一、 詩(shī)的格律 “格律是指可以用腳打拍子的節(jié)奏”,是每個(gè)音步輕重音節(jié)排列的格式,也是朗讀時(shí)輕重音的依據(jù).而音步是由重讀音節(jié)和非重讀音節(jié)構(gòu)成的詩(shī)的分析單位.重讀音節(jié)為揚(yáng)（重）,在音節(jié)上用“－”或“?”標(biāo)示,非重讀音節(jié)為抑（輕）,在音節(jié)上用“?”標(biāo)示,音步之間可用“／”隔開(kāi).以下是五種常見(jiàn)格式：
1. 抑揚(yáng)格（輕重格）Iambus：是最常見(jiàn)的一種格式,每個(gè)音步由一個(gè)非重讀音節(jié)加一個(gè)重讀音節(jié)構(gòu)成.
As fair / art thou / my bon/nie lass,
So deep / in luve / am I ：
And I / will luve / thee still,/ my dear, Till a` / the seas / gang dry：
Robert Burns（1759-1796）： My Luve Is like a Red, Red Rose
注；art=are luve=love bonnie=beautiful a`=all gang=go
上例中為四音步與三音步交叉,可標(biāo)示為：?－／?－／?－／（?－）
2.揚(yáng)抑格（重輕格）Trochee：每個(gè)音步由一個(gè)重讀音節(jié)加一個(gè)非重讀音節(jié)構(gòu)成.
下例中為四音步揚(yáng)抑格（少一個(gè)輕音節(jié)）,可標(biāo)示為：－?／－?／－?／－
Tyger!/ Tyger!/ burning / bright
In the / forests / of the / night
William Blake： The Tyger
3. 抑抑揚(yáng)格（輕輕重格）Anapaestic foot： 每個(gè)音步由兩個(gè)非重讀音節(jié)加一個(gè)重讀音節(jié)構(gòu)成.如：三音步抑抑揚(yáng)格?－／?－／?－
Like a child / from the womb,
Like a ghost / from the tomb,
I arise / and unbuild / it again.
4. 揚(yáng)抑抑格（重輕輕格）Dactylic foot： 每個(gè)音步由一個(gè)重讀音節(jié)加兩個(gè)非重讀音節(jié)構(gòu)成.如：兩音步揚(yáng)抑抑格－?／－?
?Touch her not / ?scornfully,
?Think of her / ?mournfully.
- Thomas Hood
5. 抑揚(yáng)抑格（輕重輕格）Amphibrach：每個(gè)音步由一個(gè)非重讀音節(jié)加一個(gè)重讀音節(jié)再加一個(gè)非重讀音節(jié)構(gòu)成.如：三音步抑揚(yáng)抑格?－?／?－?／?－?下例中最后一個(gè)音步為抑揚(yáng)格.
O ?hush thee / my ?babie / thy ?sire was / a knight.
在同一首詩(shī)中常會(huì)出現(xiàn)不同的格律,格律解析對(duì)朗讀詩(shī)歌有一定參考價(jià)值.現(xiàn)代詩(shī)中常不遵守規(guī)范的格律.
二、 詩(shī)的押韻
押韻是指通過(guò)重復(fù)元音或輔音以達(dá)到一定音韻效果的詩(shī)歌寫(xiě)作手法.
1. 尾韻：最常見(jiàn),最重要的押韻方式.
1） 聯(lián)韻：aabb型.
I shot an arrow into the air,
It fell to earth, I knew not where；
For, so swiftly it flew, the sight
Could not follow it in its flight.
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow： The Arrow and the Song
2） 交叉韻：abab型.
Sunset and evening star,
And one clear call for me!
And may there be no moaning of the bar,
When I put out to sea,
Alfred Tennyson（1809-1892）： Crossing the Bar
3） 同韻：有的詩(shī)押韻,一韻到底,大多是在同一節(jié)詩(shī)中共用一個(gè)韻腳.
如下例就共用／i：p／為韻腳.
The woods are lovely, dark and deep,
But I have promises to keep,
And miles to go before I sleep,
And miles to go before I sleep.
Robert Frost （1874-1963）： Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening
2. 頭韻：是指一行（節(jié)）詩(shī)中幾個(gè)詞開(kāi)頭的輔音相同,形成押韻.下例中運(yùn)用／f／、／b／與／s／頭韻生動(dòng)寫(xiě)出了船在海上輕快航行的景象.
The fair breeze blew, the white foam flew,
The furrow followed free,
We were the first that ever burst
Into that silent sea.
1. 抑揚(yáng)格（輕重格）Iambus：是最常見(jiàn)的一種格式,每個(gè)音步由一個(gè)非重讀音節(jié)加一個(gè)重讀音節(jié)構(gòu)成.
As fair / art thou / my bon/nie lass,
So deep / in luve / am I ：
And I / will luve / thee still,/ my dear, Till a` / the seas / gang dry：
Robert Burns（1759-1796）： My Luve Is like a Red, Red Rose
注；art=are luve=love bonnie=beautiful a`=all gang=go
上例中為四音步與三音步交叉,可標(biāo)示為：?－／?－／?－／（?－）
2.揚(yáng)抑格（重輕格）Trochee：每個(gè)音步由一個(gè)重讀音節(jié)加一個(gè)非重讀音節(jié)構(gòu)成.
下例中為四音步揚(yáng)抑格（少一個(gè)輕音節(jié)）,可標(biāo)示為：－?／－?／－?／－
Tyger!/ Tyger!/ burning / bright
In the / forests / of the / night
William Blake： The Tyger
3. 抑抑揚(yáng)格（輕輕重格）Anapaestic foot： 每個(gè)音步由兩個(gè)非重讀音節(jié)加一個(gè)重讀音節(jié)構(gòu)成.如：三音步抑抑揚(yáng)格?－／?－／?－
Like a child / from the womb,
Like a ghost / from the tomb,
I arise / and unbuild / it again.
4. 揚(yáng)抑抑格（重輕輕格）Dactylic foot： 每個(gè)音步由一個(gè)重讀音節(jié)加兩個(gè)非重讀音節(jié)構(gòu)成.如：兩音步揚(yáng)抑抑格－?／－?
?Touch her not / ?scornfully,
?Think of her / ?mournfully.
- Thomas Hood
5. 抑揚(yáng)抑格（輕重輕格）Amphibrach：每個(gè)音步由一個(gè)非重讀音節(jié)加一個(gè)重讀音節(jié)再加一個(gè)非重讀音節(jié)構(gòu)成.如：三音步抑揚(yáng)抑格?－?／?－?／?－?下例中最后一個(gè)音步為抑揚(yáng)格.
O ?hush thee / my ?babie / thy ?sire was / a knight.
在同一首詩(shī)中常會(huì)出現(xiàn)不同的格律,格律解析對(duì)朗讀詩(shī)歌有一定參考價(jià)值.現(xiàn)代詩(shī)中常不遵守規(guī)范的格律.
二、 詩(shī)的押韻
押韻是指通過(guò)重復(fù)元音或輔音以達(dá)到一定音韻效果的詩(shī)歌寫(xiě)作手法.
1. 尾韻：最常見(jiàn),最重要的押韻方式.
1） 聯(lián)韻：aabb型.
I shot an arrow into the air,
It fell to earth, I knew not where；
For, so swiftly it flew, the sight
Could not follow it in its flight.
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow： The Arrow and the Song
2） 交叉韻：abab型.
Sunset and evening star,
And one clear call for me!
And may there be no moaning of the bar,
When I put out to sea,
Alfred Tennyson（1809-1892）： Crossing the Bar
3） 同韻：有的詩(shī)押韻,一韻到底,大多是在同一節(jié)詩(shī)中共用一個(gè)韻腳.
如下例就共用／i：p／為韻腳.
The woods are lovely, dark and deep,
But I have promises to keep,
And miles to go before I sleep,
And miles to go before I sleep.
Robert Frost （1874-1963）： Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening
2. 頭韻：是指一行（節(jié)）詩(shī)中幾個(gè)詞開(kāi)頭的輔音相同,形成押韻.下例中運(yùn)用／f／、／b／與／s／頭韻生動(dòng)寫(xiě)出了船在海上輕快航行的景象.
The fair breeze blew, the white foam flew,
The furrow followed free,
We were the first that ever burst
Into that silent sea.