考博英語閱讀強化技巧之例證題
例證題是考博英語閱讀題型之一。什么叫做例證題呢?所謂例證，即用例子證明。這種題型通常是問作者為什么要舉例，舉這個例子的目的是什么，通常是從四個選項中選擇最為合適的一個選項。
1.識別
當題干中出現(xiàn)example,case,demonstrate,illustrate等詞的時候，我們可基本判定該題為例證題。
2.解題思路：
作者為什么要舉例呢?毫無疑問，一篇文章中的每一句話都必然不是毫無理由的廢話，實質(zhì)上他們都是為文章的中心思想服務(wù)的，那么作者舉出來的例子肯定也是為觀點和結(jié)論服務(wù)的。因此我們在解題時要能先尋找到例子對應(yīng)的觀點或結(jié)論，通常往上或往下尋找，觀點和結(jié)論也可以在本句中。然后再重疊選項，得出正確答案。而且，通常正確的選項都是有一定的高度和深度，具有概括性，不是很具體、很表面的東西。
3.錯誤選項特征
當然錯誤選項也有自己的特征，比如①就事論事，只針對作者給出的例子進行解釋、說明;②自我總結(jié)，命題人自己根據(jù)自己的理解總結(jié)出新的結(jié)論。
具體的我們以例題為例進行講解。
31. By citing the book The Tipping Point the author intends to_________。
[A] analyze the consequences of social epidemics。
[B] discuss influentials’ function in spreading ideas。
[C] exemplify people’s intuitive response to social epidemics。
[D] describe the essential characteristics of influentials。
根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞The Tipping Point，我們可以定位到文中的第一段，具體如下：
In his book The Tipping Point Malcolm Gladwell argues that “social epidemics” are driven in large part by the actions of a tiny minority of special individuals,often called influentials, who are usually informed, persuasive, or well connected. The idea is intuitively compelling,but it doesn't explain how ideas actually spread。
本段可以翻譯為：MG在《引爆點》這本書中說，“社會流行病”在很大程度上都是由少數(shù)個體推動的，我們稱之為“名人”。他們經(jīng)常見多識廣，說服力強，社交廣泛。這個想法在直覺上令人佩服，但是并沒有解釋想法是怎樣真正傳播的。
所以，本題選B。討論了名人在傳播思想中的功能。選項A是偷換概念，文章分析了社會流行病的起因是社會強有力的名人的推動，而非結(jié)果。選項C列舉了人們對于社會流行病的直覺反應(yīng)，也是偷換概念，應(yīng)該是intuitively compelling令人信服的直覺。選項D,描述了有影響人士的重要特征，則是屬于典型的就事論事，并非正確答案。
考博英語閱讀強化技巧之態(tài)度題
考博英語閱讀題型中的態(tài)度題，題干通常是問作者對某個人或某件事情的看法。因此，弄清楚態(tài)度的三要素，即態(tài)度的主體、對象和表達，就顯得非常重要，因為出題人在命題時可能會根據(jù)態(tài)度的主體和對象而編造錯誤選項，偷梁換柱，進而迷惑讀者。
1.分類
根據(jù)態(tài)度題的類型，我們可以將它分為以下類型：
①全文態(tài)度題
當主體為作者，對象為文章主題時，題目為全文態(tài)度題。這時候作者在全文中表現(xiàn)出來的態(tài)度，即為作者對文章主題的態(tài)度。
②局部態(tài)度題
除去以上情況的其他情況，都稱為局部態(tài)度題。對于這兩種題型，我們可以采用類似的解題思路。
2.解題思路
①先確定主干中態(tài)度的主體和對象;
②返回原文尋找包含主體和對象的句子(優(yōu)先考慮包含主體的句子);
③將原文中的態(tài)度詞和選項相對照，同義替換的為正確答案。咱們在做這種題型時，定位、替換和排除的思想很重要。我們還是通過例題來仔細講解吧!
40.The author’s attitude towards standard-setters is one of ________。
[A]satisfaction [B]skepticism
[C]objectiveness [D]sympathy
題干問作者對準則制定者的態(tài)度是怎樣的?態(tài)度的主體是作者，對象是準則制定者。為了解題，要先找到能夠體現(xiàn)作者態(tài)度的詞。
②Unfortunately, banks’ lobbying now seems to be working.The details may be unknowable,but the independence of standard-setters,essential to the proper functioning of capital markets, is being compromised.And,unless banks carry toxic assets at prices that attract buyers,reviving the banking system will be difficult。
③After a bruising encounter with Congress,America’s Financial Accounting Standards Board(FASB)rushed through rule changes.These gave banks more freedom to use models to value illiquid assets and more flexibility in recognizing losses on long-term assets in their income statement.Bob Herz, the FASB’s chairman,cried out against those who “question our motives?！盰et bank shares rose and the changes enhance what one lobby group politely calls ”the use of judgment by management?！?BR> ④European ministers instantly demanded that the International Accounting Standards Board(IASB)do likewise.The IASB says it does not want to act without overall planning,but the pressure to fold when it completes its reconstruction of rules later this year is strong. Charlie McCreevy,a European commissioner,warned the IASB that is did “not live in a political vacuum”but “in the real word” and the Europe could yet develop different rules。
⑤It was banks that were on the wrong planet,with accouts that vastly overvalued assets.Today they argue that market prices overstate losses,because they largely reflect the temporary illiquidity of markets,not the likely extent of bad debts.The truth will not be known for years.But banks’ shares trade below their book value,suggesting that investors are skeptical.And dead markets partly reflect the paralysis of banks which will not sell assets for fear of booking losses,yet are reluctant to buy all those supposed bargains。
⑥To get the system working again, losses must be recognized and dealt with.America’s new plan to buy up toxic assets will not work unless banks mark assets to levels which buyers find attractive. Successful markets require independent and even combative standard-setters. The FASB and IASB have been exactly that,cleaning up rules on stock options and pensions,for example,against hostility interests. But by giving in to critics now they are inviting pressure to make more concessions。
從第二段的unfortunately和第五段的It was banks that were on the wrong planet可知，作者對銀行持反對態(tài)度。第三段和第四段分別舉了FASB和IASB的例子進行說明。第六段說，銀行的想法不切實際，呼吁銀行制定者繼續(xù)保持獨立性和戰(zhàn)斗性。因此，這表明作者贊成會計戰(zhàn)斗者的做法，對它面臨壓力不得不妥協(xié)，表示擔憂和同情。所以本題選D。
考博英語閱讀強化技巧之推理題
推理題是考博英語閱讀題型之一。所謂推理題，通常是作者根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容進行推理，得出正確結(jié)論。
1.識別
當infer,learn,imply,conclude,suggest,indicate等出現(xiàn)在題干中時，可基本判定該題為推理題。
2.分類
根據(jù)推理題的不同情況，我們可以將之分為不同的種類：
①細節(jié)性推理：題干中包含有具體定位信息，此時它的做法和細節(jié)題類似，有時比細節(jié)題更簡單。
②段落性推理：題干中包含有具體段落號(從四個選項中尋找定位信息或原文?？汲鲱}點)。
③全文性推理：題干中包含主體詞或無定位信息(從四個選擇中尋找定位信息，或遵循順序原則)。
3.解題原則
根據(jù)推理題的實際解體情況，我們在解題時應(yīng)該堅持以下原則：
①主題大于細節(jié)，觀點大于論據(jù);
②推理必須有原文論據(jù);
③重點關(guān)注轉(zhuǎn)折
4.?？汲鲱}點
在仔細分析歷年真題后文都老師發(fā)現(xiàn)，推理題的實質(zhì)：是一種同義改寫，推理通常為正反推理和歸納總結(jié)。考博中?？嫉某鲱}點通常出現(xiàn)以下特征：
①段落首末句、主題句、觀點句;
②與主題密切相關(guān)的細節(jié);
③轉(zhuǎn)折的地方;
④強調(diào)或遞進關(guān)系的地方。
具體該如何操作，還是我們一起來看看例題吧。
29. We learn from the last two paragraphs that business-method patents_________。
[A] are immune to legal challenges。
[B] are often unnecessarily issued。
[C] lower the esteem for patent holders。
[D] increase the incidence of risks。
題干問我們從最后兩段可以推測出什么?首先，還是先定位。
④The Bilski case involves a claimed patent on a method for hedging risk in the energy market. The Federal circuit issued an unusual order stating that the case would be heard by all 12 of the court’s judges, rather than a typical panel of three, and that one issue it wants to evaluate is whether it should “reconsider” its State Street Bank ruling。
⑤The Federal Circuit’s action comes in the wake of a series of recent decisions by the Supreme Court that has narrowed the scope of protections for patent holders. Last April, for example, the justices signaled that too many patents were being upheld for “inventions”that are obvious. The judges on the Federal circuit are “reacting to the anti-patent trend at the supreme court”，says Harold C. Wegner, a patent attorney and professor at George Washington University Law School。
根據(jù)第五段第二句，去年四月，法官表示說很多顯而易見的發(fā)明被授予。言下之意就是說，經(jīng)常授予了沒有必要的專利問題。選項A、C和D都不是正確答案，本題選C。選項A，專利問題不受法律影響。文中有提到法律質(zhì)疑很可能會改變專利的未來。選項C屬于無中生有的選項，文中并未提出;選項D并非是增加風險的幾率，而是規(guī)避。
例證題是考博英語閱讀題型之一。什么叫做例證題呢?所謂例證，即用例子證明。這種題型通常是問作者為什么要舉例，舉這個例子的目的是什么，通常是從四個選項中選擇最為合適的一個選項。
1.識別
當題干中出現(xiàn)example,case,demonstrate,illustrate等詞的時候，我們可基本判定該題為例證題。
2.解題思路：
作者為什么要舉例呢?毫無疑問，一篇文章中的每一句話都必然不是毫無理由的廢話，實質(zhì)上他們都是為文章的中心思想服務(wù)的，那么作者舉出來的例子肯定也是為觀點和結(jié)論服務(wù)的。因此我們在解題時要能先尋找到例子對應(yīng)的觀點或結(jié)論，通常往上或往下尋找，觀點和結(jié)論也可以在本句中。然后再重疊選項，得出正確答案。而且，通常正確的選項都是有一定的高度和深度，具有概括性，不是很具體、很表面的東西。
3.錯誤選項特征
當然錯誤選項也有自己的特征，比如①就事論事，只針對作者給出的例子進行解釋、說明;②自我總結(jié)，命題人自己根據(jù)自己的理解總結(jié)出新的結(jié)論。
具體的我們以例題為例進行講解。
31. By citing the book The Tipping Point the author intends to_________。
[A] analyze the consequences of social epidemics。
[B] discuss influentials’ function in spreading ideas。
[C] exemplify people’s intuitive response to social epidemics。
[D] describe the essential characteristics of influentials。
根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞The Tipping Point，我們可以定位到文中的第一段，具體如下：
In his book The Tipping Point Malcolm Gladwell argues that “social epidemics” are driven in large part by the actions of a tiny minority of special individuals,often called influentials, who are usually informed, persuasive, or well connected. The idea is intuitively compelling,but it doesn't explain how ideas actually spread。
本段可以翻譯為：MG在《引爆點》這本書中說，“社會流行病”在很大程度上都是由少數(shù)個體推動的，我們稱之為“名人”。他們經(jīng)常見多識廣，說服力強，社交廣泛。這個想法在直覺上令人佩服，但是并沒有解釋想法是怎樣真正傳播的。
所以，本題選B。討論了名人在傳播思想中的功能。選項A是偷換概念，文章分析了社會流行病的起因是社會強有力的名人的推動，而非結(jié)果。選項C列舉了人們對于社會流行病的直覺反應(yīng)，也是偷換概念，應(yīng)該是intuitively compelling令人信服的直覺。選項D,描述了有影響人士的重要特征，則是屬于典型的就事論事，并非正確答案。
考博英語閱讀強化技巧之態(tài)度題
考博英語閱讀題型中的態(tài)度題，題干通常是問作者對某個人或某件事情的看法。因此，弄清楚態(tài)度的三要素，即態(tài)度的主體、對象和表達，就顯得非常重要，因為出題人在命題時可能會根據(jù)態(tài)度的主體和對象而編造錯誤選項，偷梁換柱，進而迷惑讀者。
1.分類
根據(jù)態(tài)度題的類型，我們可以將它分為以下類型：
①全文態(tài)度題
當主體為作者，對象為文章主題時，題目為全文態(tài)度題。這時候作者在全文中表現(xiàn)出來的態(tài)度，即為作者對文章主題的態(tài)度。
②局部態(tài)度題
除去以上情況的其他情況，都稱為局部態(tài)度題。對于這兩種題型，我們可以采用類似的解題思路。
2.解題思路
①先確定主干中態(tài)度的主體和對象;
②返回原文尋找包含主體和對象的句子(優(yōu)先考慮包含主體的句子);
③將原文中的態(tài)度詞和選項相對照，同義替換的為正確答案。咱們在做這種題型時，定位、替換和排除的思想很重要。我們還是通過例題來仔細講解吧!
40.The author’s attitude towards standard-setters is one of ________。
[A]satisfaction [B]skepticism
[C]objectiveness [D]sympathy
題干問作者對準則制定者的態(tài)度是怎樣的?態(tài)度的主體是作者，對象是準則制定者。為了解題，要先找到能夠體現(xiàn)作者態(tài)度的詞。
②Unfortunately, banks’ lobbying now seems to be working.The details may be unknowable,but the independence of standard-setters,essential to the proper functioning of capital markets, is being compromised.And,unless banks carry toxic assets at prices that attract buyers,reviving the banking system will be difficult。
③After a bruising encounter with Congress,America’s Financial Accounting Standards Board(FASB)rushed through rule changes.These gave banks more freedom to use models to value illiquid assets and more flexibility in recognizing losses on long-term assets in their income statement.Bob Herz, the FASB’s chairman,cried out against those who “question our motives?！盰et bank shares rose and the changes enhance what one lobby group politely calls ”the use of judgment by management?！?BR> ④European ministers instantly demanded that the International Accounting Standards Board(IASB)do likewise.The IASB says it does not want to act without overall planning,but the pressure to fold when it completes its reconstruction of rules later this year is strong. Charlie McCreevy,a European commissioner,warned the IASB that is did “not live in a political vacuum”but “in the real word” and the Europe could yet develop different rules。
⑤It was banks that were on the wrong planet,with accouts that vastly overvalued assets.Today they argue that market prices overstate losses,because they largely reflect the temporary illiquidity of markets,not the likely extent of bad debts.The truth will not be known for years.But banks’ shares trade below their book value,suggesting that investors are skeptical.And dead markets partly reflect the paralysis of banks which will not sell assets for fear of booking losses,yet are reluctant to buy all those supposed bargains。
⑥To get the system working again, losses must be recognized and dealt with.America’s new plan to buy up toxic assets will not work unless banks mark assets to levels which buyers find attractive. Successful markets require independent and even combative standard-setters. The FASB and IASB have been exactly that,cleaning up rules on stock options and pensions,for example,against hostility interests. But by giving in to critics now they are inviting pressure to make more concessions。
從第二段的unfortunately和第五段的It was banks that were on the wrong planet可知，作者對銀行持反對態(tài)度。第三段和第四段分別舉了FASB和IASB的例子進行說明。第六段說，銀行的想法不切實際，呼吁銀行制定者繼續(xù)保持獨立性和戰(zhàn)斗性。因此，這表明作者贊成會計戰(zhàn)斗者的做法，對它面臨壓力不得不妥協(xié)，表示擔憂和同情。所以本題選D。
考博英語閱讀強化技巧之推理題
推理題是考博英語閱讀題型之一。所謂推理題，通常是作者根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容進行推理，得出正確結(jié)論。
1.識別
當infer,learn,imply,conclude,suggest,indicate等出現(xiàn)在題干中時，可基本判定該題為推理題。
2.分類
根據(jù)推理題的不同情況，我們可以將之分為不同的種類：
①細節(jié)性推理：題干中包含有具體定位信息，此時它的做法和細節(jié)題類似，有時比細節(jié)題更簡單。
②段落性推理：題干中包含有具體段落號(從四個選項中尋找定位信息或原文?？汲鲱}點)。
③全文性推理：題干中包含主體詞或無定位信息(從四個選擇中尋找定位信息，或遵循順序原則)。
3.解題原則
根據(jù)推理題的實際解體情況，我們在解題時應(yīng)該堅持以下原則：
①主題大于細節(jié)，觀點大于論據(jù);
②推理必須有原文論據(jù);
③重點關(guān)注轉(zhuǎn)折
4.?？汲鲱}點
在仔細分析歷年真題后文都老師發(fā)現(xiàn)，推理題的實質(zhì)：是一種同義改寫，推理通常為正反推理和歸納總結(jié)。考博中?？嫉某鲱}點通常出現(xiàn)以下特征：
①段落首末句、主題句、觀點句;
②與主題密切相關(guān)的細節(jié);
③轉(zhuǎn)折的地方;
④強調(diào)或遞進關(guān)系的地方。
具體該如何操作，還是我們一起來看看例題吧。
29. We learn from the last two paragraphs that business-method patents_________。
[A] are immune to legal challenges。
[B] are often unnecessarily issued。
[C] lower the esteem for patent holders。
[D] increase the incidence of risks。
題干問我們從最后兩段可以推測出什么?首先，還是先定位。
④The Bilski case involves a claimed patent on a method for hedging risk in the energy market. The Federal circuit issued an unusual order stating that the case would be heard by all 12 of the court’s judges, rather than a typical panel of three, and that one issue it wants to evaluate is whether it should “reconsider” its State Street Bank ruling。
⑤The Federal Circuit’s action comes in the wake of a series of recent decisions by the Supreme Court that has narrowed the scope of protections for patent holders. Last April, for example, the justices signaled that too many patents were being upheld for “inventions”that are obvious. The judges on the Federal circuit are “reacting to the anti-patent trend at the supreme court”，says Harold C. Wegner, a patent attorney and professor at George Washington University Law School。
根據(jù)第五段第二句，去年四月，法官表示說很多顯而易見的發(fā)明被授予。言下之意就是說，經(jīng)常授予了沒有必要的專利問題。選項A、C和D都不是正確答案，本題選C。選項A，專利問題不受法律影響。文中有提到法律質(zhì)疑很可能會改變專利的未來。選項C屬于無中生有的選項，文中并未提出;選項D并非是增加風險的幾率，而是規(guī)避。