí)主義
realistic 現(xiàn)實(shí)主義的性格
realist 現(xiàn)實(shí)主義者[反]idealist理想主義者
21.adjust vt. 使適應(yīng)
adjust oneself tonew environment
be adjust to
He is well adjustd.
他好相處。
22.privilege n. 特權(quán)，英國(guó)英語(yǔ)常用
有特權(quán)的人，例如
mp(member of parliament)議員
privileged class 特權(quán)階層
underprivileged class 弱勢(shì)階層
privileged car/cab 專(zhuān)車(chē)
23.relevant a. 有關(guān)的
be relevant to 和…
24.difference n. 差異
make no difference 沒(méi)關(guān)系
It makes no difference wheather you come or not.
make difference 關(guān)系重大
different from（英式英語(yǔ)）=different than (美式英語(yǔ))
1.A gentleman is, rather than does.?尥荇憷髯???癩羽鈷。?嘴鈷腧拗憷“?尥”憷?噥吸?鈷，憷烷憝嘴鈷?啶。
2.in a professional way=professional
3.be allowed：紳士這一階層受社會(huì)的約束，不是隨便什么都可以做的。
practise:從事
practise law= to be a lawyer
practise medicine= to be a doctor
vocation: 職業(yè) to offer help and aid, for example, priest, doctor, nurse
He is allowed to cultivate hobbies, even eccentricities, but must not practise a vocation.這句話(huà)的意思是：紳士是絕對(duì)不能脫離他的階層，不允許mix with the masses(與大眾為伍),否則就會(huì)很庸俗。
4.ride:騎馬
navy:海軍
army:陸軍
5.rule:治國(guó)
6.political economy:政治經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)
less about:更不要提
=not to mention/not to speak of
I know nothing of maths, not to mention English. 我不懂?dāng)?shù)學(xué)，就更別提英語(yǔ)了。
7.learning:學(xué)術(shù)
sport:指前面說(shuō)的” ride and shoot and cast a fly”
8.The problem set for society is not the virtues of the type so much as its adequacy for its function:社會(huì)要回答的問(wèn)題并不是這類(lèi)人物不無(wú)美德，而是他們是否勝任其職務(wù)。
set for society:做后置定語(yǔ)
virtue:品德
the type= the kind= the class 階層
so much as, not…… but, 前面有否定式，so much as= but
His success is not by talent so much as by energy.
他的成功不是來(lái)自天賦而是來(lái)自勤奮。
It is not the hours that tell so much as the way we use them.
重要的不是時(shí)間而是如何利用它。
It is the man that behind the gun tells.
勝敗在人而不在武器。
adequate:能力
function:功能
9.arise= apper,常搭配副詞here, there
want：需求
pursue: 追求
10.attend to= be concerned with 關(guān)注
attend to 后面只能跟名詞、動(dòng)名詞
While I am out/away, please attend to my house.
當(dāng)我不在時(shí)，請(qǐng)幫我照看一下家。
11.in finance and method of production:金融和生產(chǎn)方法
12.widespread: 普遍的
discounting ability:輕視才能
character= nature
in a gentleman’s mouth:在紳士的嘴里
the qualities he traditionally possesses himself:他自己傳統(tǒng)上所擁有的品質(zhì)
13.social loyalties= loyalty to society= social duties 社會(huì)職責(zé)
be loyal to 對(duì)……忠誠(chéng)
have ranged against him one of the fundamental estates of the realm:已把自己放到這個(gè)王國(guó)中的基本社會(huì)階層的對(duì)立面上去。
range: 排列
range against: 作對(duì)
incapable of that imaginative realism:無(wú)法接受充滿(mǎn)想像力的現(xiàn)實(shí)
14.admit= demand 要求
institution= custom 社會(huì)習(xí)俗
he formerly took as of right:他以前取得作為……的權(quán)力
took as= regard as 看待
took as of 是古英語(yǔ)用法，相當(dāng)于今天的took as
he is taken as a black sheep.
他被看作是害群之馬。
right:權(quán)利
he can now attain only by offering proof that it is directly relevant to social welfare: 只能通過(guò)提供證據(jù)說(shuō)明此項(xiàng)權(quán)力與社會(huì)福利直接有關(guān)才能得到
15.Lord Curzon, Miceroy of India, Invests the Maharajah of Cochin with the Star of India in 1903:派往印度的總督Curzon勛爵授予印度本土國(guó)王Cochin“印度之星”。
invest in:投資
invest with:授予
Lord:爵士，勛爵
A gentleman is, rather than does. He is interested in nothing in a professional way. He is allowed to cultivate hobbies, even eccentricities, but must not practise a vocation. He must know how to ride and shoot and cast a fly. He should have relatives in the army and navy and at least one connection in the diplomatic service. But there are weaknesses in the English gentleman's ability to rule us today. He usually knows nothing of political economy and less about how foreign countries are governed. He does not respect learning and prefers 'sport '.The problem set for society is not the virtues of the type so much as its adequacy for its function, and here grave difficulties arise. He refuses to consider sufficiently the wants of the customer, who must buy, not the thing he desires but the thing the English gentleman wants to sell. He attends inadequately to technological development. Disbelieving in the necessity of large-scale production in the modern world, he is passionately devoted to excessive secrecy, both in finance and method of production. He has an incurable and widespread nepotism in appointment, discounting ability and relying upon a mystic entity called 'character,' which means, in a gentleman's mouth, the qualities he traditionally possesses himself. His lack of imagination and the narrowness of his social loyal ties have ranged against him one of the fundamental estates of the realm. He is incapable of that imaginative realism which admits that this is a new world to which he must adjust himself and his institutions, that every privilege he formely took as of right he can now attain only by offering proof that it is directly relevant to social welfare.
professional n. 職業(yè)的 cultivate vt. 培養(yǎng)
hobby n. 業(yè)余愛(ài)好 eccentricity n. 怪癖
cast a fly 垂釣 diplomatic service 外交部門(mén)
govern vt. 治理 adequacy n. 適當(dāng)
grave a. 嚴(yán)重的 sufficiently ad. 充分地
inadequately ad. 不充分地 disbelieve vt. 不相信
devoted a. 熱心的 excessive a. 過(guò)分的
incurable a. 不可救藥的 neotism n. 裙帶關(guān)系
discount vt. 看輕 mystic a. 神秘的
entity n. 存在，本質(zhì) narrowness n. 狹隘
quality n. 品質(zhì) estate n. 社會(huì)階層
realm n. 王國(guó) realism n. 現(xiàn)實(shí)主義 adjust vt. 使適應(yīng)
privilege n. 特權(quán) relevant a. 有關(guān)的 difference n. 差異
1.professional n. 職業(yè)的 通常略寫(xiě)為prof [反]amateur
[辨異]profession, occupation, job
profession “專(zhuān)業(yè)”，強(qiáng)調(diào)highly skilled/highly educated, such as lawyer, doctor, IT engineer, architect
occupation: normal and general, everybody can have an occupation.
job不僅指工作，還可以表示干活，例如家務(wù)活。
You did a good job.
[注意]technical/vocational school 職業(yè)學(xué)校
2.cultivate vt. 培養(yǎng) [同]nurture, develop, foster
cultivate a hobby/habit
He is well cultivated/educated/bred/trained. 他很有教養(yǎng)。
3.hobby n. 業(yè)余愛(ài)好
[辨異]mania, hobby, pastime, diversion
mania 顛狂，狂熱，癖好 hobby n. 業(yè)余愛(ài)好
pastime 消遣 diversion 消遣，指轉(zhuǎn)移注意力，換換腦筋。
4.eccentricity n. 怪癖 [同]odd
eccentric 古怪的，怪癖的
concentric 同軸的，同心的
[辨異]eccentric, outlandish, grotesque eccentric 古怪的，怪癖的
outlandish異國(guó)風(fēng)味的,奇異的,古怪的 outlandish clothes奇裝異服
grotesque 怪誕的，藝術(shù)、美術(shù)、文學(xué)中的怪異派、怪異的作品
5.cast a fly 垂釣[同]go fishing, on the fishing trip(悠閑垂釣)
cast a net 撒網(wǎng)，為了生存捕魚(yú)
6.diplomatic service 外交部門(mén)
airline service航空公司 travel service/agency 旅行社
diplomacy 外交 diplomat 外交官
He is a diplomat. 他是一個(gè)左右逢源的人。 He is a philosopher.
他是一個(gè)夸夸其談的人。
7.govern vt. 治理
government/governing body 政府 governor 州長(zhǎng)
governess 女家教 benevolent government 仁政
8.adequacy n. 適當(dāng) [同]sufficient [反]inadequate
He often doubts his adequacy as a father.
=He often doubts whether he is adequate as a father.
他常常懷疑他是不是夠格做父親。
[辨異]deficient, sparse, meager
deficient沒(méi)有足夠的，缺乏的
sparse 稀少 meager 貧乏的,不充分的,不足的 The food is meager for winter.
9.grave a. 嚴(yán)重的
[同]solemn, serious, severe have one foot in the grave 來(lái)日不多了
grave situation 嚴(yán)峻的形勢(shì) gravity 地球引力，嚴(yán)重
10.disbelieve vt. 不相信
dis- 多做動(dòng)詞的反義詞 disappear 消失 disbelieve 不相信
11.devoted a. 熱心的
[同]committed, dedicated
devote v. devote oneself to sth be devoted to sth
[注意]to后面一定要用名詞或動(dòng)名詞
He devoted himself to researches.
He is devoted to researches. 他致力于研究。
She is devoted to her children. 她太溺愛(ài)孩子了。
這里，devoted相當(dāng)于spoil, pamper
12.excessive a. 過(guò)分的
[同]immoderate [反]moderate
Excessive studying bores/tires me.
過(guò)多的學(xué)習(xí)使我厭倦/疲憊不堪。
Excessive smoking harms/does harm to the health.
過(guò)度吸煙有害健康。
Excessive smoking is dangerous.
extreme 極端的
13.incurable a. 不可救藥的
cure 治療
cure sb 為某人治病
cure sb of 治某人的……病
curable 可治療的
to breathe one’s last 奄奄一息
He is beyond cure/remedy.
他不行了/不可救了。
引申為他不可救藥了。=He is rotten to the core.
People heat him to death.
人們都恨死他了。
I’m hungry to death.
我都快餓死了。
[注意]不能說(shuō)成I starve to death.
14.neotism n. 裙帶關(guān)系
It means giving of favors to his relatives/relations by a person/man in the high position or promoting the people closest to him
backdoor “后門(mén)”
15.discount vt. 看輕
count 數(shù)
I count on him. 我看重/器重他。
discount 打折 以物做賓語(yǔ)
I discount what he sales.
contempt/belittle/look down on 以人做賓語(yǔ)
16.mystic a. 神秘的,帶有宗教色彩
mysterious則不帶宗教色彩
occult 神秘的，玄妙的
supernatural 超自然的
metaphysical 形而上學(xué)的
Garden of Eden 伊甸園
nether world 陰間
heavenly world 天堂
17.narrowness n. 狹隘
He is narrow-minded. 他心胸狹窄。
He is narrow-sighted/shortsighted.
他目光短淺。
narrow escape 九死一生
18.quality n. 品質(zhì)
He is a man of quality. 他是一個(gè)高尚的人。
a lady of quality 貴婦
19.estate n. 社會(huì)階層，房地產(chǎn)
class, hierarchy, stratification
都有階層的意思。
real estate 不動(dòng)產(chǎn)
personal estate 動(dòng)產(chǎn)
estate agent 房地產(chǎn)商
20.realm n. 王國(guó)(抽象概念)
kingdom 具體概念
mental realm 思想境界
literature realm 文學(xué)界
flim/movie realm 電影界
[辨異]estate, domaln, sphere
estate 社會(huì)階層
domaln
donaln name 域名
sphere 球，球形，球體，球面，范圍，領(lǐng)域
realism n. 現(xiàn)實(shí)主義
realistic 現(xiàn)實(shí)主義的性格
realist 現(xiàn)實(shí)主義者[反]idealist理想主義者
21.adjust vt. 使適應(yīng)
adjust oneself tonew environment
be adjust to
He is well adjustd.
他好相處。
22.privilege n. 特權(quán)，英國(guó)英語(yǔ)常用
有特權(quán)的人，例如
mp(member of parliament)議員
privileged class 特權(quán)階層
underprivileged class 弱勢(shì)階層
privileged car/cab 專(zhuān)車(chē)
23.relevant a. 有關(guān)的
be relevant to 和…
24.difference n. 差異
make no difference 沒(méi)關(guān)系
It makes no difference wheather you come or not.
make difference 關(guān)系重大
different from（英式英語(yǔ)）=different than (美式英語(yǔ))
1.A gentleman is, rather than does.?尥荇憷髯???癩羽鈷。?嘴鈷腧拗憷“?尥”憷?噥吸?鈷，憷烷憝嘴鈷?啶。
2.in a professional way=professional
3.be allowed：紳士這一階層受社會(huì)的約束，不是隨便什么都可以做的。
practise:從事
practise law= to be a lawyer
practise medicine= to be a doctor
vocation: 職業(yè) to offer help and aid, for example, priest, doctor, nurse
He is allowed to cultivate hobbies, even eccentricities, but must not practise a vocation.這句話(huà)的意思是：紳士是絕對(duì)不能脫離他的階層，不允許mix with the masses(與大眾為伍),否則就會(huì)很庸俗。
4.ride:騎馬
navy:海軍
army:陸軍
5.rule:治國(guó)
6.political economy:政治經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)
less about:更不要提
=not to mention/not to speak of
I know nothing of maths, not to mention English. 我不懂?dāng)?shù)學(xué)，就更別提英語(yǔ)了。
7.learning:學(xué)術(shù)
sport:指前面說(shuō)的” ride and shoot and cast a fly”
8.The problem set for society is not the virtues of the type so much as its adequacy for its function:社會(huì)要回答的問(wèn)題并不是這類(lèi)人物不無(wú)美德，而是他們是否勝任其職務(wù)。
set for society:做后置定語(yǔ)
virtue:品德
the type= the kind= the class 階層
so much as, not…… but, 前面有否定式，so much as= but
His success is not by talent so much as by energy.
他的成功不是來(lái)自天賦而是來(lái)自勤奮。
It is not the hours that tell so much as the way we use them.
重要的不是時(shí)間而是如何利用它。
It is the man that behind the gun tells.
勝敗在人而不在武器。
adequate:能力
function:功能
9.arise= apper,常搭配副詞here, there
want：需求
pursue: 追求
10.attend to= be concerned with 關(guān)注
attend to 后面只能跟名詞、動(dòng)名詞
While I am out/away, please attend to my house.
當(dāng)我不在時(shí)，請(qǐng)幫我照看一下家。
11.in finance and method of production:金融和生產(chǎn)方法
12.widespread: 普遍的
discounting ability:輕視才能
character= nature
in a gentleman’s mouth:在紳士的嘴里
the qualities he traditionally possesses himself:他自己傳統(tǒng)上所擁有的品質(zhì)
13.social loyalties= loyalty to society= social duties 社會(huì)職責(zé)
be loyal to 對(duì)……忠誠(chéng)
have ranged against him one of the fundamental estates of the realm:已把自己放到這個(gè)王國(guó)中的基本社會(huì)階層的對(duì)立面上去。
range: 排列
range against: 作對(duì)
incapable of that imaginative realism:無(wú)法接受充滿(mǎn)想像力的現(xiàn)實(shí)
14.admit= demand 要求
institution= custom 社會(huì)習(xí)俗
he formerly took as of right:他以前取得作為……的權(quán)力
took as= regard as 看待
took as of 是古英語(yǔ)用法，相當(dāng)于今天的took as
he is taken as a black sheep.
他被看作是害群之馬。
right:權(quán)利
he can now attain only by offering proof that it is directly relevant to social welfare: 只能通過(guò)提供證據(jù)說(shuō)明此項(xiàng)權(quán)力與社會(huì)福利直接有關(guān)才能得到
15.Lord Curzon, Miceroy of India, Invests the Maharajah of Cochin with the Star of India in 1903:派往印度的總督Curzon勛爵授予印度本土國(guó)王Cochin“印度之星”。
invest in:投資
invest with:授予
Lord:爵士，勛爵