Optimists Really Do Live Longer,Say Scientists
1.For the philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer optimism was fundamentally wrong,banal and corrupting,while the father of psychoanalysis Sigmund Frend simply declared it to be neurotic.
2.Experience shows that looking on the bright side of life does have advantages and recent scientific evidence points to the positive mindset as being beneficial to health.In other words optimists live longer.
3.That was the conclusion reached by experts at the Mayo Clinic in the U.S.State of Minnesota who evaluated answers given by people to a set of questions in the 1960s.Of the 729 candidates,200 had died and according to scientists,there were a disproportionate number of pessimists among them.
4.Ten points more on the pessimism scale—that was the difference between "slightly pessimistic" and "averagely pessimistic" — were enough to boost a person‘s chances of dying by 19 percent,according to the study by prominent psychologist Martin Seligman of the University of Pennsylvania.
5.The study does not say why pessimists die but an older survey taken among children in San Francisco and Los Angeles makes it clear that personal attitude towards the world is a key factor in the longevity equation.
6.The latest evidence to support the theory that optimists tend to cope better with illness of all kinds has been provided by Professor Ralf Schwarzer of Berlin's Free University who questioned 600 heart and lung patients.His conclusion:Optimists recover more swiftly from operations than their pessimistic counterparts;tend to be happier after treatment and return to work more swiftly.
7.There have been suggestions that optimists do not stay healthier but rather turn into optimists later because they enjoy good health.Numerous surveys have taken into account a person's state of health at the outset and the effect remains the same.
8.Studies have shown that optimists do not blind themselves to reality either.They thus interpret it in a positive way."Sublimating and denying things tend to alter reality but illusions are a way of seeing reality in the best light." said Californian psychology professor Shelley Taylor.
9.German science journal "Bild der Wissenschaft",which carries a major article on the topic in its current March issue,commented on "the right attitude" to having a tumor.
10.It seems psychotherapy can go some way towards extending the life span and life quality of a sick person although a complete recovery using psychological technique alone is unlikely.
11.Doctors like,however,to point to the example of U.S.cycling professional Lance Armstrong,who was seriously ill with cancer,but whose unshakable optimism helped him to take the top trophy twice at cycling's premier Tour de France.
12.The magazine also quoted a study by Sheldon Cohens of the Carnegie-Mellon-University in Pittsburgh：420 volunteers were deliberately infected with strains of various common cold viruses.A day later checks were carried out to see who had caught a cold.
13.The results showed that in the case of people who had satisfactory,long-term relations with friends neighbors or colleagues,the virus was less likely to trigger a cold.Of people with three or fewer firm relationships 62 percent became ill compared with only 35 percent of those who had six or more close human links.
詞匯：
banal 平庸的，陳腐的 mindset 思想傾向
disproportionate 不成比例的 sublimate 升華，理想化
neurotic 神經(jīng)過敏的 boot 提高，增加
trigger 激起，引起 prominent 的，杰出的
注釋：
1.Experience shows that looking on the bright side of life does have advantages and recent scientific evidence points to the positive mindset as being beneficial to health.經(jīng)驗(yàn)表明，看到生活光明的一面確有好處，最近的科學(xué)證據(jù)也表明積極的思維方式有益健康。
2.a key factor in the longevity equation：長(zhǎng)壽方程式上的一個(gè)關(guān)鍵因素。
3.There have been suggestions that optimists do not stay healthier but rather turn into optimists later because they enjoy good health.有意見認(rèn)為，樂觀者并不會(huì)變得更健康，而是由于擁有健康他們后來才變成了樂觀者。
4.at the outset：當(dāng)初，起先
5."Sublimating and denying things tend to alter reality but illusions are a way of seeing reality in the best light.…：美化事物和否定事物都有助于改變現(xiàn)實(shí)，而幻覺卻是看到現(xiàn)實(shí)最光明一面的方法……
6.go some way：有一定幫助。這個(gè)詞組是仿照"go a long way"的用法，其意為"大有幫助，大有作用"。
練習(xí)：
1.Paragraph 2 ______________
2.Paragraph 6 ______________
3.Paragraph 7 ______________
4.Paragraph 8 ______________
A.Quicker recovery from illness
B.A longer life
C.From good health to optimism
D.A positive way of understanding reality
E.Optimism and pessimism
F.Optimists with illusions
5.Some scholars did not believe ______________.
6.How long one can live partly depends on ______________.
7.An optimist does not necessarily try ______________.
8.An experiment showed that optimists were ______________.
A.to avoid unpleasant things in life
B.in looking on the bright side of life
C.less likely to catch cold
D.how one looks on life
E.to be unhappy all the time
F.more likely to get cancer
答案與題解：
1.B本段點(diǎn)出了本文的中心思想：樂觀者往往活得更長(zhǎng)。
2.A本段說明樂觀者病好得快。
3.C本段側(cè)重強(qiáng)調(diào)良好的健康狀況對(duì)保持樂觀的作用。
4.D本段肯定了樂觀者對(duì)待現(xiàn)實(shí)的態(tài)度，選項(xiàng)F的口吻是否定的，所以應(yīng)選選項(xiàng)D.
5.B答案的根據(jù)在第一段：叔本華和弗洛伊德都不贊成樂觀態(tài)度。
6.D此選項(xiàng)與全文中心思想吻合。
7.A答案的根據(jù)是第八段的第一句話：樂觀不等于無(wú)視現(xiàn)實(shí)；關(guān)鍵是如何看待現(xiàn)實(shí)。
8.C答案的根據(jù)是文章的結(jié)尾部分描述的一項(xiàng)實(shí)驗(yàn)。
1.For the philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer optimism was fundamentally wrong,banal and corrupting,while the father of psychoanalysis Sigmund Frend simply declared it to be neurotic.
2.Experience shows that looking on the bright side of life does have advantages and recent scientific evidence points to the positive mindset as being beneficial to health.In other words optimists live longer.
3.That was the conclusion reached by experts at the Mayo Clinic in the U.S.State of Minnesota who evaluated answers given by people to a set of questions in the 1960s.Of the 729 candidates,200 had died and according to scientists,there were a disproportionate number of pessimists among them.
4.Ten points more on the pessimism scale—that was the difference between "slightly pessimistic" and "averagely pessimistic" — were enough to boost a person‘s chances of dying by 19 percent,according to the study by prominent psychologist Martin Seligman of the University of Pennsylvania.
5.The study does not say why pessimists die but an older survey taken among children in San Francisco and Los Angeles makes it clear that personal attitude towards the world is a key factor in the longevity equation.
6.The latest evidence to support the theory that optimists tend to cope better with illness of all kinds has been provided by Professor Ralf Schwarzer of Berlin's Free University who questioned 600 heart and lung patients.His conclusion:Optimists recover more swiftly from operations than their pessimistic counterparts;tend to be happier after treatment and return to work more swiftly.
7.There have been suggestions that optimists do not stay healthier but rather turn into optimists later because they enjoy good health.Numerous surveys have taken into account a person's state of health at the outset and the effect remains the same.
8.Studies have shown that optimists do not blind themselves to reality either.They thus interpret it in a positive way."Sublimating and denying things tend to alter reality but illusions are a way of seeing reality in the best light." said Californian psychology professor Shelley Taylor.
9.German science journal "Bild der Wissenschaft",which carries a major article on the topic in its current March issue,commented on "the right attitude" to having a tumor.
10.It seems psychotherapy can go some way towards extending the life span and life quality of a sick person although a complete recovery using psychological technique alone is unlikely.
11.Doctors like,however,to point to the example of U.S.cycling professional Lance Armstrong,who was seriously ill with cancer,but whose unshakable optimism helped him to take the top trophy twice at cycling's premier Tour de France.
12.The magazine also quoted a study by Sheldon Cohens of the Carnegie-Mellon-University in Pittsburgh：420 volunteers were deliberately infected with strains of various common cold viruses.A day later checks were carried out to see who had caught a cold.
13.The results showed that in the case of people who had satisfactory,long-term relations with friends neighbors or colleagues,the virus was less likely to trigger a cold.Of people with three or fewer firm relationships 62 percent became ill compared with only 35 percent of those who had six or more close human links.
詞匯：
banal 平庸的，陳腐的 mindset 思想傾向
disproportionate 不成比例的 sublimate 升華，理想化
neurotic 神經(jīng)過敏的 boot 提高，增加
trigger 激起，引起 prominent 的，杰出的
注釋：
1.Experience shows that looking on the bright side of life does have advantages and recent scientific evidence points to the positive mindset as being beneficial to health.經(jīng)驗(yàn)表明，看到生活光明的一面確有好處，最近的科學(xué)證據(jù)也表明積極的思維方式有益健康。
2.a key factor in the longevity equation：長(zhǎng)壽方程式上的一個(gè)關(guān)鍵因素。
3.There have been suggestions that optimists do not stay healthier but rather turn into optimists later because they enjoy good health.有意見認(rèn)為，樂觀者并不會(huì)變得更健康，而是由于擁有健康他們后來才變成了樂觀者。
4.at the outset：當(dāng)初，起先
5."Sublimating and denying things tend to alter reality but illusions are a way of seeing reality in the best light.…：美化事物和否定事物都有助于改變現(xiàn)實(shí)，而幻覺卻是看到現(xiàn)實(shí)最光明一面的方法……
6.go some way：有一定幫助。這個(gè)詞組是仿照"go a long way"的用法，其意為"大有幫助，大有作用"。
練習(xí)：
1.Paragraph 2 ______________
2.Paragraph 6 ______________
3.Paragraph 7 ______________
4.Paragraph 8 ______________
A.Quicker recovery from illness
B.A longer life
C.From good health to optimism
D.A positive way of understanding reality
E.Optimism and pessimism
F.Optimists with illusions
5.Some scholars did not believe ______________.
6.How long one can live partly depends on ______________.
7.An optimist does not necessarily try ______________.
8.An experiment showed that optimists were ______________.
A.to avoid unpleasant things in life
B.in looking on the bright side of life
C.less likely to catch cold
D.how one looks on life
E.to be unhappy all the time
F.more likely to get cancer
答案與題解：
1.B本段點(diǎn)出了本文的中心思想：樂觀者往往活得更長(zhǎng)。
2.A本段說明樂觀者病好得快。
3.C本段側(cè)重強(qiáng)調(diào)良好的健康狀況對(duì)保持樂觀的作用。
4.D本段肯定了樂觀者對(duì)待現(xiàn)實(shí)的態(tài)度，選項(xiàng)F的口吻是否定的，所以應(yīng)選選項(xiàng)D.
5.B答案的根據(jù)在第一段：叔本華和弗洛伊德都不贊成樂觀態(tài)度。
6.D此選項(xiàng)與全文中心思想吻合。
7.A答案的根據(jù)是第八段的第一句話：樂觀不等于無(wú)視現(xiàn)實(shí)；關(guān)鍵是如何看待現(xiàn)實(shí)。
8.C答案的根據(jù)是文章的結(jié)尾部分描述的一項(xiàng)實(shí)驗(yàn)。