101、 with regard to this last question, we might note in passing that thompson, while rightly restoring laboring people to the stage of eighteen-century english history, has probably exaggerated the opposition of these people to the inroads of capitalist consumerism in general: for example, laboring people in eighteen-century england readily shifted from home-brewed beer to standardized beer produced by huge, heavily capitalized urban breweries.（4）
關(guān)于這個(gè)最后的問(wèn)題，我們可以順便指出，t盡管正確的使勞動(dòng)人民重返十八世紀(jì)英國(guó)的歷史舞臺(tái)，但是他又可能吹噓了這些人對(duì)于資本主義消費(fèi)觀在普遍意義上的敵視態(tài)度；比如說(shuō)，十八世紀(jì)的英國(guó)勞動(dòng)人民就很容易從家釀的啤酒轉(zhuǎn)而引用由大型的、資本密集的城市釀酒廠生產(chǎn)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)啤酒。in passing:順便的、隨便的、偶然的
難句類(lèi)型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語(yǔ)
解釋：本句的難點(diǎn)就在于句子開(kāi)始的we might note in passing that thompson…一句中，不認(rèn)識(shí)in passing這個(gè)詞組，現(xiàn)場(chǎng)就無(wú)法讀懂這句話的結(jié)構(gòu)和含義；好在這里這個(gè)詞組沒(méi)有什么特別重要的意思，即使跳過(guò)也不耽誤大事。
in passing的意思是：順便地，隨便地或偶然地，其在英文中的同義詞就是briefly,incidentally。句子中的note in passing that…就是“順便提一下”，“簡(jiǎn)單說(shuō)一句”的意思。
意群訓(xùn)練：with regard to this last question, we might note in passing that thompson, while rightly restoring laboring people to the stage of eighteen-century english history, has probably exaggerated the opposition of these people to the inroads of capitalist consumerism in general: for example, laboring people in eighteen-century england readily shifted from home-brewed beer to standardized beer produced by huge, heavily capitalized urban breweries.
102、 the correlation of carbon dioxide with temperature, of course, does not establish whether changes in atmospheric composition caused the warming and cooling trends or were caused by their.（4+）
當(dāng)然二氧化碳與大氣溫度之間的相互聯(lián)系并不能確定到底是大氣成分的變化引起了氣候的變暖和變冷的趨勢(shì)，還是大氣成分的變化是由氣候的冷暖變化造成的。
難句類(lèi)型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語(yǔ)、省略
解釋：本句主句中的謂語(yǔ)establish在gre、gmat和lsat的閱讀文章中除了可以作建立的意思以外，還有一個(gè)更常用的意思，就是確定、確證的意思，等于determine, prove或confirm，另外，本句的省略很容易使讀者將指代關(guān)系搞混：在最后的or were caused by their當(dāng)中，存在兩處省略：or之后省略了與whether一句中相同的主語(yǔ)changes (in atmospheric composition)；最后的their之后又省略了與whether從句中的主語(yǔ)一樣的changes。這里不管將their之后被省略的內(nèi)容看成是warming and cooling trends還是看成composition都是錯(cuò)誤理解。
意群訓(xùn)練：the correlation of carbon dioxide with temperature, of course, does not establish whether changes in atmospheric composition caused the warming and cooling trends or were caused by their.
103、 such philosophical concerns as the mind-body problem or，more generally，the nature of human knowledge they believe，are basic human questions whose tentative philosophical solutions have served as the necessary foundations on which all other intellectual speculation has rested. （5 -）
他們相信，諸如靈與肉的問(wèn)題，或更普遍而言，人類(lèi)知識(shí)的性質(zhì)等此類(lèi)哲學(xué)關(guān)注，均是一些基本的人類(lèi)問(wèn)題，其探索性的哲學(xué)答案已構(gòu)成一個(gè)必要的基礎(chǔ)，其它所有的智力思辯均賴以建立其上。
難句類(lèi)型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語(yǔ)、倒裝、抽象詞
解釋：本篇文章所討論的主題就是哲學(xué)的起源問(wèn)題，因此在這篇文章中出現(xiàn)大量的抽象詞，是理所當(dāng)然的。
然而本句的開(kāi)始的結(jié)構(gòu)比較特殊，出現(xiàn)了一個(gè)倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)，正常的語(yǔ)序應(yīng)該是：they believe that such philosophical concerns as the mind-body problem or, more generrally, the nature of human knowledge, are basic human question…。筆者說(shuō)此結(jié)構(gòu)特殊，并不是因?yàn)槲覀兯究找?jiàn)慣了的倒裝本身，而是因?yàn)閺木渥拥慕Y(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)講，此倒裝毫無(wú)必要，并無(wú)頭重腳輕之虞。作者之所以這樣寫(xiě)，一是為了強(qiáng)調(diào)句首的、作為文章主題的哲學(xué)，二是為了使句式有所變化，不至于過(guò)分單一，三是為了為難一下考生，看看讀者看懂了沒(méi)有，后面就對(duì)這句話出了一道題。
意群訓(xùn)練：such philosophical concerns as the mind-body problem or，more generally，the nature of human knowledge they believe，are basic human questions whose tentative philosophical solutions have served as the necessary foundations on which all other intellectual speculation has rested.
104、 the idea of an autonomous discipline called "philosophy，" distinct from and sitting in judgment on such pursuits as theology and science turns out， on close examination，to be of quite recent origin. （4）
細(xì)作審視，我們便不難發(fā)現(xiàn)，一種被稱為“哲學(xué)”的獨(dú)立學(xué)科——既有別于神學(xué)和科學(xué)諸般學(xué)科，并高高在上地對(duì)其予以評(píng)判——的思想，其淵源卻是甚為近期的事。
難句類(lèi)型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語(yǔ)、抽象詞
解釋：本句與上面那句話出自同一篇文章，因此用戶仍很抽象，在此解釋幾個(gè)對(duì)讀句子比較重要的單詞。
sit in judgment on :審視，做出判斷，本文中特指文章前面所說(shuō)的superior to；
pursuit:不是追求，而是指被從事的事業(yè)=occupation, career, interest, etc.
turn out:被證明是，實(shí)際是，同義詞有：prove to be, be discovered to be。
這句話除了單詞的問(wèn)題之外，兩個(gè)插入語(yǔ)把主謂賓全部隔開(kāi)，尤其是第一個(gè)插入語(yǔ)還很長(zhǎng)，造成了我們閱讀的困難。
意群訓(xùn)練：the idea of an autonomous discipline called "philosophy，" distinct from and sitting in judgment on such pursuits as theology and science turns out， on close examination，to be of quite recent origin.
105、they were fighting, albeit discreetly, to open the intellectual world to the new science and to liberate intellectual life from ecclesiastical philosophy and envisioned their work as contributing to the growth, not of philosophy, but of research in mathematics and physics.（5-）他們戰(zhàn)斗著，盡管是謹(jǐn)慎的，來(lái)為學(xué)術(shù)界打開(kāi)新科學(xué)的大門(mén)，而且去把學(xué)術(shù)生活從宗教哲學(xué)中解脫出來(lái)，而且他們把自己的工作看成是對(duì)科學(xué)和物理學(xué)而不是對(duì)哲學(xué)成長(zhǎng)做出了貢獻(xiàn)。
難句類(lèi)型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語(yǔ)、省略、抽象詞
解釋：本句再一次出現(xiàn)兩個(gè)and連接三個(gè)不屬于同一層面的成分的情況：第一個(gè)and 連接兩個(gè)并列的不定式，第二個(gè)and的級(jí)別較高，連接前后兩個(gè)并列的句子，and之后相當(dāng)于省略了主語(yǔ)they.第二個(gè)插入語(yǔ)起到的干擾作用比較大，把the growth of分割成了the growth, not of philosophy, but of…。
意群訓(xùn)練：they were fighting, albeit discreetly, to open the intellectual world to the new science and to liberate intellectual life from ecclesiastical philosophy and envisioned their work as contributing to the growth, not of philosophy, but of research in mathematics and physics.
106、but the recent discovery of detailed similarities in the skeletal structure of the flippers in all three groups undermines the attempt to explain away superficial resemblance as due to convergent evolution — the independent development of similarities between unrelated groups in response to similar environmental pressures. （4）
但是，最近在所有這三類(lèi)動(dòng)物身上，對(duì)鰭肢的骨骼結(jié)構(gòu)所存在的細(xì)致共同點(diǎn)的發(fā)現(xiàn)足以削弱這樣一種企圖，即把表面上的近似作為趨同進(jìn)化所致的結(jié)果來(lái)將其解釋掉。而所謂的趨同進(jìn)化（convergent evolution），是指在互不相關(guān)的生物群體之間，作為對(duì)類(lèi)似的環(huán)境壓力作出的反應(yīng)，彼此獨(dú)立的發(fā)展形成某些相同特征。
難句類(lèi)型：復(fù)雜修飾
解釋：讀者大概也看出來(lái)了，本句的特點(diǎn)就是長(zhǎng)，復(fù)雜修飾的長(zhǎng)主語(yǔ)，復(fù)雜修飾的長(zhǎng)賓語(yǔ)，中間以謂語(yǔ)undermines相連。修飾attempt的不定式中的to explain away something as…意思是把某件事情當(dāng)作后面的東西解釋掉。本句在文中起到了一個(gè)極為重要的作用，后面有一道題專門(mén)對(duì)本句提問(wèn)?，F(xiàn)場(chǎng)這種句子能否順利看懂，會(huì)對(duì)考生考試的分?jǐn)?shù)起到直接影響。
意群訓(xùn)練：but the recent discovery of detailed similarities in the skeletal structure of the flippers in all three groups undermines the attempt to explain away superficial resemblance as due to convergent evolution — the independent development of similarities between unrelated groups in response to similar environmental pressures.
107、human genes contain too little information even to specify which hemisphere of the brain each of a human’s 10’’ neurons should occupy，let alone the hundreds of connections that each neuron makes. （5）
人類(lèi)基因所包含的信息是如此之少，以致于就連去具體規(guī)定人類(lèi)1011的神經(jīng)細(xì)胞中任意一個(gè)細(xì)胞應(yīng)占據(jù)大腦的哪個(gè)半腦都無(wú)法做到，更不用提每個(gè)神經(jīng)細(xì)胞所會(huì)形成的數(shù)百種連接。
難句類(lèi)型：倒裝、省略
解釋：本句在固定搭配too little information even to specify之后，是一個(gè)大型倒裝，正常的語(yǔ)序應(yīng)該是:
human genes contain too little information even to specify that each of a human’s 10’’ neurons should occupy which hemisphere of the brain, let alone the hundreds of connections that each neuron makes.
固定搭配too..to是太怎么樣以至不能如何的意思，其后的specify后面的內(nèi)容實(shí)際上是一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句。文章的作者把從句中的賓語(yǔ)提到主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)之前，并省略引導(dǎo)詞that，使得句子非常難以讀懂。最后的let alone的意思是表示遞進(jìn)的“更不要說(shuō)，何況”。
意群訓(xùn)練：human genes contain too little information even to specify which hemisphere of the brain each of a human’s 10’’ neurons should occupy，let alone the hundreds of connections that each neuron makes.
108、for the woman who is a practitioner of feminist literary criticism, the subjectivity versus objectivity, or critic-as-artist-or-scientist, debate has special significance; for her, the question is not only academic, but political as well, and her definition will court special risks whichever side of the issue it favors.（5）
對(duì)于一個(gè)從事女權(quán)主義文學(xué)評(píng)論的婦女來(lái)說(shuō)，主觀性還是客觀性，或者說(shuō)評(píng)論家應(yīng)該做藝術(shù)家還是作科學(xué)家的爭(zhēng)論有著特殊的重要性；對(duì)她來(lái)說(shuō)，此問(wèn)題不僅僅是學(xué)術(shù)上的，而且還是政治上的，并且她所給出的定義，不管有利于問(wèn)題的哪一方面，都會(huì)招致特殊的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
難句類(lèi)型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語(yǔ)、倒裝、省略、抽象詞、易淆指代
解釋：首先解釋一下幾個(gè)詞匯：versus:在這里不是前面的against的意思，它和后面的or都是“是….還是…”的意思，其英文釋義為：in contrast to or as the alternative of free trade versus pretection 。court:招致（風(fēng)險(xiǎn)、失?。?，英文釋義：to act as to invite or provoke (courts disaster)。
分號(hào)前面的句子的主語(yǔ)被插入語(yǔ)”or critic-as-artist-or-scientist”分開(kāi)，正常情況下應(yīng)該是the subjectivity versus objectivity debate。這種名詞修飾名詞的情況在gre和gmat考試中是常見(jiàn)的，如前面講過(guò)的句子中出現(xiàn)的mind-body problem。
最后的條件狀語(yǔ)從句whichever side of the issue it favors看上去不難，但卻不好理解，首先是whichever被提前的表示方法，相當(dāng)于no matter it favors which side of the issue 的倒裝，no matter被省略，which提前并改成了whichever，后面的side of the issue也被提前到主謂it favors之前，issue在此之前面的主要問(wèn)題，即主觀性還是客觀性的問(wèn)題，而it前面的名詞太多，一下子不好辨別，其實(shí)就是指本句的主語(yǔ)her definition。
意群訓(xùn)練：for the woman who is a practitioner of feminist literary criticism, the subjectivity versus objectivity, or critic-as-artist-or-scientist, debate has special significance; for her, the question is not only academic, but political as well, and her definition will court special risks whichever side of the issue it favors.
109、if she defines feminist criticism as objective and scientific 每 a valid, verifiable, intellectual method that anyone, whether man or woman , can perform 每 the definition not only precludes the critic-as-artist approach, but may also impede accomplishment of the utilitarian political objectives of those who seek to change the academic establishment and its thinking, especially about sex roles.ㄗ4ㄘ梁如她叁躓權(quán)主義文悝評(píng)蹦隅義為諦夤腔睿褪悝性腔＂＂一跺衄效腔、褫證妗腔、燴性腔、無(wú)蹦咸躓飲褫以使用腔源楊＂＂饒系ㄛ這跺隅義祥躺蔚齬撥裁蠶評(píng)模作為眙術(shù)模腔源楊ㄛ奧且褫夔頗郯鬼饒些尋求蜊曹悝術(shù)賜腔現(xiàn)狀腔摯其思維ㄛ特梗是衄壽性梗褒伎腔思維腔人蠅腔妗用主義腔政笥醴梓腔傖憩”
難句類(lèi)型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語(yǔ)、抽象詞
解釋：這句話在原文中緊接著上例的難句，句中的插入語(yǔ)雖然長(zhǎng)，但是并不打斷正常的語(yǔ)義，因此不算難懂；但是but also之后的分句中的賓語(yǔ)accomplishment的修飾成分實(shí)在太復(fù)雜，而且充斥著各色的極端抽象的詞匯，沒(méi)有一定的詞匯功底，這句話的意思是不容易看懂的。
砩群救褶ㄩif she defines feminist criticism as objective and scientific 每 a valid, verifiable, intellectual method that anyone, whether man or woman , can perform 每 the definition not only precludes the critic-as-artist approach, but may also impede accomplishment of the utilitarian political objectives of those who seek to change the academic establishment and its thinking, especially about sex roles.
110、these questions are political in the sense that the debate over them will inevitably be less an exploration of abstract matters in a spirit of disinterested inquiry than an academic power struggle in which the careers and professional fortunes of many women scholars-only now entering the academic profession in substantial numbers-will be at stake，and with them the chances for a distinctive contribution to humanistic understanding，a contribution that might be an important influence against sexism in our society. （5+）
這些問(wèn)題之所以帶有政治性質(zhì)，因?yàn)椴豢杀苊獾?，圍繞這些問(wèn)題展開(kāi)的爭(zhēng)論與其說(shuō)是一種在客觀冷靜科研精神指導(dǎo)下對(duì)抽象問(wèn)題的探索，倒不如說(shuō)是一種學(xué)術(shù)上的權(quán)力斗爭(zhēng)。在此斗爭(zhēng)中，許多女學(xué)者中——只是在現(xiàn)在才開(kāi)始以眾多的人數(shù)進(jìn)入學(xué)術(shù)界——的學(xué)術(shù)生涯和職業(yè)命運(yùn)將處于存亡攸關(guān)的危急關(guān)頭，與她們相伴隨的是對(duì)人文理解作出一種獨(dú)特貢獻(xiàn)的機(jī)遇，這一貢獻(xiàn)則很有可能成為消除我們社會(huì)中所存在的性別主義的一股重要影響。
難句類(lèi)型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語(yǔ)、省略、抽象詞
解釋：相信有不少同學(xué)在閱讀現(xiàn)場(chǎng)看到這個(gè)長(zhǎng)達(dá)10行，不算標(biāo)點(diǎn)就有81個(gè)單詞的龐然大句的時(shí)候，不禁心為之顫、色為之變、氣為之短、膽為之寒。曾經(jīng)有人把gre戲稱為god read english，我們果然在這個(gè)句子中看到了“天書(shū)”的風(fēng)采。
經(jīng)筆者認(rèn)真的統(tǒng)計(jì)，本句是一切英語(yǔ)考試中所出現(xiàn)的最長(zhǎng)的句子。而值得一提的是，筆者自己當(dāng)初在?？贾凶x到此處時(shí)，卻根本沒(méi)有感覺(jué)到這個(gè)句子的長(zhǎng)短，只是在模考結(jié)束以后回頭看文章的時(shí)候，才發(fā)覺(jué)這個(gè)文章中的第三段整個(gè)就是一句話。其原因在于筆者當(dāng)時(shí)已經(jīng)對(duì)gre考試中出現(xiàn)的閱讀難句做過(guò)認(rèn)真的、系統(tǒng)的訓(xùn)練，而經(jīng)過(guò)難句訓(xùn)練的人在讀文章的時(shí)候、既不看句子的長(zhǎng)短，也不想句子的結(jié)構(gòu)，只看句子的意思。其道理在于，他讀過(guò)太多遍的長(zhǎng)句子，以至于對(duì)句子的長(zhǎng)度早已麻木，而且也太熟悉這些句子的語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)，不用想就知道這些結(jié)構(gòu)所表達(dá)的含義，這才是我們訓(xùn)練難句的最終目的。
本句的主句極短，難就難在從in the sense that開(kāi)始到整句話結(jié)束為止的狀語(yǔ)上。that引導(dǎo)的從句作sense的同位語(yǔ)，從句中的主架構(gòu)還是前面曾經(jīng)講過(guò)的less…than…的結(jié)構(gòu)，譯成“與其說(shuō)是…還不如說(shuō)是”and后面是一個(gè)獨(dú)立的介詞結(jié)構(gòu)，作者用它來(lái)強(qiáng)調(diào)女評(píng)論家的重要性?？梢岳斫獬勺髡咴趙ith them are the chances.中省略了系動(dòng)詞are.
意群訓(xùn)練：these questions are political in the sense that the debate over them will inevitably be less an exploration of abstract matters in a spirit of disinterested inquiry than an academic power struggle in which the careers and professional fortunes of many women scholars-only now entering the academic profession in substantial numbers-will be at stake，and with them the chances for a distinctive contribution to humanistic understanding，a contribution that might be an important influence against sexism in our society.
關(guān)于這個(gè)最后的問(wèn)題，我們可以順便指出，t盡管正確的使勞動(dòng)人民重返十八世紀(jì)英國(guó)的歷史舞臺(tái)，但是他又可能吹噓了這些人對(duì)于資本主義消費(fèi)觀在普遍意義上的敵視態(tài)度；比如說(shuō)，十八世紀(jì)的英國(guó)勞動(dòng)人民就很容易從家釀的啤酒轉(zhuǎn)而引用由大型的、資本密集的城市釀酒廠生產(chǎn)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)啤酒。in passing:順便的、隨便的、偶然的
難句類(lèi)型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語(yǔ)
解釋：本句的難點(diǎn)就在于句子開(kāi)始的we might note in passing that thompson…一句中，不認(rèn)識(shí)in passing這個(gè)詞組，現(xiàn)場(chǎng)就無(wú)法讀懂這句話的結(jié)構(gòu)和含義；好在這里這個(gè)詞組沒(méi)有什么特別重要的意思，即使跳過(guò)也不耽誤大事。
in passing的意思是：順便地，隨便地或偶然地，其在英文中的同義詞就是briefly,incidentally。句子中的note in passing that…就是“順便提一下”，“簡(jiǎn)單說(shuō)一句”的意思。
意群訓(xùn)練：with regard to this last question, we might note in passing that thompson, while rightly restoring laboring people to the stage of eighteen-century english history, has probably exaggerated the opposition of these people to the inroads of capitalist consumerism in general: for example, laboring people in eighteen-century england readily shifted from home-brewed beer to standardized beer produced by huge, heavily capitalized urban breweries.
102、 the correlation of carbon dioxide with temperature, of course, does not establish whether changes in atmospheric composition caused the warming and cooling trends or were caused by their.（4+）
當(dāng)然二氧化碳與大氣溫度之間的相互聯(lián)系并不能確定到底是大氣成分的變化引起了氣候的變暖和變冷的趨勢(shì)，還是大氣成分的變化是由氣候的冷暖變化造成的。
難句類(lèi)型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語(yǔ)、省略
解釋：本句主句中的謂語(yǔ)establish在gre、gmat和lsat的閱讀文章中除了可以作建立的意思以外，還有一個(gè)更常用的意思，就是確定、確證的意思，等于determine, prove或confirm，另外，本句的省略很容易使讀者將指代關(guān)系搞混：在最后的or were caused by their當(dāng)中，存在兩處省略：or之后省略了與whether一句中相同的主語(yǔ)changes (in atmospheric composition)；最后的their之后又省略了與whether從句中的主語(yǔ)一樣的changes。這里不管將their之后被省略的內(nèi)容看成是warming and cooling trends還是看成composition都是錯(cuò)誤理解。
意群訓(xùn)練：the correlation of carbon dioxide with temperature, of course, does not establish whether changes in atmospheric composition caused the warming and cooling trends or were caused by their.
103、 such philosophical concerns as the mind-body problem or，more generally，the nature of human knowledge they believe，are basic human questions whose tentative philosophical solutions have served as the necessary foundations on which all other intellectual speculation has rested. （5 -）
他們相信，諸如靈與肉的問(wèn)題，或更普遍而言，人類(lèi)知識(shí)的性質(zhì)等此類(lèi)哲學(xué)關(guān)注，均是一些基本的人類(lèi)問(wèn)題，其探索性的哲學(xué)答案已構(gòu)成一個(gè)必要的基礎(chǔ)，其它所有的智力思辯均賴以建立其上。
難句類(lèi)型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語(yǔ)、倒裝、抽象詞
解釋：本篇文章所討論的主題就是哲學(xué)的起源問(wèn)題，因此在這篇文章中出現(xiàn)大量的抽象詞，是理所當(dāng)然的。
然而本句的開(kāi)始的結(jié)構(gòu)比較特殊，出現(xiàn)了一個(gè)倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)，正常的語(yǔ)序應(yīng)該是：they believe that such philosophical concerns as the mind-body problem or, more generrally, the nature of human knowledge, are basic human question…。筆者說(shuō)此結(jié)構(gòu)特殊，并不是因?yàn)槲覀兯究找?jiàn)慣了的倒裝本身，而是因?yàn)閺木渥拥慕Y(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)講，此倒裝毫無(wú)必要，并無(wú)頭重腳輕之虞。作者之所以這樣寫(xiě)，一是為了強(qiáng)調(diào)句首的、作為文章主題的哲學(xué)，二是為了使句式有所變化，不至于過(guò)分單一，三是為了為難一下考生，看看讀者看懂了沒(méi)有，后面就對(duì)這句話出了一道題。
意群訓(xùn)練：such philosophical concerns as the mind-body problem or，more generally，the nature of human knowledge they believe，are basic human questions whose tentative philosophical solutions have served as the necessary foundations on which all other intellectual speculation has rested.
104、 the idea of an autonomous discipline called "philosophy，" distinct from and sitting in judgment on such pursuits as theology and science turns out， on close examination，to be of quite recent origin. （4）
細(xì)作審視，我們便不難發(fā)現(xiàn)，一種被稱為“哲學(xué)”的獨(dú)立學(xué)科——既有別于神學(xué)和科學(xué)諸般學(xué)科，并高高在上地對(duì)其予以評(píng)判——的思想，其淵源卻是甚為近期的事。
難句類(lèi)型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語(yǔ)、抽象詞
解釋：本句與上面那句話出自同一篇文章，因此用戶仍很抽象，在此解釋幾個(gè)對(duì)讀句子比較重要的單詞。
sit in judgment on :審視，做出判斷，本文中特指文章前面所說(shuō)的superior to；
pursuit:不是追求，而是指被從事的事業(yè)=occupation, career, interest, etc.
turn out:被證明是，實(shí)際是，同義詞有：prove to be, be discovered to be。
這句話除了單詞的問(wèn)題之外，兩個(gè)插入語(yǔ)把主謂賓全部隔開(kāi)，尤其是第一個(gè)插入語(yǔ)還很長(zhǎng)，造成了我們閱讀的困難。
意群訓(xùn)練：the idea of an autonomous discipline called "philosophy，" distinct from and sitting in judgment on such pursuits as theology and science turns out， on close examination，to be of quite recent origin.
105、they were fighting, albeit discreetly, to open the intellectual world to the new science and to liberate intellectual life from ecclesiastical philosophy and envisioned their work as contributing to the growth, not of philosophy, but of research in mathematics and physics.（5-）他們戰(zhàn)斗著，盡管是謹(jǐn)慎的，來(lái)為學(xué)術(shù)界打開(kāi)新科學(xué)的大門(mén)，而且去把學(xué)術(shù)生活從宗教哲學(xué)中解脫出來(lái)，而且他們把自己的工作看成是對(duì)科學(xué)和物理學(xué)而不是對(duì)哲學(xué)成長(zhǎng)做出了貢獻(xiàn)。
難句類(lèi)型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語(yǔ)、省略、抽象詞
解釋：本句再一次出現(xiàn)兩個(gè)and連接三個(gè)不屬于同一層面的成分的情況：第一個(gè)and 連接兩個(gè)并列的不定式，第二個(gè)and的級(jí)別較高，連接前后兩個(gè)并列的句子，and之后相當(dāng)于省略了主語(yǔ)they.第二個(gè)插入語(yǔ)起到的干擾作用比較大，把the growth of分割成了the growth, not of philosophy, but of…。
意群訓(xùn)練：they were fighting, albeit discreetly, to open the intellectual world to the new science and to liberate intellectual life from ecclesiastical philosophy and envisioned their work as contributing to the growth, not of philosophy, but of research in mathematics and physics.
106、but the recent discovery of detailed similarities in the skeletal structure of the flippers in all three groups undermines the attempt to explain away superficial resemblance as due to convergent evolution — the independent development of similarities between unrelated groups in response to similar environmental pressures. （4）
但是，最近在所有這三類(lèi)動(dòng)物身上，對(duì)鰭肢的骨骼結(jié)構(gòu)所存在的細(xì)致共同點(diǎn)的發(fā)現(xiàn)足以削弱這樣一種企圖，即把表面上的近似作為趨同進(jìn)化所致的結(jié)果來(lái)將其解釋掉。而所謂的趨同進(jìn)化（convergent evolution），是指在互不相關(guān)的生物群體之間，作為對(duì)類(lèi)似的環(huán)境壓力作出的反應(yīng)，彼此獨(dú)立的發(fā)展形成某些相同特征。
難句類(lèi)型：復(fù)雜修飾
解釋：讀者大概也看出來(lái)了，本句的特點(diǎn)就是長(zhǎng)，復(fù)雜修飾的長(zhǎng)主語(yǔ)，復(fù)雜修飾的長(zhǎng)賓語(yǔ)，中間以謂語(yǔ)undermines相連。修飾attempt的不定式中的to explain away something as…意思是把某件事情當(dāng)作后面的東西解釋掉。本句在文中起到了一個(gè)極為重要的作用，后面有一道題專門(mén)對(duì)本句提問(wèn)?，F(xiàn)場(chǎng)這種句子能否順利看懂，會(huì)對(duì)考生考試的分?jǐn)?shù)起到直接影響。
意群訓(xùn)練：but the recent discovery of detailed similarities in the skeletal structure of the flippers in all three groups undermines the attempt to explain away superficial resemblance as due to convergent evolution — the independent development of similarities between unrelated groups in response to similar environmental pressures.
107、human genes contain too little information even to specify which hemisphere of the brain each of a human’s 10’’ neurons should occupy，let alone the hundreds of connections that each neuron makes. （5）
人類(lèi)基因所包含的信息是如此之少，以致于就連去具體規(guī)定人類(lèi)1011的神經(jīng)細(xì)胞中任意一個(gè)細(xì)胞應(yīng)占據(jù)大腦的哪個(gè)半腦都無(wú)法做到，更不用提每個(gè)神經(jīng)細(xì)胞所會(huì)形成的數(shù)百種連接。
難句類(lèi)型：倒裝、省略
解釋：本句在固定搭配too little information even to specify之后，是一個(gè)大型倒裝，正常的語(yǔ)序應(yīng)該是:
human genes contain too little information even to specify that each of a human’s 10’’ neurons should occupy which hemisphere of the brain, let alone the hundreds of connections that each neuron makes.
固定搭配too..to是太怎么樣以至不能如何的意思，其后的specify后面的內(nèi)容實(shí)際上是一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句。文章的作者把從句中的賓語(yǔ)提到主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)之前，并省略引導(dǎo)詞that，使得句子非常難以讀懂。最后的let alone的意思是表示遞進(jìn)的“更不要說(shuō)，何況”。
意群訓(xùn)練：human genes contain too little information even to specify which hemisphere of the brain each of a human’s 10’’ neurons should occupy，let alone the hundreds of connections that each neuron makes.
108、for the woman who is a practitioner of feminist literary criticism, the subjectivity versus objectivity, or critic-as-artist-or-scientist, debate has special significance; for her, the question is not only academic, but political as well, and her definition will court special risks whichever side of the issue it favors.（5）
對(duì)于一個(gè)從事女權(quán)主義文學(xué)評(píng)論的婦女來(lái)說(shuō)，主觀性還是客觀性，或者說(shuō)評(píng)論家應(yīng)該做藝術(shù)家還是作科學(xué)家的爭(zhēng)論有著特殊的重要性；對(duì)她來(lái)說(shuō)，此問(wèn)題不僅僅是學(xué)術(shù)上的，而且還是政治上的，并且她所給出的定義，不管有利于問(wèn)題的哪一方面，都會(huì)招致特殊的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
難句類(lèi)型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語(yǔ)、倒裝、省略、抽象詞、易淆指代
解釋：首先解釋一下幾個(gè)詞匯：versus:在這里不是前面的against的意思，它和后面的or都是“是….還是…”的意思，其英文釋義為：in contrast to or as the alternative of free trade versus pretection 。court:招致（風(fēng)險(xiǎn)、失?。?，英文釋義：to act as to invite or provoke (courts disaster)。
分號(hào)前面的句子的主語(yǔ)被插入語(yǔ)”or critic-as-artist-or-scientist”分開(kāi)，正常情況下應(yīng)該是the subjectivity versus objectivity debate。這種名詞修飾名詞的情況在gre和gmat考試中是常見(jiàn)的，如前面講過(guò)的句子中出現(xiàn)的mind-body problem。
最后的條件狀語(yǔ)從句whichever side of the issue it favors看上去不難，但卻不好理解，首先是whichever被提前的表示方法，相當(dāng)于no matter it favors which side of the issue 的倒裝，no matter被省略，which提前并改成了whichever，后面的side of the issue也被提前到主謂it favors之前，issue在此之前面的主要問(wèn)題，即主觀性還是客觀性的問(wèn)題，而it前面的名詞太多，一下子不好辨別，其實(shí)就是指本句的主語(yǔ)her definition。
意群訓(xùn)練：for the woman who is a practitioner of feminist literary criticism, the subjectivity versus objectivity, or critic-as-artist-or-scientist, debate has special significance; for her, the question is not only academic, but political as well, and her definition will court special risks whichever side of the issue it favors.
109、if she defines feminist criticism as objective and scientific 每 a valid, verifiable, intellectual method that anyone, whether man or woman , can perform 每 the definition not only precludes the critic-as-artist approach, but may also impede accomplishment of the utilitarian political objectives of those who seek to change the academic establishment and its thinking, especially about sex roles.ㄗ4ㄘ梁如她叁躓權(quán)主義文悝評(píng)蹦隅義為諦夤腔睿褪悝性腔＂＂一跺衄效腔、褫證妗腔、燴性腔、無(wú)蹦咸躓飲褫以使用腔源楊＂＂饒系ㄛ這跺隅義祥躺蔚齬撥裁蠶評(píng)模作為眙術(shù)模腔源楊ㄛ奧且褫夔頗郯鬼饒些尋求蜊曹悝術(shù)賜腔現(xiàn)狀腔摯其思維ㄛ特梗是衄壽性梗褒伎腔思維腔人蠅腔妗用主義腔政笥醴梓腔傖憩”
難句類(lèi)型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語(yǔ)、抽象詞
解釋：這句話在原文中緊接著上例的難句，句中的插入語(yǔ)雖然長(zhǎng)，但是并不打斷正常的語(yǔ)義，因此不算難懂；但是but also之后的分句中的賓語(yǔ)accomplishment的修飾成分實(shí)在太復(fù)雜，而且充斥著各色的極端抽象的詞匯，沒(méi)有一定的詞匯功底，這句話的意思是不容易看懂的。
砩群救褶ㄩif she defines feminist criticism as objective and scientific 每 a valid, verifiable, intellectual method that anyone, whether man or woman , can perform 每 the definition not only precludes the critic-as-artist approach, but may also impede accomplishment of the utilitarian political objectives of those who seek to change the academic establishment and its thinking, especially about sex roles.
110、these questions are political in the sense that the debate over them will inevitably be less an exploration of abstract matters in a spirit of disinterested inquiry than an academic power struggle in which the careers and professional fortunes of many women scholars-only now entering the academic profession in substantial numbers-will be at stake，and with them the chances for a distinctive contribution to humanistic understanding，a contribution that might be an important influence against sexism in our society. （5+）
這些問(wèn)題之所以帶有政治性質(zhì)，因?yàn)椴豢杀苊獾?，圍繞這些問(wèn)題展開(kāi)的爭(zhēng)論與其說(shuō)是一種在客觀冷靜科研精神指導(dǎo)下對(duì)抽象問(wèn)題的探索，倒不如說(shuō)是一種學(xué)術(shù)上的權(quán)力斗爭(zhēng)。在此斗爭(zhēng)中，許多女學(xué)者中——只是在現(xiàn)在才開(kāi)始以眾多的人數(shù)進(jìn)入學(xué)術(shù)界——的學(xué)術(shù)生涯和職業(yè)命運(yùn)將處于存亡攸關(guān)的危急關(guān)頭，與她們相伴隨的是對(duì)人文理解作出一種獨(dú)特貢獻(xiàn)的機(jī)遇，這一貢獻(xiàn)則很有可能成為消除我們社會(huì)中所存在的性別主義的一股重要影響。
難句類(lèi)型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語(yǔ)、省略、抽象詞
解釋：相信有不少同學(xué)在閱讀現(xiàn)場(chǎng)看到這個(gè)長(zhǎng)達(dá)10行，不算標(biāo)點(diǎn)就有81個(gè)單詞的龐然大句的時(shí)候，不禁心為之顫、色為之變、氣為之短、膽為之寒。曾經(jīng)有人把gre戲稱為god read english，我們果然在這個(gè)句子中看到了“天書(shū)”的風(fēng)采。
經(jīng)筆者認(rèn)真的統(tǒng)計(jì)，本句是一切英語(yǔ)考試中所出現(xiàn)的最長(zhǎng)的句子。而值得一提的是，筆者自己當(dāng)初在?？贾凶x到此處時(shí)，卻根本沒(méi)有感覺(jué)到這個(gè)句子的長(zhǎng)短，只是在模考結(jié)束以后回頭看文章的時(shí)候，才發(fā)覺(jué)這個(gè)文章中的第三段整個(gè)就是一句話。其原因在于筆者當(dāng)時(shí)已經(jīng)對(duì)gre考試中出現(xiàn)的閱讀難句做過(guò)認(rèn)真的、系統(tǒng)的訓(xùn)練，而經(jīng)過(guò)難句訓(xùn)練的人在讀文章的時(shí)候、既不看句子的長(zhǎng)短，也不想句子的結(jié)構(gòu)，只看句子的意思。其道理在于，他讀過(guò)太多遍的長(zhǎng)句子，以至于對(duì)句子的長(zhǎng)度早已麻木，而且也太熟悉這些句子的語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)，不用想就知道這些結(jié)構(gòu)所表達(dá)的含義，這才是我們訓(xùn)練難句的最終目的。
本句的主句極短，難就難在從in the sense that開(kāi)始到整句話結(jié)束為止的狀語(yǔ)上。that引導(dǎo)的從句作sense的同位語(yǔ)，從句中的主架構(gòu)還是前面曾經(jīng)講過(guò)的less…than…的結(jié)構(gòu)，譯成“與其說(shuō)是…還不如說(shuō)是”and后面是一個(gè)獨(dú)立的介詞結(jié)構(gòu)，作者用它來(lái)強(qiáng)調(diào)女評(píng)論家的重要性?？梢岳斫獬勺髡咴趙ith them are the chances.中省略了系動(dòng)詞are.
意群訓(xùn)練：these questions are political in the sense that the debate over them will inevitably be less an exploration of abstract matters in a spirit of disinterested inquiry than an academic power struggle in which the careers and professional fortunes of many women scholars-only now entering the academic profession in substantial numbers-will be at stake，and with them the chances for a distinctive contribution to humanistic understanding，a contribution that might be an important influence against sexism in our society.