高中新概念英語語法when, while, as區(qū)別

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1. “主短從長”型:即主句是一個(gè)短暫性的動(dòng)作,而從句是一個(gè)持續(xù)性動(dòng)作,此時(shí)三者都可用。如:
    Jim hurt his arm while [when, as] he was playing tennis.
    吉姆打網(wǎng)球時(shí)把手臂扭了。
    As [When, While] she was waiting for the train, she became very impatient.
    她在等火車時(shí),變得很不耐煩。
    注意:as用于引出一個(gè)持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞表示“在……期間”時(shí),其謂語通常只能是那些含有動(dòng)作和發(fā)展意味的動(dòng)詞,一般不能是那些不用于進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)的動(dòng)詞,所以下面一句中的while不能換為as:
    A:I’m going to the post office. 我要去郵局。
    B:While you are there, can you get me some stamps?
    當(dāng)你在郵局時(shí),能幫我買幾張郵票嗎?
    2. “主長從長”型:即主句和從句為兩個(gè)同時(shí)進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài),且強(qiáng)調(diào)主句動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)延續(xù)到從句所指的整個(gè)時(shí)間,此時(shí)通常要用while。如:
    I always listen to the radio while I’m driving.
    我總是一邊開車一邊聽收音機(jī)。
    He didn’t ask me in; he kept me standing at the door while he read the message.
    他沒有讓我進(jìn)去,他只顧看那張條子,讓我站在門口等著。
    但是,若主句和從句所表示的兩個(gè)同時(shí)進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作含有“一邊……一邊”之意時(shí),則習(xí)慣上要用as。如:
    He swung his arms as he walked.
    他走路時(shí)擺動(dòng)著手臂。
    I couldn’t remember a story to tell the children, so I made one up as I went along.
    我想不出有什么故事可給孩子講了,只好現(xiàn)編現(xiàn)講。
    3. “主長從短”型:即主句是一個(gè)持續(xù)性動(dòng)作,而從句是一個(gè)短暫性動(dòng)作,此時(shí)可以用as或when,但不能用while。如:
    It was raining hard when [as] we arrived.
    我們到達(dá)時(shí)正下著大雨。
    When [As] he came in, I was listening to the radio.
    他進(jìn)來時(shí),我在聽收音機(jī)。
    二、根據(jù)主句與從句動(dòng)作是否同時(shí)發(fā)生來區(qū)分
    1. 若主句與從句表示的是兩個(gè)同時(shí)發(fā)生的短暫性動(dòng)作,含有類似漢語“一……就”的意思,英語一般要用as 。如:
    The ice cracked as [when] I stepped onto it.
    我一踩冰就裂了。
    He jumped to his feet as the boss came in.
    老板一進(jìn)來他立刻站了起來。
    但是,在hardly [scarcely]…when…句式中,不能將when換成as。如:
    Scarcely had we arrived, when it began to rain.
    我們剛一到就下起雨來了。
    2. 若主句與從句表示的是兩個(gè)幾乎同時(shí)發(fā)生的短暫性動(dòng)作,含有類似漢語“剛要……就”“正要……卻”的意思,英語一般要用as,且此時(shí)通常連用副詞just。如:
    I caught him just when [as] he was leaving the building.
    他正要離開大樓的時(shí)候,我把他截住了。
    Just as [when] the two men were leaving, a message arrived.
    就在這兩個(gè)人要離開的時(shí)候,突然有了消息。
    三、根據(jù)是否具有伴隨變化來區(qū)分
    若要表示主句動(dòng)作伴隨從句動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)展變化,有類似漢語“隨著”的意思,英語習(xí)慣上要用as,而不用when或while。如:
    The room grew colder as the fire burnt down.
    隨著爐火逐漸減弱,房間越來越冷。
    As time goes by my memory seems to get worse.
    隨著時(shí)間的流逝,我的記憶力似乎越來越差。
    注:若不是引導(dǎo)從句,而是引出一個(gè)短語,則用with,不用as。如:
    With winter coming on, it’s time to buy warm clothes.
    隨著冬天到來,該買暖和衣裳了。
    The shadows lengthened with the approach of sunset.
    隨著太陽下落,影子也逐漸伸長。
    四、根據(jù)從句動(dòng)作的規(guī)律性來區(qū)分
    若暗示一種規(guī)律性,表示“每當(dāng)……的時(shí)候”,英語一般要用when。如:
    It’s cold when it snows. 下雪時(shí)天冷。
    He smiles when you praise him.
    你夸獎(jiǎng)他時(shí)他總是笑笑。
    五、根據(jù)主從句動(dòng)作的先后順序來區(qū)分
    若主句與從句所表示的動(dòng)作不是同時(shí)發(fā)生,而是有先后順序時(shí),一般要用when。如:
    When he arrives he’ll tell us all about the match.
    等他到了,他會(huì)好好給我們講講那場比賽的情況。
    When she had finished she waited as though for a reply.
    她講完之后等了等,仿佛是在等候回答似的。
    六、根據(jù)是否具有“趁機(jī)”意味來區(qū)分
    1. 若從句所表示的“當(dāng)……的時(shí)候”具有“趁機(jī)”的意味,則通常用while。如:
    Strike while the iron is hot. 趁熱打鐵。
    I tried to slip the note to him while the teacher wasn’t looking.
    我想趁老師不注意時(shí)把條子偷偷遞給他。
    有時(shí)也用when。如:
    He stole the money when no one was by.
    他趁旁邊無人時(shí)把錢偷走了。
    The boy looks at her repeatedly when she’s not looking.
    那男孩趁她沒看他的時(shí)候不斷地盯著她看。
    七、根據(jù)是否用作并列連詞來區(qū)分
    when可用作并列連詞,表示“這時(shí)”;while也可以用作并列連詞,表示“而”“卻”;但as則沒有類似用法。如:
    I was just about to go to bed when I heard a knock on the door.
    我正要睡覺,聽見有人敲門。
    One person may like to spend his vacation at the seashore, while another may prefer the mountains.
    一個(gè)人會(huì)喜歡在海濱度假,而另一個(gè)人會(huì)喜歡在山里度假。
    八、根據(jù)所引出的省略句來區(qū)分
    1. as和when之后均可直接跟一個(gè)名詞,構(gòu)成省略句;但是while一般不這樣用。如:
    As [When] a boy, he lived in Japan. 他小時(shí)候在日本。
    As [When] still a student, he wrote a novel.
    當(dāng)他還是個(gè)學(xué)生的時(shí)候,他就寫了一本小說。
    2. when和while之后可接現(xiàn)在分詞、介詞短語、形容詞等構(gòu)成省略句,但as一般不這樣用。如:
    When [While] reading, he fell asleep.
    他看書時(shí)睡著了。
    When [While] in trouble, ask her for help.
    遇到麻煩的時(shí)候你就去找她幫忙。
    You must study hard while young, or you will regret when old.
    你趁年輕時(shí)必須努力學(xué)習(xí),不然到老了你會(huì)后悔的。