本文是給正在準(zhǔn)備托福的小伙伴的福利,是由新東方的托福老師整理的上周的兩篇聽力材料的試題綜述和超級詳細(xì)的背景知識介紹。已經(jīng)和托福分手的同學(xué)們也可以從(shen)公(qing)平(zhao)正(gong)義(zuo)中探出頭來喘口氣,仰望心空,看看(其實抬起頭來并看不到)我們可愛的火星(和火星哥)以及其他宜居的星球。
2016年2月27日 聽力考試第3篇Lecture綜述:
教授講了火星上發(fā)現(xiàn)水的問題??茖W(xué)家在valley里發(fā)現(xiàn)有小溪匯入山谷的痕跡,由于當(dāng)時攝像機精度較小,只能隱約看到6個三角洲(delta),由此可以猜測火星上曾經(jīng)有水,但是還不能完全確定,因為還需要另一種證據(jù):岸線(shoreline)。后來,隨著設(shè)備的更新,精度擴大了(finer scale), 科學(xué)家們看到了岸線,由此可以證明火星上有水。然而還存在另一個問題:隨著時間的流逝,山谷里的岸線并不是一點一點退卻的,而是突然沒有的。后來科學(xué)家通過計算得出火星上有水應(yīng)該是在Pre-Noachian這個時期,這*了科學(xué)家以前的預(yù)想,因為根據(jù)以前的研究,火星上Noachian這個時期氣候更為溫暖濕潤,比較可能有水,而Pre-Noachian這個時期十分寒冷,是不可能有水的。此時有一個女生問教授,山谷里的水為什么會突然沒有,是不是因為Pre-Noachian時期太過寒冷?教授說這個問題不重要,因為在火星上發(fā)現(xiàn)水這件事本身就很令人十分振奮,不必關(guān)注其他問題。
我們來看看關(guān)于火星上的水這個高頻話題下的相關(guān)背景知識:
1. 首先,我們?yōu)槭裁匆诨鹦巧蠈ふ宜?一個星球必須具備哪些條件才能有生命存在?
Life is understood to require liquid water, but it is not the only essential requirement for life. These requirements include water, an energy source, and materials necessary for cellular growth, while all under appropriate environmental conditions.
2. Valley, delta, shoreline對證明火星上水的存在有多么重要?
Most scientists agree that liquid water must have played a role in the formation of the bulk of the valleys on Mars, largely on the basis of both the known widespread distribution of ice on Mars and also the physical properties of liquid water (e.g., viscosity) that almost uniquely allow it to flow thousands of kilometers downhill as streams. Channel features on what are interpreted as eroded deltas at the foot of some networks (e.g., in Eberswalde crater) are also uniquely associated with formation by flowing water.
大部分科學(xué)家贊成火星上大量的峽谷的形成必然有液態(tài)水的原因,冰川的大量分布以及水的特性(比如粘度)使其能夠順流而下幾千公里,這些都是推論的基礎(chǔ)。以峽谷網(wǎng)絡(luò)(比如Eberswalde crater)底部被腐蝕的三角洲為特征的渠道也與流水的形成具有獨特的關(guān)聯(lián)性。
A river delta is a landform that forms from deposition of sediment carried by a river as the flow leaves its mouth and enters slower-moving or standing water. Researchers have found a number of examples of deltas that formed in Martian lakes. Finding deltas is a major sign that Mars once had large amounts of water. Deltas have been found over a wide geographical range. Below are pictures of a few.
河流三角洲是一種地形,當(dāng)河流離開河口,流入流速更慢或靜止的水體時留下的沉淀物形成的。研究者們發(fā)現(xiàn)了很多火星上的湖泊形成的三角洲,這是證明火星上曾經(jīng)有大量水的一個主要標(biāo)志。被發(fā)現(xiàn)的三角洲分布在各地,以下列了一部分:
A shore or a shoreline is the fringe of land at the edge of a large body of water, such as an ocean, sea, or lake. Much of the northern hemisphere of Mars lies about 5 km lower in elevation than the southern highlands. This dichotomy has existed since the Pre-Noachian. Water draining from the southern highlands during the Noachian would be expected to pool in the northern hemisphere, forming an ocean (Oceanus Borealis). Unfortunately, the existence and nature of a Noachian ocean remains uncertain because subsequent geologic activity has erased much of the geomorphic evidence.
岸或者岸線是陸地到達(dá)一個巨大的水體,諸如海洋和湖泊時的邊緣?;鹦潜卑肭虻拇蟛糠值暮0伪饶习肭蚋咴牡图s5km,這個差距從Pre-Noachian時期就存在。Noachian時期從南部高原流下的水可能在北半球聚集形成海洋。然而這種說法的缺乏證據(jù),因為后幾個時期的地質(zhì)活動基本抹去了這些地質(zhì)證據(jù)。
The traces of several possible Noachian- and Hesperian-aged shorelines have been identified along the dichotomy boundary, but this evidence has been challenged. Paleoshorelines mapped within Hellas Planitia, along with other geomorphic evidence, suggest that large, ice-covered lakes or a sea covered the interior of the Hellas basin during the Noachian period. In 2010, researchers used the global distribution of deltas and valley networks to argue for the existence of a Noachian shoreline in the northern hemisphere.
在南北半球海拔落差的分界線科學(xué)家們發(fā)現(xiàn)了一些N和H時期的岸線(雖然這些岸線的證據(jù)被挑戰(zhàn)),在Hellas Planitia發(fā)現(xiàn)的古岸線以及一些其他的地質(zhì)證據(jù)都指出了在N時期Hellas盆地的內(nèi)部可能存在大面積被冰覆蓋的湖泊或海洋。2010年,研究者們用分布于整個火星的三角洲和峽谷網(wǎng)絡(luò)證據(jù)來爭論N時期北半球的岸線的存在。
3.火星上的地質(zhì)時期
The periods were named after places on Mars that have large-scale surface features. From oldest to youngest, the time periods are:
Martian Time Periods (Millions of Years Ago)
• Pre-Noachian (Early-Noachian, or Phyllocian Era): 根據(jù)研究,科學(xué)家相信這個時期colder and more arid (drier),不太可能有水的形成。更多的證據(jù)和研究都集中在Noachian時期。
• Noachian Period (named after Noachis Terra): 根據(jù)研究,這個時期火星表面出現(xiàn)了非常明顯的腐蝕現(xiàn)象(erosion),還有其他山谷網(wǎng)絡(luò)(valley networks),三角洲(delta)等證據(jù)證明,這個時期的氣候更為wet and warm,更有可能存在水。
4. 2015年9月28日NASA宣布在火星上找到了液態(tài)水的證據(jù),我們來看一下下面這個簡短的生肉視頻,語速和內(nèi)容的難度中等,大家可以順便練練聽力,其中涉及的一些重要學(xué)科詞匯已經(jīng)列在下面:
Martian surface 火星表面, extraterrestrial life 外星生命,microorganism 微生物,perchlorate 高氯酸鹽,deposit the salt 沉淀鹽,molecular water 分子水,subsurface reservoir 地下水庫
另外補充兩個本次找到液態(tài)水證據(jù)的關(guān)鍵詞:
brine鹵水,recurring slope lineae周期性斜坡線
Read more:
http://www.timeforkids.com/news/water-found-mars/277651
http://www.economist.com/news/science-and-technology/21668688-latest-research-bolsters-idea-wateror-least-brineflows?fsrc=rss
5. 關(guān)于移民火星?
相信追生活大爆炸的同學(xué)們都看過有一集講Sheldon報名想要成為第一批移民火星的人,而沒有把這件事告訴Amy,Amy很生氣。不得不說TBBT的編劇總是很跟得上時代的潮流,什么火寫什么,劇里提到的火星殖民計劃就來自一家荷蘭的私人太空旅行公司,他們計劃選4個人送到火星開啟對于火星的殖民之旅,結(jié)果收到了超過20萬人報名。我們的宇宙男神Elon Musk先生也有類似雄心壯志的計劃。(ps. Musk先生也是主頁菌的男神哦!)
Read more:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_One
6. 最后,我們來講一下Bruno Mars
…請大家Uptown Funk搖起來…
2016年2月27日 聽力考試第3篇Lecture綜述:
教授講了火星上發(fā)現(xiàn)水的問題??茖W(xué)家在valley里發(fā)現(xiàn)有小溪匯入山谷的痕跡,由于當(dāng)時攝像機精度較小,只能隱約看到6個三角洲(delta),由此可以猜測火星上曾經(jīng)有水,但是還不能完全確定,因為還需要另一種證據(jù):岸線(shoreline)。后來,隨著設(shè)備的更新,精度擴大了(finer scale), 科學(xué)家們看到了岸線,由此可以證明火星上有水。然而還存在另一個問題:隨著時間的流逝,山谷里的岸線并不是一點一點退卻的,而是突然沒有的。后來科學(xué)家通過計算得出火星上有水應(yīng)該是在Pre-Noachian這個時期,這*了科學(xué)家以前的預(yù)想,因為根據(jù)以前的研究,火星上Noachian這個時期氣候更為溫暖濕潤,比較可能有水,而Pre-Noachian這個時期十分寒冷,是不可能有水的。此時有一個女生問教授,山谷里的水為什么會突然沒有,是不是因為Pre-Noachian時期太過寒冷?教授說這個問題不重要,因為在火星上發(fā)現(xiàn)水這件事本身就很令人十分振奮,不必關(guān)注其他問題。
我們來看看關(guān)于火星上的水這個高頻話題下的相關(guān)背景知識:
1. 首先,我們?yōu)槭裁匆诨鹦巧蠈ふ宜?一個星球必須具備哪些條件才能有生命存在?
Life is understood to require liquid water, but it is not the only essential requirement for life. These requirements include water, an energy source, and materials necessary for cellular growth, while all under appropriate environmental conditions.
2. Valley, delta, shoreline對證明火星上水的存在有多么重要?
Most scientists agree that liquid water must have played a role in the formation of the bulk of the valleys on Mars, largely on the basis of both the known widespread distribution of ice on Mars and also the physical properties of liquid water (e.g., viscosity) that almost uniquely allow it to flow thousands of kilometers downhill as streams. Channel features on what are interpreted as eroded deltas at the foot of some networks (e.g., in Eberswalde crater) are also uniquely associated with formation by flowing water.
大部分科學(xué)家贊成火星上大量的峽谷的形成必然有液態(tài)水的原因,冰川的大量分布以及水的特性(比如粘度)使其能夠順流而下幾千公里,這些都是推論的基礎(chǔ)。以峽谷網(wǎng)絡(luò)(比如Eberswalde crater)底部被腐蝕的三角洲為特征的渠道也與流水的形成具有獨特的關(guān)聯(lián)性。
A river delta is a landform that forms from deposition of sediment carried by a river as the flow leaves its mouth and enters slower-moving or standing water. Researchers have found a number of examples of deltas that formed in Martian lakes. Finding deltas is a major sign that Mars once had large amounts of water. Deltas have been found over a wide geographical range. Below are pictures of a few.
河流三角洲是一種地形,當(dāng)河流離開河口,流入流速更慢或靜止的水體時留下的沉淀物形成的。研究者們發(fā)現(xiàn)了很多火星上的湖泊形成的三角洲,這是證明火星上曾經(jīng)有大量水的一個主要標(biāo)志。被發(fā)現(xiàn)的三角洲分布在各地,以下列了一部分:
A shore or a shoreline is the fringe of land at the edge of a large body of water, such as an ocean, sea, or lake. Much of the northern hemisphere of Mars lies about 5 km lower in elevation than the southern highlands. This dichotomy has existed since the Pre-Noachian. Water draining from the southern highlands during the Noachian would be expected to pool in the northern hemisphere, forming an ocean (Oceanus Borealis). Unfortunately, the existence and nature of a Noachian ocean remains uncertain because subsequent geologic activity has erased much of the geomorphic evidence.
岸或者岸線是陸地到達(dá)一個巨大的水體,諸如海洋和湖泊時的邊緣?;鹦潜卑肭虻拇蟛糠值暮0伪饶习肭蚋咴牡图s5km,這個差距從Pre-Noachian時期就存在。Noachian時期從南部高原流下的水可能在北半球聚集形成海洋。然而這種說法的缺乏證據(jù),因為后幾個時期的地質(zhì)活動基本抹去了這些地質(zhì)證據(jù)。
The traces of several possible Noachian- and Hesperian-aged shorelines have been identified along the dichotomy boundary, but this evidence has been challenged. Paleoshorelines mapped within Hellas Planitia, along with other geomorphic evidence, suggest that large, ice-covered lakes or a sea covered the interior of the Hellas basin during the Noachian period. In 2010, researchers used the global distribution of deltas and valley networks to argue for the existence of a Noachian shoreline in the northern hemisphere.
在南北半球海拔落差的分界線科學(xué)家們發(fā)現(xiàn)了一些N和H時期的岸線(雖然這些岸線的證據(jù)被挑戰(zhàn)),在Hellas Planitia發(fā)現(xiàn)的古岸線以及一些其他的地質(zhì)證據(jù)都指出了在N時期Hellas盆地的內(nèi)部可能存在大面積被冰覆蓋的湖泊或海洋。2010年,研究者們用分布于整個火星的三角洲和峽谷網(wǎng)絡(luò)證據(jù)來爭論N時期北半球的岸線的存在。
3.火星上的地質(zhì)時期
The periods were named after places on Mars that have large-scale surface features. From oldest to youngest, the time periods are:
Martian Time Periods (Millions of Years Ago)
• Pre-Noachian (Early-Noachian, or Phyllocian Era): 根據(jù)研究,科學(xué)家相信這個時期colder and more arid (drier),不太可能有水的形成。更多的證據(jù)和研究都集中在Noachian時期。
• Noachian Period (named after Noachis Terra): 根據(jù)研究,這個時期火星表面出現(xiàn)了非常明顯的腐蝕現(xiàn)象(erosion),還有其他山谷網(wǎng)絡(luò)(valley networks),三角洲(delta)等證據(jù)證明,這個時期的氣候更為wet and warm,更有可能存在水。
4. 2015年9月28日NASA宣布在火星上找到了液態(tài)水的證據(jù),我們來看一下下面這個簡短的生肉視頻,語速和內(nèi)容的難度中等,大家可以順便練練聽力,其中涉及的一些重要學(xué)科詞匯已經(jīng)列在下面:
Martian surface 火星表面, extraterrestrial life 外星生命,microorganism 微生物,perchlorate 高氯酸鹽,deposit the salt 沉淀鹽,molecular water 分子水,subsurface reservoir 地下水庫
另外補充兩個本次找到液態(tài)水證據(jù)的關(guān)鍵詞:
brine鹵水,recurring slope lineae周期性斜坡線
Read more:
http://www.timeforkids.com/news/water-found-mars/277651
http://www.economist.com/news/science-and-technology/21668688-latest-research-bolsters-idea-wateror-least-brineflows?fsrc=rss
5. 關(guān)于移民火星?
相信追生活大爆炸的同學(xué)們都看過有一集講Sheldon報名想要成為第一批移民火星的人,而沒有把這件事告訴Amy,Amy很生氣。不得不說TBBT的編劇總是很跟得上時代的潮流,什么火寫什么,劇里提到的火星殖民計劃就來自一家荷蘭的私人太空旅行公司,他們計劃選4個人送到火星開啟對于火星的殖民之旅,結(jié)果收到了超過20萬人報名。我們的宇宙男神Elon Musk先生也有類似雄心壯志的計劃。(ps. Musk先生也是主頁菌的男神哦!)
Read more:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_One
6. 最后,我們來講一下Bruno Mars
…請大家Uptown Funk搖起來…