新概念英語語法:不定式作定語表主動及被動的區(qū)別

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不定式作定語,用主動式還是被動式?
    不定式是非謂語動詞的重要情形之一。由于它具有名詞、動詞、形容詞和副詞的多種特征,所以在句中可以作主語、賓語、表語、狀語、賓語補(bǔ)足語、主語補(bǔ)足語、同位語或獨(dú)立成分。不定式作定語時(shí)兼有主動式和被動式兩種形式,用主動式還是被動式?這往往是不少同學(xué)感到棘手的問題?,F(xiàn)歸納如下,供同學(xué)們學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)參考。
    一、不定式作定語只能用主動式的情形
    1.不定式所修飾的名詞和不定式中的動詞所表示的動作是邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系(此時(shí),該不定式短語可轉(zhuǎn)化為一個(gè)定語從句)。例如:
    Li Xuemei was the first athlete to get to the finishing line(=...a(chǎn)thlete who got to the finishing line).李雪梅是第一個(gè)到達(dá)終點(diǎn)的選手。
    We need someone to help to repair the computer(=...someone who will help to repair the computer).我們需要一個(gè)能幫助我們修電腦的人。
    He is always the first to bear hardships(=...the first who will bear hardships),the last to enjoy comforts(=the last who will enjoy comforts).他總是一個(gè)吃苦在前,享樂在后的人。
    2.不定式與它修飾的名詞是邏輯上的動賓關(guān)系,且主語是不定式中的動詞所表示動作的邏輯主語或在句中能找到其邏輯主語。例如:
    He has a lot of work to do today.今天他有大量的活要干。
    Do you have anything more to say?你還有什么話要說嗎?
    Our teacher arranged us six exercises to do at home.老師給我們安排了六道練習(xí)題在家里做。(us是to do的邏輯主語)
    Father always bought his son some toys to play with after his business.父親每次出差回來都給他的兒子買玩具玩兒。(son是to play with的邏輯主語)
    3.有些句子中,盡管行文上沒有不定式的邏輯主語,但是從句意角度可以體會出不定式中隱含著“for sb.to do”結(jié)構(gòu)。此時(shí),不定式應(yīng)該用主動式。例如:
    There is nothing(for us) to worry about.沒有什么可值得擔(dān)憂的。
    That will be the only thing(for us)to do now.這恐怕是目前(我們)可行的辦法。
    It is a good opportunity(for us /them)to learn from the farmers.這可是一個(gè)向農(nóng)民學(xué)習(xí)的大好機(jī)會。
    4.部分形容詞,如eager,anxious,determined,able等,其后常跟不定式,他們的同源名詞后要用不定式的主動式作定語。例如:
    (Mr.Smith was eager to get back to teach at the school.)
    Mr.Smith's eagerness to get back to teach at the school was quite obvious.史密斯先生急于回校教學(xué)這一點(diǎn)是顯而易見的。
    (He was anxious to know the results of the test.)
    We could see his anxiety to know the results of the test.我們看得出他很想知道這次測驗(yàn)的結(jié)果。
    (They were determined to catch up withus.)
    In their speech they expressed their determination to catch up with us.他們在講話中表達(dá)了他們要趕上我們的決心。
    5.部分動詞,如attempt,promise,plan, intend,refuse等,其后常跟不定式作其賓語,它們的同源名詞后要用不定式的主動式作定語。
    例如:
    (They attempted to reach there before five o'clock.)
    They failed in their attempt to reach there before five o'clock.他們試圖在五點(diǎn)以前趕到那里,但是沒有辦到。
    (You promised to give me a present on my birthday.)
    You haven't kept your promise to give me a present on my birthday.你沒有遵守在我過生日時(shí)給我禮物的諾言。
    (They are planning to be in business on National Day.)
    I guess they will make some changes in their plan to be in business on National Day.我猜他們在國慶節(jié)開始營業(yè)的計(jì)劃得做些變動了。
    6.在“with /without +賓語+賓語補(bǔ)足語”結(jié)構(gòu)中,若賓語補(bǔ)足語是不定式(作定語),不定式所表示的動作將要發(fā)生,且句子的主語是
    該動作邏輯上的執(zhí)行者,此時(shí)不定式須用主動式。例如:
    With a lot of difficult problems ___________ , the newly-elected president is having a hard time.(2002上海高考)
    A.settled B.settling C.to settle D.being settled
    With several meetings to attend,he couldn't go to the Great Wall with us.由于有幾次會議要參加,所以他不能和我們一起去長城了。
    Without two members to come,we'd better not start the meeting.還有兩位成員未到,我們先別開始開會。
    Without anything to do,he turned off the lights and went to bed.已無事可做,所以他關(guān)燈睡覺了。
    二、不定式作定語只能用被動式的情形
    1.為了表達(dá)需要,強(qiáng)調(diào)不定式動作的執(zhí)行者時(shí),須用被動式,常用by結(jié)構(gòu)引導(dǎo)。例如:
    2008 Olympic Games is the first great Olympic Games to be held by Chinese.2008年奧運(yùn)會是中國人首次舉辦的奧運(yùn)盛會。
    2.不定式所修飾的名詞是將要被做的事情時(shí),不定式須用被動式。例如:
    The problem to be discussed at the next meeting is of great importance.下次會議上將要討論的這個(gè)問題至關(guān)重要。
    The building to be built next year will be used as the office building.明年要建設(shè)的大樓將用作辦公樓。
    注意:在“There be”結(jié)構(gòu)中,主語被不定式修飾(不定式作定語)時(shí),既可用主動式,也可用被動式,意義上無甚區(qū)別。例如:
    There was a lot of problems to deal with/to be dealt with.有許多問題需要處理。