121、yet waizer’s argument，however deficient，does point to one of the most serious weak-nesses of capitalism-namely，that it brings to predominant positions in a society people who，no matter how legitimately they have earned their material rewards，often lack those other qualities that evoke affection or admiration. （5）
然則，沃爾澤的論點，無論它不充分到何種地步，確實揭示了資本主義體制中最嚴重的一個弱點，即它將某一類人置于社會中的顯赫地位置，這類人無論以怎樣合法的方式獲得了其物質(zhì)報償，卻常常缺乏其它那些能喚起他人受戴和欽佩的品質(zhì)。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語、倒裝
解釋：第一個插入語however deficient 中的however在此不是轉(zhuǎn)折連詞，而是副詞，等于no matter how，但是因為后面出現(xiàn)了no matter how，而作者又追求語言表述的多樣性，所以作者在此使用了however deficient這樣較為少見的(但在gre考試中多見)的語言。
盡管本句的插入語較多，第二個插入語很長，但是本句的真正難點在倒裝上。破折號后面的部分是主句賓語的同位語從句，此從句中固定搭配bring a to b被倒裝成了bring to ba。如果把這句話恢復(fù)成正常語序，則是it brings people who, no matter how legitimately they have earned their materiall rewards, often lask those other qualities that evoke affection or admiration to predominant positions in a society。很明顯，這樣的語序會顯得頭重腳輕。
意群訓(xùn)練：yet waizer’s argument，however deficient，does point to one of the most serious weak- nesses of capitalism-namely，that it brings to predominant positions in a society people who，no matter how legitimately they have earned their material rewards，often lack those other qualities that evoke affection or admiration.
122、the appreciation of traditional oral american indian literature has been limited，hampered by poor translations and by the difficulty，even in the rare culturally sensitive and aesthetically satisfying translation，of completely conveying the original’s verse structure，tone，and syntax.（4 - ）對美國印第安人傳統(tǒng)口頭文學(xué)的欣賞，一直被質(zhì)量低劣的翻譯所限制和妨礙，并且即使是那種不可多得的既體現(xiàn)著文化敏感性，又在美學(xué)上令人滿意的譯作，也難以完全傳遞出原作的詩體結(jié)構(gòu)、語調(diào)和句法。
注：the difficulty (….) of：括號中的是插入語
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語
解釋：本句的插入語不好對付，一來它的長度比較長，而且修飾層次多，內(nèi)容也不甚好懂，二來這個插入語正好嵌在difficulty of的中間，割裂了句意。
意群訓(xùn)練：the appreciation of traditional oral american indian literature has been limited，hampered by poor translations and by the difficulty，even in the rare culturally sensitive and aesthetically satisfying translation，of completely conveying the original’s verse structure，tone，and syntax.
123、mores， which embodied each culture’s ideal principles for governing every citizen， were developed in the belief that the foundation of a community lies in the cultivation of individual powers to be placed in service to the community. （4+）“風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣”，體現(xiàn)了每一文化制約每個公民的理想準則，它是在這種信仰中發(fā)展而來的，即一個社會的基礎(chǔ)在于個人能力的培養(yǎng)，并將這些個人能力置于對社會的服務(wù)之中。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語、抽象詞
解釋：與前面的絕大多數(shù)句子相比，本句的結(jié)構(gòu)算不上復(fù)雜。但是由于句意抽象，所以讀到the cultivation of individuall powers to be placed in servicee to the comm.unity的時候容易讀不懂，因為后面的這個不定式既有可能是修飾cultivation的，也有可能是修飾individual powers的。這里修飾的是后者。而且這里的individual powers to be placed in servicee to the comm.unity不應(yīng)翻譯成“individuall powers to serve the comm.unity”即可。此文強調(diào)這種individual power被置于一種位置、一種定位。當然這種細微的差別不一定會影響答題，但有時會對文章的理解產(chǎn)生影響。
意群訓(xùn)練：mores， which embodied each culture’s ideal principles for governing every citizen， were developed in the belief that the foundation of a community lies in the cultivation of individual powers to be placed in service to the community.
124、only in the case of the february revolution do we lack a useful description of participants that might characterize it in the light of what social history has taught us about the process of revolutionary mobilization. （5）
唯獨在二月革命（the february revolution）這一情形中，我們?nèi)狈σ环N有用的有關(guān)參加者的描述，而這一描述則有可能按照社會歷史有關(guān)革命動員過程所教給我們的內(nèi)容來勾畫出這場革命的性質(zhì)。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、倒裝、易淆指代
解釋：句首雖有一個倒裝，但是這種簡單結(jié)構(gòu)并不能給我們的讀者帶來大的影響；倒是主句賓語a useful descryiption of participants之后的定語從句that might characterize it中的兩個易混指代及其后的狀語in the light of給我們的理解造成了巨大的困難。
首先，that從句所修飾的不是participants，而是description。緊隨其后的it指的則是前面的february revolution。判斷這兩點的惟一方法就是通過句子的意思，沒有任何其他途徑。后面的in the light of…是按照…、根據(jù)….的意思，其英文解釋為from the point of view。后面的層層修飾雖然有一定的難度，但是我們已經(jīng)在前面的句子中司空見慣，在此不多做解釋。
意群訓(xùn)練：only in the case of the february revolution do we lack a useful description of participants that might characterize it in the light of what social history has taught us about the process of revolutionary mobilization.
125、as a consequence, it may prove difficult or impossible to establish for a successful revolution a comprehensive and trustworthy picture of those who participated, or to answer even the most basic questions one might pose concerning the social origins of the insurgents.（5）
作為一個結(jié)果，有兩件事就變得很困難或者根本不可能，1、為一次成功的革命建立起一個詳盡的并可信的關(guān)于參加者的描述；2、回答人們會問的、關(guān)于起義者的社會背景的甚至是最為基本的問題。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、倒裝、省略
解釋：主句的主語it是形式主語，其真正內(nèi)容在后面的兩個由or連接的并列的不定式中，前一個不定式中出現(xiàn)了一個大型倒裝，to establish /for a successful revolution/ a comprehensivee and trustworthy picture of those who participated 的正常語序是to establish a comprehensivee and trustworthy picture(of those who participated)/for a successful revolution。對于類似的結(jié)構(gòu)，讀者如果按照筆者的要求認真地過前面的難句，訓(xùn)練到現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)有所感覺。正確的現(xiàn)場感覺是這樣：看到established之后沒有出現(xiàn)賓語，而是直接出現(xiàn)表示目的的for，句意不完整，大腦就會根據(jù)前面訓(xùn)練得出的經(jīng)驗自動判斷可能有倒裝的結(jié)構(gòu)；讀者本人的反應(yīng)就是隱隱覺得后面應(yīng)該有established的具體內(nèi)容。因為有這種預(yù)期，讀到a comprehensivee and trustworthy picture的時候，正好可以把它與沒有說完的established連在一起。
后面的不定式的賓語even the most basic questions之后有兩個并列的賓語，第一個是省略了引導(dǎo)詞的定語從句that one might pose，第二個分詞修飾concerning the sociall origins of the insurgents。
意群訓(xùn)練：as a consequence, it may prove difficult or impossible to establish for a successful revolution a comprehensive and trustworthy picture of those who participated, or to answer even the most basic questions one might pose concerning the social origins of the insurgents.
126、anthropologists and others are on much firmer ground when they attempt to describe the cultural norms for a small homogeneous tribe or village than when they undertake the formidable task of discovering the norms that exist in a complex modern nation state composed of many disparate groups.（4）
當人類學(xué)家和其他人試圖去描述一個小規(guī)模的同一性質(zhì)（homogeneous）部落或村落的文化標準時，他們處在一種要堅實得多的基礎(chǔ)上。相對而言，當他們著手從事這樣一個艱巨的任務(wù)，即去揭示存在于一個復(fù)雜的、由許多彼此間毫無聯(lián)系的群體所構(gòu)成的現(xiàn)代單一民族的獨立國家（nation-state）時，他們就具備一個同樣堅實的基礎(chǔ)。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾
解釋：句子的結(jié)構(gòu)拉得很長，主要原因是用來比較的兩個when引導(dǎo)的狀語從句都太長，句子的主干是anthroplogists are on much firmer ground/when…/than/when…/。結(jié)果more than的結(jié)構(gòu)被長長的狀語從句分隔得很遠。
另外，第二個when 引導(dǎo)的從句中的賓語也很復(fù)雜，解釋一個單詞：nation-state指單一民族的國家。此單詞的詞義不必背下來。
解釋：anthropologists and others are on much firmer ground when they attempt to describe the cultural norms for a small homogeneous tribe or village than when they undertake the formidable task of discovering the norms that exist in a complex modern nation state composed of many disparate groups.
127、the italian influence is likely, whatever valdez immediate source: the mexican carpas themselves are said to have originated from the theater pieces of a sixteenth-century spanish writer inspired by encounters with italian commedia dell’arte troupes on tour in spain.（4+）
不管v的直接來源是什么，意大利的影響都有可能存在：墨西哥的c戲劇本身就被認為來自于16世紀的西班牙作家的戲劇作品，而那些作家的靈感來自與他們與在西班牙巡回演出的意大利cd劇團的遭遇。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾
解釋：本句的冒號以后的分句中的from 引導(dǎo)的狀語的結(jié)構(gòu)又是典型的層層修飾，再加上主句的內(nèi)容，整個句子的意思很難理順。到底是什么來自于什么？
意群訓(xùn)練：the italian influence is likely, whatever valdez immediate source: the mexican carpas themselves are said to have originated from the theater pieces of a sixteenth-century spanish writer inspired by encounters with italian commedia dell’arte troupes on tour in spain.
128、it has thus generally been by way of the emphasis on oral literary creativity that these chicano writers，whose english language works are sometimes uninspired，developed the powerful and arresting language that characterized their spanish-language works. 因此，一般而言，正是通過對口頭文學(xué)創(chuàng)造性的強調(diào)，這些奇卡諾作家——其英語作品時常顯得缺乏靈感——才得以發(fā)展一種強有力的和富于吸引力的語言，并以此構(gòu)成了他們西班牙語作品的特征。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語
解釋：讀者們閱讀本句的時候一定感覺極其別扭。首先，我們盡管知道it has been …that..。這種結(jié)構(gòu)是一種強調(diào)語氣，但是it has thus generally been by way of the emphasis on oral literary creativeity that…看上去就極不舒服。當然從語法上講這么說是可以的，可是我們確實很少見到it has been 和that之間插入這么多東西的說法。解釋一下by way of的意思，就是通過什么樣的方法、通過某種手段的意思。其英文釋義為by the route of，同義詞是via。
that以后的內(nèi)容看上去更費勁，既有長插入語分開主謂，又有復(fù)雜修飾的賓語。本句之所以結(jié)構(gòu)怪異，意思費解，其原因是作者為了強調(diào)這個口頭文學(xué)的方法。否則，句子可以寫得比較好懂:
thus, these chicano writers, whose english-language works are sometimes uninspired, developed the powerfull and arresting languagee that characterized their spanish-language works.generally by way of the emphasis on oral literary creativeity.
意群訓(xùn)練：it has thus generally been by way of the emphasis on oral literary creativity that these chicano writers，whose english language works are sometimes uninspired，developed the powerful and arresting language that characterized their spanish-language works.
129、to measure them properly，monitoring equipment would have to be laid out on a grid at intervals of at most 50 kilometers，with sensors at each grid point lowered deep in the ocean and kept there for many months.
為了恰當?shù)販y量它們，監(jiān)測設(shè)備必須被設(shè)置在一網(wǎng)絡(luò)上，彼此的間距最多為五十公里，位于每個網(wǎng)點的感應(yīng)器沉放至海洋深處，并在許多個月中一直固定在那里。 (原書無此句)
130、this declaration，which was echoed in the text of the fourteenth amendment，was designed primarily to counter the supreme court’s ruling in dred scott v. sandford that black people in the united states could be denied citizenship. （3）
這一在第十四條修正案的文本中被復(fù)述的宣言，主要是旨在對抗法院在“dred scott訴sandford”一案中的判決，此判決裁定，在美國的黑人可被剝奪公民權(quán)。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語
解釋：句中的兩個插入語分別起到了兩個有效的分割作用：第一個隔開了主句的主語和謂語；第二個分開了作狀語的不定式中的賓語及其同位語從句。
意群訓(xùn)練：this declaration，which was echoed in the text of the fourteenth amendment，was designed primarily to counter the supreme court’s ruling in dred scott v. sandford that black people in the united states could be denied citizenship.
然則，沃爾澤的論點，無論它不充分到何種地步，確實揭示了資本主義體制中最嚴重的一個弱點，即它將某一類人置于社會中的顯赫地位置，這類人無論以怎樣合法的方式獲得了其物質(zhì)報償，卻常常缺乏其它那些能喚起他人受戴和欽佩的品質(zhì)。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語、倒裝
解釋：第一個插入語however deficient 中的however在此不是轉(zhuǎn)折連詞，而是副詞，等于no matter how，但是因為后面出現(xiàn)了no matter how，而作者又追求語言表述的多樣性，所以作者在此使用了however deficient這樣較為少見的(但在gre考試中多見)的語言。
盡管本句的插入語較多，第二個插入語很長，但是本句的真正難點在倒裝上。破折號后面的部分是主句賓語的同位語從句，此從句中固定搭配bring a to b被倒裝成了bring to ba。如果把這句話恢復(fù)成正常語序，則是it brings people who, no matter how legitimately they have earned their materiall rewards, often lask those other qualities that evoke affection or admiration to predominant positions in a society。很明顯，這樣的語序會顯得頭重腳輕。
意群訓(xùn)練：yet waizer’s argument，however deficient，does point to one of the most serious weak- nesses of capitalism-namely，that it brings to predominant positions in a society people who，no matter how legitimately they have earned their material rewards，often lack those other qualities that evoke affection or admiration.
122、the appreciation of traditional oral american indian literature has been limited，hampered by poor translations and by the difficulty，even in the rare culturally sensitive and aesthetically satisfying translation，of completely conveying the original’s verse structure，tone，and syntax.（4 - ）對美國印第安人傳統(tǒng)口頭文學(xué)的欣賞，一直被質(zhì)量低劣的翻譯所限制和妨礙，并且即使是那種不可多得的既體現(xiàn)著文化敏感性，又在美學(xué)上令人滿意的譯作，也難以完全傳遞出原作的詩體結(jié)構(gòu)、語調(diào)和句法。
注：the difficulty (….) of：括號中的是插入語
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語
解釋：本句的插入語不好對付，一來它的長度比較長，而且修飾層次多，內(nèi)容也不甚好懂，二來這個插入語正好嵌在difficulty of的中間，割裂了句意。
意群訓(xùn)練：the appreciation of traditional oral american indian literature has been limited，hampered by poor translations and by the difficulty，even in the rare culturally sensitive and aesthetically satisfying translation，of completely conveying the original’s verse structure，tone，and syntax.
123、mores， which embodied each culture’s ideal principles for governing every citizen， were developed in the belief that the foundation of a community lies in the cultivation of individual powers to be placed in service to the community. （4+）“風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣”，體現(xiàn)了每一文化制約每個公民的理想準則，它是在這種信仰中發(fā)展而來的，即一個社會的基礎(chǔ)在于個人能力的培養(yǎng)，并將這些個人能力置于對社會的服務(wù)之中。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語、抽象詞
解釋：與前面的絕大多數(shù)句子相比，本句的結(jié)構(gòu)算不上復(fù)雜。但是由于句意抽象，所以讀到the cultivation of individuall powers to be placed in servicee to the comm.unity的時候容易讀不懂，因為后面的這個不定式既有可能是修飾cultivation的，也有可能是修飾individual powers的。這里修飾的是后者。而且這里的individual powers to be placed in servicee to the comm.unity不應(yīng)翻譯成“individuall powers to serve the comm.unity”即可。此文強調(diào)這種individual power被置于一種位置、一種定位。當然這種細微的差別不一定會影響答題，但有時會對文章的理解產(chǎn)生影響。
意群訓(xùn)練：mores， which embodied each culture’s ideal principles for governing every citizen， were developed in the belief that the foundation of a community lies in the cultivation of individual powers to be placed in service to the community.
124、only in the case of the february revolution do we lack a useful description of participants that might characterize it in the light of what social history has taught us about the process of revolutionary mobilization. （5）
唯獨在二月革命（the february revolution）這一情形中，我們?nèi)狈σ环N有用的有關(guān)參加者的描述，而這一描述則有可能按照社會歷史有關(guān)革命動員過程所教給我們的內(nèi)容來勾畫出這場革命的性質(zhì)。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、倒裝、易淆指代
解釋：句首雖有一個倒裝，但是這種簡單結(jié)構(gòu)并不能給我們的讀者帶來大的影響；倒是主句賓語a useful descryiption of participants之后的定語從句that might characterize it中的兩個易混指代及其后的狀語in the light of給我們的理解造成了巨大的困難。
首先，that從句所修飾的不是participants，而是description。緊隨其后的it指的則是前面的february revolution。判斷這兩點的惟一方法就是通過句子的意思，沒有任何其他途徑。后面的in the light of…是按照…、根據(jù)….的意思，其英文解釋為from the point of view。后面的層層修飾雖然有一定的難度，但是我們已經(jīng)在前面的句子中司空見慣，在此不多做解釋。
意群訓(xùn)練：only in the case of the february revolution do we lack a useful description of participants that might characterize it in the light of what social history has taught us about the process of revolutionary mobilization.
125、as a consequence, it may prove difficult or impossible to establish for a successful revolution a comprehensive and trustworthy picture of those who participated, or to answer even the most basic questions one might pose concerning the social origins of the insurgents.（5）
作為一個結(jié)果，有兩件事就變得很困難或者根本不可能，1、為一次成功的革命建立起一個詳盡的并可信的關(guān)于參加者的描述；2、回答人們會問的、關(guān)于起義者的社會背景的甚至是最為基本的問題。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、倒裝、省略
解釋：主句的主語it是形式主語，其真正內(nèi)容在后面的兩個由or連接的并列的不定式中，前一個不定式中出現(xiàn)了一個大型倒裝，to establish /for a successful revolution/ a comprehensivee and trustworthy picture of those who participated 的正常語序是to establish a comprehensivee and trustworthy picture(of those who participated)/for a successful revolution。對于類似的結(jié)構(gòu)，讀者如果按照筆者的要求認真地過前面的難句，訓(xùn)練到現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)有所感覺。正確的現(xiàn)場感覺是這樣：看到established之后沒有出現(xiàn)賓語，而是直接出現(xiàn)表示目的的for，句意不完整，大腦就會根據(jù)前面訓(xùn)練得出的經(jīng)驗自動判斷可能有倒裝的結(jié)構(gòu)；讀者本人的反應(yīng)就是隱隱覺得后面應(yīng)該有established的具體內(nèi)容。因為有這種預(yù)期，讀到a comprehensivee and trustworthy picture的時候，正好可以把它與沒有說完的established連在一起。
后面的不定式的賓語even the most basic questions之后有兩個并列的賓語，第一個是省略了引導(dǎo)詞的定語從句that one might pose，第二個分詞修飾concerning the sociall origins of the insurgents。
意群訓(xùn)練：as a consequence, it may prove difficult or impossible to establish for a successful revolution a comprehensive and trustworthy picture of those who participated, or to answer even the most basic questions one might pose concerning the social origins of the insurgents.
126、anthropologists and others are on much firmer ground when they attempt to describe the cultural norms for a small homogeneous tribe or village than when they undertake the formidable task of discovering the norms that exist in a complex modern nation state composed of many disparate groups.（4）
當人類學(xué)家和其他人試圖去描述一個小規(guī)模的同一性質(zhì)（homogeneous）部落或村落的文化標準時，他們處在一種要堅實得多的基礎(chǔ)上。相對而言，當他們著手從事這樣一個艱巨的任務(wù)，即去揭示存在于一個復(fù)雜的、由許多彼此間毫無聯(lián)系的群體所構(gòu)成的現(xiàn)代單一民族的獨立國家（nation-state）時，他們就具備一個同樣堅實的基礎(chǔ)。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾
解釋：句子的結(jié)構(gòu)拉得很長，主要原因是用來比較的兩個when引導(dǎo)的狀語從句都太長，句子的主干是anthroplogists are on much firmer ground/when…/than/when…/。結(jié)果more than的結(jié)構(gòu)被長長的狀語從句分隔得很遠。
另外，第二個when 引導(dǎo)的從句中的賓語也很復(fù)雜，解釋一個單詞：nation-state指單一民族的國家。此單詞的詞義不必背下來。
解釋：anthropologists and others are on much firmer ground when they attempt to describe the cultural norms for a small homogeneous tribe or village than when they undertake the formidable task of discovering the norms that exist in a complex modern nation state composed of many disparate groups.
127、the italian influence is likely, whatever valdez immediate source: the mexican carpas themselves are said to have originated from the theater pieces of a sixteenth-century spanish writer inspired by encounters with italian commedia dell’arte troupes on tour in spain.（4+）
不管v的直接來源是什么，意大利的影響都有可能存在：墨西哥的c戲劇本身就被認為來自于16世紀的西班牙作家的戲劇作品，而那些作家的靈感來自與他們與在西班牙巡回演出的意大利cd劇團的遭遇。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾
解釋：本句的冒號以后的分句中的from 引導(dǎo)的狀語的結(jié)構(gòu)又是典型的層層修飾，再加上主句的內(nèi)容，整個句子的意思很難理順。到底是什么來自于什么？
意群訓(xùn)練：the italian influence is likely, whatever valdez immediate source: the mexican carpas themselves are said to have originated from the theater pieces of a sixteenth-century spanish writer inspired by encounters with italian commedia dell’arte troupes on tour in spain.
128、it has thus generally been by way of the emphasis on oral literary creativity that these chicano writers，whose english language works are sometimes uninspired，developed the powerful and arresting language that characterized their spanish-language works. 因此，一般而言，正是通過對口頭文學(xué)創(chuàng)造性的強調(diào)，這些奇卡諾作家——其英語作品時常顯得缺乏靈感——才得以發(fā)展一種強有力的和富于吸引力的語言，并以此構(gòu)成了他們西班牙語作品的特征。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語
解釋：讀者們閱讀本句的時候一定感覺極其別扭。首先，我們盡管知道it has been …that..。這種結(jié)構(gòu)是一種強調(diào)語氣，但是it has thus generally been by way of the emphasis on oral literary creativeity that…看上去就極不舒服。當然從語法上講這么說是可以的，可是我們確實很少見到it has been 和that之間插入這么多東西的說法。解釋一下by way of的意思，就是通過什么樣的方法、通過某種手段的意思。其英文釋義為by the route of，同義詞是via。
that以后的內(nèi)容看上去更費勁，既有長插入語分開主謂，又有復(fù)雜修飾的賓語。本句之所以結(jié)構(gòu)怪異，意思費解，其原因是作者為了強調(diào)這個口頭文學(xué)的方法。否則，句子可以寫得比較好懂:
thus, these chicano writers, whose english-language works are sometimes uninspired, developed the powerfull and arresting languagee that characterized their spanish-language works.generally by way of the emphasis on oral literary creativeity.
意群訓(xùn)練：it has thus generally been by way of the emphasis on oral literary creativity that these chicano writers，whose english language works are sometimes uninspired，developed the powerful and arresting language that characterized their spanish-language works.
129、to measure them properly，monitoring equipment would have to be laid out on a grid at intervals of at most 50 kilometers，with sensors at each grid point lowered deep in the ocean and kept there for many months.
為了恰當?shù)販y量它們，監(jiān)測設(shè)備必須被設(shè)置在一網(wǎng)絡(luò)上，彼此的間距最多為五十公里，位于每個網(wǎng)點的感應(yīng)器沉放至海洋深處，并在許多個月中一直固定在那里。 (原書無此句)
130、this declaration，which was echoed in the text of the fourteenth amendment，was designed primarily to counter the supreme court’s ruling in dred scott v. sandford that black people in the united states could be denied citizenship. （3）
這一在第十四條修正案的文本中被復(fù)述的宣言，主要是旨在對抗法院在“dred scott訴sandford”一案中的判決，此判決裁定，在美國的黑人可被剝奪公民權(quán)。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語
解釋：句中的兩個插入語分別起到了兩個有效的分割作用：第一個隔開了主句的主語和謂語；第二個分開了作狀語的不定式中的賓語及其同位語從句。
意群訓(xùn)練：this declaration，which was echoed in the text of the fourteenth amendment，was designed primarily to counter the supreme court’s ruling in dred scott v. sandford that black people in the united states could be denied citizenship.