I. 定語從句起了形容詞的作用，在句中修飾一個(gè)名詞或代詞。被修飾的詞叫做先行詞，引導(dǎo)定語從句的詞叫關(guān)系詞，他的作用一是放在先行詞與定語從句中間起了連接作用，二是在從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)一個(gè)成分，并與先行詞保持?jǐn)?shù)的一致。
|
關(guān)系詞 |
先行詞 |
從句成分 |
例 句 |
備 注 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
關(guān)系代 詞 |
who |
人 |
主語 |
Do you know the man who is talking with your mother? |
whom, which和that在從句中做賓語時(shí)，?？梢允÷?，但介詞提前時(shí)后面關(guān)系代詞不能省略，也不可以用that |
|
whom |
人 |
賓語 |
Mr. Smith is the person with whom I am working The boy (whom) she loved died in the war.. | ||
|
whose |
人或物 |
定語 |
I like those books whose topics are about history. The boy whose father works abroad is my deskmate. | ||
|
that |
人或物 |
主語，賓語 |
A plane is a machine that can fly. She is the pop star (that) I want to see very much. | ||
|
which |
物 |
主語，賓語 |
The book (which) I gave you was worth $10. The picture which was about the accident was terrible. | ||
|
as |
人或物 |
主語，賓語 |
He is such a person as is respected by all of us. This is the same pen as I lost yesterday. |
as做賓語一般不省略 | |
關(guān)系副 詞 |
when |
時(shí)間 |
時(shí)間狀語 |
I will never forget the day when we met there. |
可用on which |
|
where |
地點(diǎn) |
地點(diǎn)狀語 |
This is the house where I was born. |
可用in which | |
|
why |
原因 |
原因狀語 |
I can’t imagine the reason why he turned down my offer. |
可用for which | |
II. that與which, who, whom的用法區(qū)別
|
情 況 |
用法說明 |
例 句 |
|---|---|---|
|
只用that的情況 |
1.先行詞為all, everything, anything, nothing, little, much,等不定代詞時(shí) 2.先行詞被all, any, every, each, much, little, no, some, few等修飾時(shí) 3.先行詞有形容詞級(jí)和序數(shù)詞修飾時(shí) 4.先行詞既指人又指物時(shí) 5.先行詞被the only, the very修飾時(shí) 6.句中已經(jīng)有who或which時(shí)，為了避免重復(fù)時(shí) |
1.He told me everything that he knows. 2.All the books that you offered has been given out. 3.This is the best film that I have ever read. 4.We talked about the persons and things that we remembered. 5.He is the only man that I want to see. 6.Who is the man that is making a speech? |
|
只用which, who, whom的情況 |
1.在非限制性定語從句中，只能用which指代物，用who/whom指人 2.在由“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語從句中，只能用which指物，whom指人。 3.先行詞本身是that時(shí)，關(guān)系詞用which, 先行詞為those, one, he時(shí)多用who。 |
1.He has a son, who has gone abroad for further study. 2.I like the person to whom the teacher is talking. 3.Those who respect others are usually respected by others. |
III. as、which和that的區(qū)別
從句 |
區(qū) 別 |
例 句 |
|---|---|---|
|
限制性 定語從句中 |
名詞前有such和the same修飾時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞用as,不能用which |
He is not such a fool as he looks. Don’t read such books as you can’t understand. |
|
非限制性 定語從句中 |
as和which都可以指代前面整個(gè)主句。如果有“正如，象”的含義，并可以放在主句前，也可以放在后面，那么用as；而which引導(dǎo)的從句只能放主句后，并無“正如”的意思。 |
They won the game, as we had expected. They won the game, which we hadn’t expected. As is well known, he is a famous film star in the 1980s. |
|
the same... as和 the same ...that |
the same... as指同類事物 the same ...that 指原物 |
That’s the same tool as I used last week.（同類工具，不是同一把） That’s the same tool that I used last week.那就是我上周用過的工具。 |
注意：the way 做先行詞時(shí)，定語從句可由that, in which 引導(dǎo)或不用引導(dǎo)詞。