2016年職稱英語考試綜合類語法:五個基本句型

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五個基本句型
    根據(jù)動詞的特性,構(gòu)成英語中五個基本句型:
    1) 主語 + 系動詞 + 表語
    2) 主語 + 不及物動詞 (+ 其他成分)
    3) 主語 + 及物動詞 + 賓語
    4) 主語 + 及物動詞 + 雙賓語
    5) 主語 + 及物動詞 + 賓語 + 賓語補足語
    我們在學習5個基本句型時,主要關(guān)心每個句型中的出題點在哪里。
    (一)第一句型:主語 + 系動詞 + 表語
    1) 系動詞一般為be 動詞。
    注意:look, feel, sound, smell, taste, get, become, come, go, turn, grow, keep, seem, stand等詞可以作"半系動詞"用,按行為動詞方式變化,起系動詞的作用。
    試驗比較:
    —— He felt the pockets thoroughly but did not find a single penny.(他摸遍了口袋但沒有找到一分錢?!?feel為行為動詞)
    —— You look pale. Do you feel unwell? (你臉色蒼白,感到不舒服?—— look / feel為系動詞)
    一般來說,動詞后面跟的是個形容詞或名詞,該動詞為系動詞, 如:The plan sounds perfect. / The flower smells nice. / The dish tastes delicious. / It is getting dark.
    實例:
    "Don't worry. Let me take your pulse first." "Oh, it ______ normal." (脈搏正常)
    A. is felt
    B. is feeling
    C. feels
    D. felt
    解題思路:normal為形容詞,前面應(yīng)為系動詞;系動詞沒有被動語態(tài),故A不對; look, feel, sound, taste, smell, seem等半系動詞一般不用進行時,B也不對;D時態(tài)錯了,故正確答案為C.
    2)there be是英語中非常重要的一個句型: there是引導詞,不解釋 "那里"; 這是個倒裝句, 主語在be動詞的后面, be動詞的單復數(shù)由后面的主語決定。
    注意中國學生容易搞錯的問題:
    There isn't enough furniture in the room.(房間里家具不夠)
    錯:There hasn't enough furniture in the room.
    There is no doubt that smallpox has been wiped out in China.(毫無疑問,中國已消滅天花。)
    錯:It is no doubt that smallpox has been wiped out in China.
    There is ample evidence that AIDS is spreading quickly in Asia. (充分證據(jù)表明,愛滋病正在亞洲迅速蔓延。—— 同位語從句)
    錯:It is evidence that AIDS is spreading quickly in Asia. (可以: It is evident that AIDS is spreading quickly in Asia. - 主語從句)
    (二)第二句型:主語 + 不及物動詞 (+ 其他成分)
    在這個句型中主要注意及物動詞與不及物動詞的區(qū)分:
    不及物動詞 及物動詞
    rise /rose / risen(升起) raise /raised / raised (提高)
    arise / arose / arisen (from)(產(chǎn)生) arouse / aroused / aroused(喚起)
    lie / lay / lain(躺下) lay / laid / laid(放下)
    arrive at(到達) reach(到達)
    wait for(等待) await(等待)
    remain(仍舊) maintain(保持,維修)
    *上面所注僅為典型詞義,要根據(jù)句子判別其他意思。
    此外,該句型常采用倒裝形式,注意辨別,主要是以下兩種情況:
    1) 用here 或 there引導:Here comes the bus. (汽車來了。) / There rings the bell. (鈴響了。)
    2) 在動詞 + 介詞短語的結(jié)構(gòu)中,往往將介詞短語提前:On the top of the hill stands a pretty little house.(山頂上有一座漂亮的小房子。)
    (三)第三句型:主語 + 及物動詞 + 賓語
    我們知道,名詞可以做主語和賓語,非謂語動詞 -ing和 to do也可以做主語和賓語,
    作主語:
    Learning a foreign language is not easy.(學門外語并不容易。)
    To learn a foreign language is not easy. (= It is not easy to learn a foreign language.)
    從語法角度講,上述兩個表達方式都可以。
    但是,當動詞處于賓語位置時,就不能這樣"隨心所欲"了,因為英語語法有以下幾個規(guī)定:
    1)acknowledge / admit / appreciate / avoid / consider / contemplate / defer / deny / dislike / enjoy / escape / evade / excuse / facilitate / fancy / favor / feel like / finish / give up / cannot help / cannot stand / imagine / include / keep (on) / do not mind / miss / permit / practice / regret / resent / risk / suggest 等詞后面的動詞賓語必須用-ing 形式,重點和首先要掌握黑體字部分。由于這些次的詞義與解題關(guān)系不大,沒有給出具體詞義解釋。若需要,請學生自己查字典解決。
    這是語法考試的一個重點,要對以上詞特別敏感,例如:
    It is impossible to avoid ______ by the stormy weather.
    A. being much affected
    B. having much affected
    C. to be much affected
    D. to have been much affected
    解題思路:1)一看到avoid一詞,便可確定正確答案在A、B中; 2)affect意為"影響",及物動詞,故B不對。[如果做題時間來不及,此類題目若有"主動語態(tài)"和"被動語態(tài)"之分,一般選"被動語態(tài)"的正確率高些。]
    2) remember / forget:后面既可跟 -ing, 也可跟 to do,但意思不一樣:to do表示說話時還沒有發(fā)生的事,-ing表示對已經(jīng)發(fā)生過事的回憶,如:"我昨天出門時忘了關(guān)窗了。"顯然是指出門時還沒有做的事,因此用to do形式;"我不記得以前見過你。"顯然是指說話以前的事,因此用 -ing形式,即:
    I forgot to close the windows when I left home yesterday.
    I don't remember seeing you before.
    因此,除了知道這個規(guī)定外,分清"發(fā)生過"還是"沒有發(fā)生"是解題的關(guān)鍵。
    實例:
    Do you remember ______ to Professor Smith during your last visit?
    A. to have been introduced
    B. having introduced
    C. being introduced
    D. to be introduced
    解題思路:1)第一步要確定"發(fā)生過"還是"沒有發(fā)生",即A、D還是B、C,"你記得上次訪問時被介紹給Smith教授的情況嗎?"顯然是已發(fā)生的事,選B、C;2)"introduce"(介紹)后沒有賓語,說明是"被動語態(tài):,故選C [再看一下上一節(jié)中的 "解題思路"]
    3)need / want / require等解釋為"需要"時,有兩種表達方式,如:
    "這間會客室需要打掃一下"
    A.This waiting room needs to be cleaned. (to 被動式)
    B.This waiting room needs cleaning.(-ing主動式)
    考試時若同時出現(xiàn)兩種選擇,選B
    4)look forward to / object to / subject to / be subjected to / be opposed to / oppose to中的 "to" 是介詞,后面應(yīng)跟名詞或動名詞-ing,
    (四)第四句型:主語 + 及物動詞 + 雙賓語
    有些動詞(主要是"授予動詞")后面需要或可以接雙賓語結(jié)構(gòu),如:give, write, buy, send, make等
    You may send him an E-mail or write him a letter.
    這個句子也可使用以下結(jié)構(gòu):
    You may send an E-mail (to him) or write a letter to him. 所以 "to" 和 "for" 是連接雙賓語結(jié)構(gòu)的重要介詞。
    該句型的重點是要記住以下短語,特別是所用的介詞:
    to cure … of(治愈…)
    to accuse …of(譴責…)
    to convince… of(說服…)
    to inform… of(通知…)
    to notify… of (通知…)
    to clean… of (清除…)
    to warn…… of / against (警告…)
    to cheat… of(欺騙)
    to rob… of(搶劫…)
    例如:
    We have to inform the family of the patient's condition as soon as possible. / Have the family been informed of the patient's condition? (我們得盡快將病人的病情通知其家屬。/ 已經(jīng)將病人的病情通知其家人了嗎?)
    注意下面句子的結(jié)構(gòu)變化:
    May I ask you a question? → May I ask a question of you?
    直接和間接賓語的位置與上面短語有何不同?
    (五)第五句型:主語 + 及物動詞 + 賓語 + 賓語補足語
    先回顧一下本講第一節(jié)中有關(guān)賓語和賓語補足語的概念。
    這個句型也是考試的重點,主要有三個難點:
    1) 要不要 "to"的問題:
    The director wants you to come right now. (主任要你馬上就來。)
    句中to come 是賓語you的補足語。也就是說,當賓語補足語是動詞時,一般要用 "to"連接。但是,以下情況例外:
    n make, let, have等使役動詞,如:
    Shall I have him come here?(要我叫他來嗎?)
    I won't have him cheat me. (否定式,表示"容許":我決不容許他欺騙我)
    上述句型變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時,一般要加 "to",如:
    The nurse made the patient eat something. (護士讓病人吃了點東西。)
    →The patient was made to eat something.
    有時,賓語補足語也可用 -ing形式,如:
    His joke made us laughing for a couple of minutes. (他的笑話使我們笑了幾分鐘。- 注意后面的時間狀語for a couple of minutes)
    記住下面重要表達方式:
    to have / get (something) done, 如:
    I am going to have (get) my watch repaired.(我去修一下表。)
    n see, hear, notice, observe, watch, look at, listen to 等感覺動詞:
    使用原則與上述大致相同。
    2) 要不要 "it"的問題:
    先看兩個句子:
    We sometimes find it difficult to get rid of a bad habit. (有時我們發(fā)現(xiàn)要改掉一個壞習慣很難。)該句的原始結(jié)構(gòu)可理解為:We sometimes find (to get rid of a bad habit) difficult. 括號部分(動詞不定式)為賓語,difficult為賓語補足語
    The doctor has made it clear to you that there is nothing wrong with your stomach.(醫(yī)生已經(jīng)跟你說得很清楚了,你的胃沒有什么問題。)該句的原始結(jié)構(gòu)可理解為:The doctor has made (there is nothing wrong with your stomach)clear. 括號部分(句子)為賓語,clear為賓語補足語
    歸納:
    n 在主語 + 賓語 + 賓語補足語結(jié)構(gòu)中,當賓語是"動詞不定式"或"句子"時,要用it(不是this, that或其他任何詞)作形式賓語,將動詞不定式或句子移到句子的后面去。
    n 考試時,判斷要不要 "it",主要看句子后面有沒有"動詞不定式"或"句子",若有,要選 "it"
    n 賓語、賓語補足語倒裝:當賓語(名詞)較長,賓語補足語較短(往往是1個形容詞,如possible, impossible, difficult, easy, clear等)時,為了句子結(jié)構(gòu)均衡,往往采用倒裝,這里不存在"it"的使用問題, 對下句作出判斷:
    The development of ultrasound has made ______ early diagnosis of some fatal diseases. (超聲波的出現(xiàn)使許多致命疾病的早期診斷成為可能。)
    A. it possible
    B. possible
    C. it is
    D. it
    該題的正確答案應(yīng)為B,因為句子采用了倒裝形式,原結(jié)構(gòu)為:
    The development of ultrasound has made [early diagnosis of some fatal diseases] possible.
    賓語 補足語
    3) 記住以下短語:
    to take…as(把…當作…)
    to think of…as(把…看作…)
    to regard…as(把…看作…)
    to refer to…as(把…叫作…)
    關(guān)于五個基本句型,重點要掌握每個句型的出題點,舉一反三。