初中英語語法總結(jié):情態(tài)動詞

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I. 情態(tài)動詞基本用法:
    在英語中主要的情態(tài)動詞有can (could), may (might), must, have to, need , ought to, dare (dared), shall (should), will (would) .
    1.情態(tài)動詞的特征
    (1)情態(tài)動詞本身有詞義,但詞義不完成,因此不能單獨作謂語,只能和其他的動詞原形一起構(gòu)成謂語。
    (2)情態(tài)動詞后接的動詞不定式一律不帶to。
    (3)情態(tài)支詞不隨人稱變化而變(即不管是何人稱,后面接的情態(tài)動詞都一樣)。
    (4)含有情態(tài)動詞的否定都是由“情態(tài)動詞+not”構(gòu)成的,如:can-can not may-may not need-need not
    (5)含有情態(tài)動詞的疑問句的構(gòu)成
    May I come in?我可以進來嗎? Can you lend me some money?你能借給我一些錢嗎?
    注意:含有have to 的句子變成疑問句時不同。如:
    I have to go today,今天我必須走,
    Do you have to go today?你今天必須走嗎?
    2.情態(tài)動詞的用法
    (1)Can的用法
    ①表示體力或腦力方面的“能力”
    Can you drive?你會開車嗎?
    Can you speak English?你會說英語嗎?
    Can you lift heavy box?你能將這個重箱子拎起來嗎?
    ②表示客觀條件允許
    You can skate on the lake.(The ice is thick enough.)
    你可以在湖面上滑冰了(冰層夠厚的了)
    The airplane can take off now.(The storm has stopped.)
    飛機可以起飛了(暴風雨停了)
    You can’t park your car here. 你不能在此停車
    ③can用在否定句和疑問句中時,有時表示說話人的懷疑,驚異、猜測或不肯定:
    no, no, it can’t be true.不,不,這不可能是事實
    How can you be so careless!你怎么會這么粗心
    He can’t be in the library。他現(xiàn)在不會在圖書館
    注意:a,在口語中can常可用來代替may,來詢問或說明一件事能不能做
    b, can 和 be able to在表示能力這一點是同義詞,
    I can speak English.=I am able to speak English.
    Could是 can的過去式,可以用來
    ①表示過去的能力或“可能性”
    I could run very fast when I was young. 我年輕時跑得很快
    I couldn’t understand what he said at all. 我一點也聽不懂他說的話
    ②表示驚異、懷疑
    How could you be so careless? 你怎么會這樣粗心
    We thought the story could not be true. 我們當時以為那個故事不會是真的。
    ③可以代替can用于現(xiàn)在的動作,但語氣較為婉轉(zhuǎn),如:
    Could I use your bike?
    我可以用一下你的自行車嗎?
    You could do it this way.
    你可以把這個男孩帶去
    (2)may的用法
    ①用來詢問或表示允(在此用法中may和第一人稱連用時都以疑問句形式出現(xiàn))
    May I ask you a question?我可以問你一個問題嗎?
    You may take the boy there.你可以把這個男孩帶去。
    He may come if he likes.如果他想來,可以來
    They may stay in our house.他們可以在我家歇息。
    ②表示說話人的猜測,認為某一事情“或許”或“可能”發(fā)生
    We may call on you this evening
    我們也許今天晚上會來看你(們)
    She may not like this place
    她可能不喜歡這個地方
    Might 是 may的過去形式,表示詢問或允許或可能、推測等。如:
    Might I give you a piece of advice?
    我可否給你提個建議(Might 比 may更客氣)
    He told me he might come.
    他說他可能來(Might與told相呼應都是過去式)
    I was afraid he might not like this place.
    我當時擔心他可能不喜歡這個地主(Might 與was相呼應,都是表示過去。【注意】:A。有時Might也可用來表示現(xiàn)在的事情,只是語氣較may更弱一些,可能性更小一些,如:
    He might know her address. 他也許知道她的地址。
    Be careful, you might break it. 小心點,要不你可能會將它打碎
    B.May(might)后加動詞不定式的完成式可以表示對過去的推測、認為某事在過去“可能”發(fā)生,這一用法中may和might都指過去,不過might較may更含蓄或更不肯定。如:
    He may (might) have watched TV the whole night.(For he looks very sleep)
    他可能看了一夜電視(因為他看上去非常困倦)
    They might ( may) not have caught the train.他們可能沒趕緊上車。
    (3)must的用法
    ①表示“必須”或“應當”。如:
    We must rely on ourselves.
    我們必須依靠自己
    You must finish the work before four o’clock.
    你必須在四點前干完這項工作
    【注意】:A,在回答用must引的的疑問句時,否定結(jié)構(gòu)只能用needn’t如:
    Must I do this? No, you needn’t Yes, you must.
    B,在表示“必須”這個意思時,must的意思和have to是很接近的,只是have to 比較強調(diào)客觀需要,而must側(cè)重說明主觀看法,在下面情況下兩都就不宜換用:
    It’s raining heavily, we can’t go now. I think we’ll have to wait till the rain stops.
    雨下得太大了,我們現(xiàn)在無法走,我想我們只能等雨停了再走
    We must ask for permission if we do it.
    如果我們要干,一定要先征得同意。
    ②must只有現(xiàn)在式而無其他時態(tài)變化,通常也只用來表示現(xiàn)在,但有時出可以用must表示過去(多用在間接引語中),如:
    He told me I must do according to what he said. 他對我說,我必須按他說的做。
    ③must也可表示推測,但比may肯定得多,可譯成“一定”或“準是”,如:
    He must be in the library.他現(xiàn)在準在圖書館
    It must be four in the morning now.現(xiàn)在一定是到了清晨四點鐘了
    (4)have to的用法
    后接動詞原開,表示“不得不、必須”的意思,它比must更含有“客觀條件使得必須如此做”的意思。并有較多的時態(tài),如:
    We have to get up early.
    我們不得不早起
    We will have to get up early tomorrow. 我們明天必須早起
    We had to get up early at that time. 我們那時不得不早起
    【注意】:在口語中常用have got to 來取代have to,如:
    I’ve got to stay here.我不得不留在這里
    (5)ought to 的用法
    ①表示“有義務(wù)或有必要”作某事
    You ought to finish your work before you go home.
    你每天回家前應把工作做完
    You ought not to be so careless. 你不應當這樣粗心
    ②表示非??赡艿氖?BR>    His father ought to know his address.
    他你親總該知道他的地址吧
    If we start work right now, we ought to finish it before lunch.
    如果我們現(xiàn)在開始干,午飯前應當能干完
    ③ought to 后接動詞不定時的完成時,如用肯定結(jié)構(gòu),表示過去某事該做而未做,如用否定結(jié)構(gòu),則表示過去不該做的事情發(fā)生了。
    You ought to have been more careful.
    你應當更仔細些才是(但事實是當時沒有仔細行事)
    You ought not to have interrupted them.
    你當時不應當打斷他們(的談話),(但當時的事實是打斷了別人的談話。)
    【注意】:此用法相當于”should (not) have done”結(jié)構(gòu)
    (6)dare的用法
    ①dare 表示“敢”的意思,它的過去時是dared
    ②除在”I dare say…”這種結(jié)構(gòu)中,dare極少用作肯定結(jié)構(gòu)中的情態(tài)動詞
    ③一般用在否定句和疑問句中,其用未能和其他情態(tài)動詞一樣,即dare 不隨人稱變化而變,后面所跟的動詞不定式不帶to。如:
    I dare not tell the truth.
    我不敢照實說出
    Dare she go out alone at night?
    她敢一個人夜間出去嗎?
    Dare也有實義動詞形式,在現(xiàn)在英語中,dare用作實義動詞的時候更多一些。
    (7)need的用法
    ①need表示“需要”,其用未能與dare 幾乎完全相同,即用于否定句和疑問句中,本身無變化。
    ②在肯定句中通常用need有實義動詞形式,用法同其他實義動詞一樣,如:
    Need we do it again?我們需要再做一次嗎?
    No, you needn’t do it again.不,不需要重做。
    I think he needs to do it again.
    我認為他需要重新做一次。(此句中的needs是實義動詞。)
    【注意】:A,當實主動詞形式的need用于疑問句和否定句中時,和其他實義動詞的用法一樣。如:
    Does he need to do it again? No, he doesn’t need to do it again.
    B, need后面有名詞或動名詞作賓語地,need是實義動詞,但后接動名詞的句子相當于被動語態(tài),如:
    We need some more hands. 我們需要更多的幫手
    The garden needs cleaning.(=The garden needs to be cleaned.) 院子要清掃了
    The flowers need watering.(=The flowers need to be watered.) 花要澆水了
    (8)shall的用法
    主要用于第一人稱的疑問句中,表示征求對方意見。如:
    What shall I do now?我現(xiàn)在該干點什么
    Shall we go together?咱們一起走好嗎
    (9) should的用法
    ①表示“勸告、建議”,譯作“應當”
    You should study hard.你應當努力學習
    You should listen to the doctor’s advice.你應當聽大夫的話
    We should help each other.我們應當互相幫助
    ②表示“推測、可能”
    They should get home by now.他們現(xiàn)在該到家了
    The book should be available in the bookstore.這本書在書店里可能有賣的
    ③后接動詞不定式的完成式時,表示過去的事情,肯定結(jié)構(gòu)表示該做沒做;否定結(jié)構(gòu)表示不該做,但發(fā)生了。
    I should have written you earlier.我應當早引起給你寫回信(但沒寫)
    You shouldn’t have told him this.你不應當把這告訴他。(但告訴了)
    (10) will, would的用法
    主要用于第二人稱的疑問句中,表示說話人向?qū)Ψ教岢稣埱?,would較 will更客氣些
    Will you help me? 你能幫幫我嗎?
    Would you like some tea? 你想喝點茶嗎?
    Will you please tell me the way to the station? 請問到車站怎么走?
    (11) used to的用法
    后接動詞原形,表示以前經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動作,但現(xiàn)在不是這樣了(通常用于肯定句中)。
    I used to get up early,我以前經(jīng)常早起(現(xiàn)在不是這樣了)
    He used to read aloud everyday. 他以前天天朗讀(但現(xiàn)在不是了)
    注意:句型“be + used to”后接動名詞或名詞,表示“習慣……“:
    I am not quite used to the weather, here. 我不大習慣這里的天氣
    Are you used to the food in Beijing?你現(xiàn)在習慣吃北京的飯了嗎?
    I’m used to getting up early.我習慣早起。
    II. 情態(tài)動詞must, may, might, could, can表示推測:
    以must為例。must + do(be)是推測現(xiàn)在存在的一般狀態(tài)進行;must + be doing 推測可能正在進行的事情;must +have done是推測可能已經(jīng)發(fā)生過的事情。
    1. must“肯定,一定”語氣強,只用于肯定句中。
    He must be a man from America. / He must be talking with his friend. / He must have already arrived there.
    2. may和might“也許”,后者語氣弱,更沒有把握??捎糜诳隙ň浜头穸ň洹?BR>    He may not be at home. / They might have finished their task.
    3. can和could“可能”,could表示可疑的可能性,不及can’t語氣強,用于肯定、否定、疑問句中。
    The weather in that city could be cold now.
    We could have walked there; it was so near.(推測某事本來可能發(fā)生,但實際上沒有發(fā)生)
    Can he be in the office now? No, he can’t be there, for I saw him in the library just now.(語氣很強,常用于疑問句和否定句中)
    【注意】:1.對現(xiàn)在的事實進行推測:
    主要結(jié)構(gòu):…must / may / might +動詞原形
    be+名詞/形容詞/介詞短語
    be + doing
    例句:
    1. You must be Jeanne. I’m Mathilde Loisel. We used to know each other very well.
    2. They must be in bed already at this time of the night.
    3. The teacher must be joking.
    4. Freda isn’t in class. She must be sick.
    5. There must be something wrong.
    6. She might be very clever, but she hasn’t got much common sense.
    7. He may be arriving this evening.
    8. He may be traveling around the world.
    9. The keys can’t be in the room. I have just searched it very carefully.
    10. Can the news be true ?
    2.對過去的事實進行推測:結(jié)構(gòu):情態(tài)動詞+have done / been+名詞/形容詞/介詞短語。例句:
    1. Mrs. Longmans must have been a pretty girl in her youth.
    2. He couldn’t have seen Anna yesterday. She’s gone abroad.
    3. I think I must have left my glasses in the library.
    4. He might have overslept again.
    5. Where can Tom have gone ?
    Ⅲ.情態(tài)動詞表達虛擬語氣:表達“本來…”,“不然早就…”。這是情態(tài)動詞的一種虛擬語氣用法。表示說話人所講的與所發(fā)生的事實相反。表達了說話人的埋怨,后悔的語氣。其結(jié)構(gòu)是在一些情態(tài)動詞后面加 have done 結(jié)構(gòu)。根據(jù)要表達的意思,有如下結(jié)構(gòu):
    (1).should have done / ought to have done:本應該……
    (2).shouldn’t have done / oughtn’t to have done:本不該……
    (3).could have done:本來可以……
    (4).needn’t have done:本來沒必要……
    (5).would like to have done:本來很想……
    (6).would rather not have done: 本來不愿意……
    (7).could / might / have done: 不然早就……
    〈例句〉:1. You shouldn’t have laughed at his mistakes.
    2. You could have told us earlier.
    3. You ought not to have spent so much time in reading novels.
    4. We need not have been in a tearing hurry to catch the train.
    5. They would like to have seen that film last film.
    6. If he had given me his number, I could have telephoned him.
    7. They might have been frozen to death but for the rescue in time.
    Ⅳ. 情態(tài)動詞注意點:
    1. can和be able to: 都可以表示能力。但be able to可以表達“某事終于成功”,而can無法表達此意。Be able to有更多的時態(tài)。另外,兩者不能重疊使用。
    2. used to和would: used to表示過去常常做現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)不再有的習慣,而would只表示過去的習慣或喜好,不涉及現(xiàn)在。
    3. need和dare作情態(tài)動詞和實義動詞的區(qū)別:
    兩者作情態(tài)動詞時常用于否定句和疑問句。其形式為:needn’t/daren’t do;Need/dare…do…?
    做實義動詞時可用于肯定句,否定句和疑問句。其形式為:need(needs/needed)/dare(dares/dared) to do, don’t(doesn’t/didn’t) need/dare to do
    注意:句型I dare say+從句。 意思是:我肯定…… = I’m sure或There is no doubt that+從句。例句:
    I dare say that my uncle will get the money if I die.