Solar Power without Solar Cells太陽能的太陽能電池
A dramatic and surprising magnetic effect of light discovered by University of Michigan1 researchers could lead to solar power without traditional semiconductor-based solar cells.
戲劇性的和令人驚訝的磁光效應(yīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)michigan1大學研究人員可能導(dǎo)致太陽能沒有傳統(tǒng)的半導(dǎo)體太陽能電池。
The researchers found a way to make an "optical battery," said Stephen Rand, a professor in the departments of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Physics and Applied Physics.
研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)了一種使“光電池，說：”史蒂芬蘭德，系教授電氣工程與計算機科學，物理和應(yīng)用物理。
Light has electric and magnetic components. Until now, scientists thought the effects of the magnetic field were so weak that they could be ignored. What Rand and his colleagues found is that at the right intensity, when light is traveling through a material that does not conduct electricity, the light field can generate magnetic effects that are 100 million times stronger than previously expected. Under these circumstances, the magnetic effects develop strength equivalent to a strong electric effect.
光的電場和磁場組成部分。直到現(xiàn)在，科學家認為磁效應(yīng)很弱，可以忽略。什么蘭德和他的同事們發(fā)現(xiàn)，在適當?shù)膹姸?，當光線穿過一個材料，不導(dǎo)電，光場可以產(chǎn)生磁效應(yīng)，強100000000倍，比原先預(yù)期。在這種情況下，磁作用發(fā)展實力相當強的影響。
"This could lead to a new kind of solar cell without semiconductors and without absorption to produce charge separation," Rand said. "In solar cells, the light goes into a material, gets absorbed and creates heat. Here, we expect to have a very low heat load2. Instead of the light being absorbed, energy is stored in the magnetic moment3. Intense magnetization can be induced by intense light and then it is ultimately capable of providing a capacitive power source."What makes this possible is a previously undetected brand of "optical rectification4," says William Fisher, a doctoral student5 in applied physics. In traditional optical rectification, light's electric field causes a charge separation, or a pulling apart of the positive and negative charges6 in a material. This sets up a voltage, similar to that in a battery.
“這可能導(dǎo)致一種新的太陽能電池的半導(dǎo)體和不吸收不產(chǎn)生電荷分離，”蘭德說?！碧柲茈姵?，光進入材料，吸收和產(chǎn)生熱量。在這里，我們期望有一個非常低的熱3。相反的光被吸收，能量儲存在磁moment3。強磁化可誘導(dǎo)強烈的光，然后最終能夠提供一個電容電源?！笔鞘裁词惯@可能是一種以前未被發(fā)現(xiàn)的品牌“光rectification4，”威廉說，student5應(yīng)用物理學博士。在傳統(tǒng)的光學矯正，光的電場使電荷分離，或撕裂的積極和消極charges6材料。這建立了一個電壓，類似于一個電池。
Rand and Fisher found that under the right circumstances and in right types of materials, the light's magnetic field can also create optical rectification. The light must be shone through7 a material that does not conduct electricity, such as glass. And it must be focused to an intensity of 10 million watts per square centimeter8. Sunlight isn't this intense on its own, but new materials are being sought that would work at lower intensities, Fisher said.
蘭德和漁民發(fā)現(xiàn)，正確的情況下，對各類材料，光的磁場也可以創(chuàng)造光整流。光線一定要照through7材料，不導(dǎo)電，玻璃等。它必須被集中到一個強度為10000000瓦每平方centimeter8。陽光不強烈的自己，但新材料被要求將工作在較低的強度，費雪說。
"In our most recent paper, we show that incoherent light9 like sunlight is theoretically almost as. effective in producing charge separation as laser light is," Fisher said.
“在我們的最新文件，我們表明，非相干light9理論幾乎像陽光。有效地產(chǎn)生電荷分離激光光，”。
This new technique could make solar power cheaper, the researchers say. They predict that with improved materials they could achieve 10 percent efficiency in converting solar power to useable energy. That's equivalent to today's commercial-grade solar cells.
這種新技術(shù)可以使太陽能更便宜的，研究人員說。他們預(yù)測，提高材料可以達到百分之10的效率，把太陽能轉(zhuǎn)換成可用的能源。這相當于今天的商業(yè)級太陽能電池。
"To manufacture modern solar cells, you have to do extensive semiconductor processing," Fisher said. "All we would need are lenses to focus the light and a fiber to guide it. Glass works for both . It's already made in bulk10, and it doesn't require as much processing. Transparent ceramics might be even better."
制造現(xiàn)代太陽能電池，你必須做廣泛的半導(dǎo)體處理，”他說?！彼形覀冃枰溺R頭集中光源和光纖引導(dǎo)它。玻璃工程為。它已經(jīng)在bulk10，而且不需要盡可能多的處理。透明陶瓷可能會更好。
詞匯：
optical / 'ɔptikəl / adj.光學的 incoherent /, inkəu’hiərənt/ adj.非相干的
capacitive / kə'pæsitiv/ adj. 電容(量)的 semiconductor /,semikən’dʌktə/ n.半導(dǎo)體
rectification /, rektifi'keiʃən/ n.改正，修正 ceramics / si' ræmiks/ n.陶瓷
注釋：
1.University of Michigan：密歇根大學。建校于1817 年，是美國名列前茅的公立大學，擁有優(yōu)良的師資和頂尖的商學院、法學院、醫(yī)學院和工學院。
2. heat load：熱負荷
3. magnetic moment：磁矩
4. optical rectification：光學校正
5. doctoral student：博士生
6. positive and negative charges：正電荷與負電荷
7. shone through：shone是shine的過去式。shine through是“(光)通過”。
8. an intensity of 10 million watts per square centimeter：每平方厘米一千萬瓦特的強度
9. incoherent light：非相干光
10.It's already made in bulk：它(指玻璃)已大量生產(chǎn)。in bulk 是“大量，成批”。
練習：
1.A microscope B instrument C fiber D battery
2. A modifications B effects C applications D results
3. A frequently B privately C previously D formally
4.A Under B At C On D Over
5.A light B electricity C chemical D magnetism
6.A plant B equipment C source D line
7.A down B up C together D apart
8. A this B that C those D it
9. A material B lens C meter D detector
10.A produce B convey C use D conduct
11.A remote B poor C effective D rare
12.A prototype B skill C technique D miracle
13.A converting B obtaining C delivering D transmitting
14.A compact B modern C durable D handy
15. A others B some C all D both
答案與題解：
1.D第一段說密歇根大學發(fā)現(xiàn)，光所產(chǎn)生的巨大磁效應(yīng)有望用于太陽能發(fā)電，從而取代傳統(tǒng)的半導(dǎo)體太陽能電池。因此本題的正確選項應(yīng)該是battery。optical battery是“光電池”。
optical microscope (光學顯微鏡)、optical instrument (光學儀器)或optical fiber (光纖)與第一段的意思沒有聯(lián)系。
2.B 選擇本題的答案的依據(jù)還是要回到第一段。第一段第一句的起始詞語是“A dramatic and surprising magnetic effect of light"。本篇文章中心議題是用magnetic effect of light開發(fā)新型的太陽能電池。而以前的科學家認為magnetic effect of light太微弱，不值得去關(guān)注它。因此，本題選effects與上下文的意思很連貫。
3. C 本句的意思是：當光通過一種絕緣材料時，光場產(chǎn)生的磁效應(yīng)比以前想象的要強一億倍。previously是當然的選擇。其他三個選項填入句子中，意思不合邏輯：frequently(頻繁地)/privately(私下地)/formerly(正式地)expected。
4. A under these circumstances 是固定詞組，意為“在這種情況下”。也可以說in these circumstances ，而at、on或over 都不與circumstances 連用。
5.A通篇文章談的是光產(chǎn)生的磁效應(yīng)，所以在太陽能電池中，當然是光進入某種材料起作用。答案是選項A。
6. C 密歇根大學的科學家發(fā)現(xiàn)太陽光產(chǎn)生強烈的磁效應(yīng)，再轉(zhuǎn)換為電，所以磁效應(yīng)是產(chǎn)生電的源泉(source)。power plant (發(fā)電廠)、power equipment (電力設(shè)備)或power line (輸電線)與上文的意思接不上。
7.D or 在本句的意思是“即”，后面的詞語是解釋專業(yè)術(shù)語charge separation (電荷分離)。選apart與pushing構(gòu)成pushing apart。pushing apart 的意思相當于separation。所以本題的答案是D。
8. B 從上下文判斷，要填人的代詞是替代前面的voltage。根據(jù)英語語法，替代單數(shù)名詞的代詞要用that ，替代復(fù)數(shù)名詞的代詞要用those。voltage 是單數(shù)，所以that 是答案。
9.A從本句句末的such as glass 判斷，要填入的詞一定是包括glass 的概括詞。因此，只有選項material 符合這個條件。而且第三、四段也都提到光磁場效應(yīng)是由光通過一個不導(dǎo)電的材料( material )而產(chǎn)生的。
10.D 答案的根據(jù)可以在第三段中找到。原句是："What Rand and his colleagues found is that at the right intensity, when light is traveling through a material that does not conduct electricity, the light field can generate magnetic effects that are 100 million times stronger than previously expected.”選項conduct 是答案。
11.C 激光通過特定材料時能產(chǎn)生charge separation 。密歇根大學科學家發(fā)現(xiàn)，陽光通過特定材料時也像激光一樣能產(chǎn)生charge separation。如果charge separation 是remote、 poor 或rare，密歇根大學科學家所說的利用光磁場效應(yīng)開發(fā)新型的太陽能電池就不可能成立。所以答案是effective。
12.C 說這種樣機( this prototype )、技巧( this skill )或這一奇跡( this miracle )能降低太陽能的價格，似乎離題太遠。只有用這一技術(shù)( this technology )概括上一段的意思才準確。因此本題答案是technology。
13.A 科學家預(yù)測，通過改進材料，可使太陽能轉(zhuǎn)化成可用能源的效率達到10%。本題的答案是converting。而obtaining(得到)、delivering (輸送)和transmitting(發(fā)射)與“能量轉(zhuǎn)換”掛不上號。
14. B 通篇文章沒有談到新型太陽能電池是compact(緊湊小型的)、durable(耐用的)或handy(使用便利的)，所以不會是答案。選modern是合理的，因為密歇根大學科學家研發(fā)的不用半導(dǎo)體的太陽能電池是先進的。
15.D 答案是both，指代的是上一句的“to focus the light and a fiber to guide it”這兩點。
A dramatic and surprising magnetic effect of light discovered by University of Michigan1 researchers could lead to solar power without traditional semiconductor-based solar cells.
戲劇性的和令人驚訝的磁光效應(yīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)michigan1大學研究人員可能導(dǎo)致太陽能沒有傳統(tǒng)的半導(dǎo)體太陽能電池。
The researchers found a way to make an "optical battery," said Stephen Rand, a professor in the departments of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Physics and Applied Physics.
研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)了一種使“光電池，說：”史蒂芬蘭德，系教授電氣工程與計算機科學，物理和應(yīng)用物理。
Light has electric and magnetic components. Until now, scientists thought the effects of the magnetic field were so weak that they could be ignored. What Rand and his colleagues found is that at the right intensity, when light is traveling through a material that does not conduct electricity, the light field can generate magnetic effects that are 100 million times stronger than previously expected. Under these circumstances, the magnetic effects develop strength equivalent to a strong electric effect.
光的電場和磁場組成部分。直到現(xiàn)在，科學家認為磁效應(yīng)很弱，可以忽略。什么蘭德和他的同事們發(fā)現(xiàn)，在適當?shù)膹姸?，當光線穿過一個材料，不導(dǎo)電，光場可以產(chǎn)生磁效應(yīng)，強100000000倍，比原先預(yù)期。在這種情況下，磁作用發(fā)展實力相當強的影響。
"This could lead to a new kind of solar cell without semiconductors and without absorption to produce charge separation," Rand said. "In solar cells, the light goes into a material, gets absorbed and creates heat. Here, we expect to have a very low heat load2. Instead of the light being absorbed, energy is stored in the magnetic moment3. Intense magnetization can be induced by intense light and then it is ultimately capable of providing a capacitive power source."What makes this possible is a previously undetected brand of "optical rectification4," says William Fisher, a doctoral student5 in applied physics. In traditional optical rectification, light's electric field causes a charge separation, or a pulling apart of the positive and negative charges6 in a material. This sets up a voltage, similar to that in a battery.
“這可能導(dǎo)致一種新的太陽能電池的半導(dǎo)體和不吸收不產(chǎn)生電荷分離，”蘭德說?！碧柲茈姵?，光進入材料，吸收和產(chǎn)生熱量。在這里，我們期望有一個非常低的熱3。相反的光被吸收，能量儲存在磁moment3。強磁化可誘導(dǎo)強烈的光，然后最終能夠提供一個電容電源?！笔鞘裁词惯@可能是一種以前未被發(fā)現(xiàn)的品牌“光rectification4，”威廉說，student5應(yīng)用物理學博士。在傳統(tǒng)的光學矯正，光的電場使電荷分離，或撕裂的積極和消極charges6材料。這建立了一個電壓，類似于一個電池。
Rand and Fisher found that under the right circumstances and in right types of materials, the light's magnetic field can also create optical rectification. The light must be shone through7 a material that does not conduct electricity, such as glass. And it must be focused to an intensity of 10 million watts per square centimeter8. Sunlight isn't this intense on its own, but new materials are being sought that would work at lower intensities, Fisher said.
蘭德和漁民發(fā)現(xiàn)，正確的情況下，對各類材料，光的磁場也可以創(chuàng)造光整流。光線一定要照through7材料，不導(dǎo)電，玻璃等。它必須被集中到一個強度為10000000瓦每平方centimeter8。陽光不強烈的自己，但新材料被要求將工作在較低的強度，費雪說。
"In our most recent paper, we show that incoherent light9 like sunlight is theoretically almost as. effective in producing charge separation as laser light is," Fisher said.
“在我們的最新文件，我們表明，非相干light9理論幾乎像陽光。有效地產(chǎn)生電荷分離激光光，”。
This new technique could make solar power cheaper, the researchers say. They predict that with improved materials they could achieve 10 percent efficiency in converting solar power to useable energy. That's equivalent to today's commercial-grade solar cells.
這種新技術(shù)可以使太陽能更便宜的，研究人員說。他們預(yù)測，提高材料可以達到百分之10的效率，把太陽能轉(zhuǎn)換成可用的能源。這相當于今天的商業(yè)級太陽能電池。
"To manufacture modern solar cells, you have to do extensive semiconductor processing," Fisher said. "All we would need are lenses to focus the light and a fiber to guide it. Glass works for both . It's already made in bulk10, and it doesn't require as much processing. Transparent ceramics might be even better."
制造現(xiàn)代太陽能電池，你必須做廣泛的半導(dǎo)體處理，”他說?！彼形覀冃枰溺R頭集中光源和光纖引導(dǎo)它。玻璃工程為。它已經(jīng)在bulk10，而且不需要盡可能多的處理。透明陶瓷可能會更好。
詞匯：
optical / 'ɔptikəl / adj.光學的 incoherent /, inkəu’hiərənt/ adj.非相干的
capacitive / kə'pæsitiv/ adj. 電容(量)的 semiconductor /,semikən’dʌktə/ n.半導(dǎo)體
rectification /, rektifi'keiʃən/ n.改正，修正 ceramics / si' ræmiks/ n.陶瓷
注釋：
1.University of Michigan：密歇根大學。建校于1817 年，是美國名列前茅的公立大學，擁有優(yōu)良的師資和頂尖的商學院、法學院、醫(yī)學院和工學院。
2. heat load：熱負荷
3. magnetic moment：磁矩
4. optical rectification：光學校正
5. doctoral student：博士生
6. positive and negative charges：正電荷與負電荷
7. shone through：shone是shine的過去式。shine through是“(光)通過”。
8. an intensity of 10 million watts per square centimeter：每平方厘米一千萬瓦特的強度
9. incoherent light：非相干光
10.It's already made in bulk：它(指玻璃)已大量生產(chǎn)。in bulk 是“大量，成批”。
練習：
1.A microscope B instrument C fiber D battery
2. A modifications B effects C applications D results
3. A frequently B privately C previously D formally
4.A Under B At C On D Over
5.A light B electricity C chemical D magnetism
6.A plant B equipment C source D line
7.A down B up C together D apart
8. A this B that C those D it
9. A material B lens C meter D detector
10.A produce B convey C use D conduct
11.A remote B poor C effective D rare
12.A prototype B skill C technique D miracle
13.A converting B obtaining C delivering D transmitting
14.A compact B modern C durable D handy
15. A others B some C all D both
答案與題解：
1.D第一段說密歇根大學發(fā)現(xiàn)，光所產(chǎn)生的巨大磁效應(yīng)有望用于太陽能發(fā)電，從而取代傳統(tǒng)的半導(dǎo)體太陽能電池。因此本題的正確選項應(yīng)該是battery。optical battery是“光電池”。
optical microscope (光學顯微鏡)、optical instrument (光學儀器)或optical fiber (光纖)與第一段的意思沒有聯(lián)系。
2.B 選擇本題的答案的依據(jù)還是要回到第一段。第一段第一句的起始詞語是“A dramatic and surprising magnetic effect of light"。本篇文章中心議題是用magnetic effect of light開發(fā)新型的太陽能電池。而以前的科學家認為magnetic effect of light太微弱，不值得去關(guān)注它。因此，本題選effects與上下文的意思很連貫。
3. C 本句的意思是：當光通過一種絕緣材料時，光場產(chǎn)生的磁效應(yīng)比以前想象的要強一億倍。previously是當然的選擇。其他三個選項填入句子中，意思不合邏輯：frequently(頻繁地)/privately(私下地)/formerly(正式地)expected。
4. A under these circumstances 是固定詞組，意為“在這種情況下”。也可以說in these circumstances ，而at、on或over 都不與circumstances 連用。
5.A通篇文章談的是光產(chǎn)生的磁效應(yīng)，所以在太陽能電池中，當然是光進入某種材料起作用。答案是選項A。
6. C 密歇根大學的科學家發(fā)現(xiàn)太陽光產(chǎn)生強烈的磁效應(yīng)，再轉(zhuǎn)換為電，所以磁效應(yīng)是產(chǎn)生電的源泉(source)。power plant (發(fā)電廠)、power equipment (電力設(shè)備)或power line (輸電線)與上文的意思接不上。
7.D or 在本句的意思是“即”，后面的詞語是解釋專業(yè)術(shù)語charge separation (電荷分離)。選apart與pushing構(gòu)成pushing apart。pushing apart 的意思相當于separation。所以本題的答案是D。
8. B 從上下文判斷，要填人的代詞是替代前面的voltage。根據(jù)英語語法，替代單數(shù)名詞的代詞要用that ，替代復(fù)數(shù)名詞的代詞要用those。voltage 是單數(shù)，所以that 是答案。
9.A從本句句末的such as glass 判斷，要填入的詞一定是包括glass 的概括詞。因此，只有選項material 符合這個條件。而且第三、四段也都提到光磁場效應(yīng)是由光通過一個不導(dǎo)電的材料( material )而產(chǎn)生的。
10.D 答案的根據(jù)可以在第三段中找到。原句是："What Rand and his colleagues found is that at the right intensity, when light is traveling through a material that does not conduct electricity, the light field can generate magnetic effects that are 100 million times stronger than previously expected.”選項conduct 是答案。
11.C 激光通過特定材料時能產(chǎn)生charge separation 。密歇根大學科學家發(fā)現(xiàn)，陽光通過特定材料時也像激光一樣能產(chǎn)生charge separation。如果charge separation 是remote、 poor 或rare，密歇根大學科學家所說的利用光磁場效應(yīng)開發(fā)新型的太陽能電池就不可能成立。所以答案是effective。
12.C 說這種樣機( this prototype )、技巧( this skill )或這一奇跡( this miracle )能降低太陽能的價格，似乎離題太遠。只有用這一技術(shù)( this technology )概括上一段的意思才準確。因此本題答案是technology。
13.A 科學家預(yù)測，通過改進材料，可使太陽能轉(zhuǎn)化成可用能源的效率達到10%。本題的答案是converting。而obtaining(得到)、delivering (輸送)和transmitting(發(fā)射)與“能量轉(zhuǎn)換”掛不上號。
14. B 通篇文章沒有談到新型太陽能電池是compact(緊湊小型的)、durable(耐用的)或handy(使用便利的)，所以不會是答案。選modern是合理的，因為密歇根大學科學家研發(fā)的不用半導(dǎo)體的太陽能電池是先進的。
15.D 答案是both，指代的是上一句的“to focus the light and a fiber to guide it”這兩點。