2016年職稱英語(yǔ)理工類C級(jí)語(yǔ)法:五個(gè)基本句型

字號(hào):

五個(gè)基本句型
    根據(jù)動(dòng)詞的特性,構(gòu)成英語(yǔ)中五個(gè)基本句型:
    1) 主語(yǔ) + 系動(dòng)詞 + 表語(yǔ)
    2) 主語(yǔ) + 不及物動(dòng)詞 (+ 其他成分)
    3) 主語(yǔ) + 及物動(dòng)詞 + 賓語(yǔ)
    4) 主語(yǔ) + 及物動(dòng)詞 + 雙賓語(yǔ)
    5) 主語(yǔ) + 及物動(dòng)詞 + 賓語(yǔ) + 賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)
    我們?cè)趯W(xué)習(xí)5個(gè)基本句型時(shí),主要關(guān)心每個(gè)句型中的出題點(diǎn)在哪里?! ?BR>    (一)第一句型:主語(yǔ) + 系動(dòng)詞 + 表語(yǔ)
    1) 系動(dòng)詞一般為be 動(dòng)詞。
    注意:look, feel, sound, smell, taste, get, become, come, go, turn, grow, keep, seem, stand等詞可以作“半系動(dòng)詞”用,按行為動(dòng)詞方式變化,起系動(dòng)詞的作用。
    試驗(yàn)比較:
    —— He felt the pockets thoroughly but did not find a single penny.(他摸遍了口袋但沒(méi)有找到一分錢。—— feel為行為動(dòng)詞)
    —— You look pale. Do you feel unwell? (你臉色蒼白,感到不舒服?—— look / feel為系動(dòng)詞)
    一般來(lái)說(shuō),動(dòng)詞后面跟的是個(gè)形容詞或名詞,該動(dòng)詞為系動(dòng)詞, 如:The plan sounds perfect. / The flower smells nice. / The dish tastes delicious. / It is getting dark.
    實(shí)例:
    “Don't worry. Let me take your pulse first.” “Oh, it ______ normal.” (脈搏正常)
    A. is felt
    B. is feeling
    C. feels
    D. felt
    解題思路:normal為形容詞,前面應(yīng)為系動(dòng)詞;系動(dòng)詞沒(méi)有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),故A不對(duì); look, feel, sound, taste, smell, seem等半系動(dòng)詞一般不用進(jìn)行時(shí),B也不對(duì);D時(shí)態(tài)錯(cuò)了,故正確答案為C.
    2)there be是英語(yǔ)中非常重要的一個(gè)句型: there是引導(dǎo)詞,不解釋 "那里"; 這是個(gè)倒裝句, 主語(yǔ)在be動(dòng)詞的后面, be動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)由后面的主語(yǔ)決定。
    注意中國(guó)學(xué)生容易搞錯(cuò)的問(wèn)題:
    There isn't enough furniture in the room.(房間里家具不夠)
    錯(cuò):There hasn't enough furniture in the room.
    There is no doubt that smallpox has been wiped out in China.(毫無(wú)疑問(wèn),中國(guó)已消滅天花。)
    錯(cuò):It is no doubt that smallpox has been wiped out in China.
    There is ample evidence that AIDS is spreading quickly in Asia. (充分證據(jù)表明,愛(ài)滋病正在亞洲迅速蔓延?!?同位語(yǔ)從句)
    錯(cuò):It is evidence that AIDS is spreading quickly in Asia. (可以: It is evident that AIDS is spreading quickly in Asia. - 主語(yǔ)從句)
    (二)第二句型:主語(yǔ) + 不及物動(dòng)詞 (+ 其他成分)
    在這個(gè)句型中主要注意及物動(dòng)詞與不及物動(dòng)詞的區(qū)分:
    不及物動(dòng)詞 及物動(dòng)詞
    rise /rose / risen(升起) raise /raised / raised (提高)
    arise / arose / arisen (from)(產(chǎn)生) arouse / aroused / aroused(喚起)
    lie / lay / lain(躺下) lay / laid / laid(放下)
    arrive at(到達(dá)) reach(到達(dá))
    wait for(等待) await(等待)
    remain(仍舊) maintain(保持,維修)
    *上面所注僅為典型詞義,要根據(jù)句子判別其他意思。
    此外,該句型常采用倒裝形式,注意辨別,主要是以下兩種情況:
    1) 用here 或 there引導(dǎo):Here comes the bus. (汽車來(lái)了。) / There rings the bell. (鈴響了。)
    2) 在動(dòng)詞 + 介詞短語(yǔ)的結(jié)構(gòu)中,往往將介詞短語(yǔ)提前:On the top of the hill stands a pretty little house.(山頂上有一座漂亮的小房子。)
    (三)第三句型:主語(yǔ) + 及物動(dòng)詞 + 賓語(yǔ)
    我們知道,名詞可以做主語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ),非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 -ing和 to do也可以做主語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ),
    作主語(yǔ):
    Learning a foreign language is not easy.(學(xué)門(mén)外語(yǔ)并不容易。)
    To learn a foreign language is not easy. (= It is not easy to learn a foreign language.)
    從語(yǔ)法角度講,上述兩個(gè)表達(dá)方式都可以。
    但是,當(dāng)動(dòng)詞處于賓語(yǔ)位置時(shí),就不能這樣"隨心所欲"了,因?yàn)橛⒄Z(yǔ)語(yǔ)法有以下幾個(gè)規(guī)定:
    1)acknowledge / admit / appreciate / avoid / consider / contemplate / defer / deny / dislike / enjoy / escape / evade / excuse / facilitate / fancy / favor / feel like / finish / give up / cannot help / cannot stand / imagine / include / keep (on) / do not mind / miss / permit / practice / regret / resent / risk / suggest 等詞后面的動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)必須用-ing 形式,重點(diǎn)和首先要掌握黑體字部分。由于這些次的詞義與解題關(guān)系不大,沒(méi)有給出具體詞義解釋。若需要,請(qǐng)學(xué)生自己查字典解決。
    這是語(yǔ)法考試的一個(gè)重點(diǎn),要對(duì)以上詞特別敏感,例如:
    It is impossible to avoid ______ by the stormy weather.
    A. being much affected
    B. having much affected
    C. to be much affected
    D. to have been much affected
    解題思路:1)一看到avoid一詞,便可確定正確答案在A、B中; 2)affect意為"影響",及物動(dòng)詞,故B不對(duì)。[如果做題時(shí)間來(lái)不及,此類題目若有"主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)"和"被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)"之分,一般選"被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)"的正確率高些。]
    2) remember / forget:后面既可跟 -ing, 也可跟 to do,但意思不一樣:to do表示說(shuō)話時(shí)還沒(méi)有發(fā)生的事,-ing表示對(duì)已經(jīng)發(fā)生過(guò)事的回憶,如:"我昨天出門(mén)時(shí)忘了關(guān)窗了。"顯然是指出門(mén)時(shí)還沒(méi)
    有做的事,因此用to do形式;"我不記得以前見(jiàn)過(guò)你。"顯然是指說(shuō)話以前的事,因此用 -ing形式,即:
    I forgot to close the windows when I left home yesterday.
    I don't remember seeing you before.
    因此,除了知道這個(gè)規(guī)定外,分清"發(fā)生過(guò)"還是"沒(méi)有發(fā)生"是解題的關(guān)鍵。
    實(shí)例:
    Do you remember ______ to Professor Smith during your last visit?
    A. to have been introduced
    B. having introduced
    C. being introduced
    D. to be introduced
    解題思路:1)第一步要確定"發(fā)生過(guò)"還是"沒(méi)有發(fā)生",即A、D還是B、C,"你記得上次訪問(wèn)時(shí)被介紹給Smith教授的情況嗎?"顯然是已發(fā)生的事,選B、C;2)"introduce"(介紹)后沒(méi)有賓語(yǔ),說(shuō)明是"被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài):,故選C [再看一下上一節(jié)中的 "解題思路"]
    3)need / want / require等解釋為"需要"時(shí),有兩種表達(dá)方式,如:
    "這間會(huì)客室需要打掃一下"
    A.This waiting room needs to be cleaned. (to 被動(dòng)式)
    B.This waiting room needs cleaning.(-ing主動(dòng)式)
    考試時(shí)若同時(shí)出現(xiàn)兩種選擇,選B
    4)look forward to / object to / subject to / be subjected to / be opposed to / oppose to中的 "to" 是介詞,后面應(yīng)跟名詞或動(dòng)名詞-ing
    (四)第四句型:主語(yǔ) + 及物動(dòng)詞 + 雙賓語(yǔ)
    有些動(dòng)詞(主要是"授予動(dòng)詞")后面需要或可以接雙賓語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu),如:give, write, buy, send, make等
    You may send him an E-mail or write him a letter.
    這個(gè)句子也可使用以下結(jié)構(gòu):
    You may send an E-mail (to him) or write a letter to him. 所以 "to" 和 "for" 是連接雙賓語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)的重要介詞。
    該句型的重點(diǎn)是要記住以下短語(yǔ),特別是所用的介詞:
    to cure … of(治愈…)
    to accuse …of(譴責(zé)…)
    to convince… of(說(shuō)服…)
    to inform… of(通知…)
    to notify… of (通知…)
    to clean… of (清除…)
    to warn…… of / against (警告…)
    to cheat… of(欺騙)
    to rob… of(搶劫…)
    例如:
    We have to inform the family of the patient's condition as soon as possible. / Have the family been informed of the patient's condition? (我們得盡快將病人的病情通知其家屬。/ 已經(jīng)將病人的病情通知其家人了嗎?)
    注意下面句子的結(jié)構(gòu)變化:
    May I ask you a question? → May I ask a question of you?
    直接和間接賓語(yǔ)的位置與上面短語(yǔ)有何不同?
    (五)第五句型:主語(yǔ) + 及物動(dòng)詞 + 賓語(yǔ) + 賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)
    先回顧一下本講第一節(jié)中有關(guān)賓語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的概念。
    這個(gè)句型也是考試的重點(diǎn),主要有三個(gè)難點(diǎn):
    1) 要不要 "to"的問(wèn)題:
    The director wants you to come right now. (主任要你馬上就來(lái)。)
    句中to come 是賓語(yǔ)you的補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。也就是說(shuō),當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)是動(dòng)詞時(shí),一般要用 "to"連接。但是,以下情況例外:
    make, let, have等使役動(dòng)詞,如:
    Shall I have him come here?(要我叫他來(lái)嗎?)
    I won't have him cheat me. (否定式,表示"容許":我決不容許他欺騙我)
    上述句型變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí),一般要加 "to",如:
    The nurse made the patient eat something. (護(hù)士讓病人吃了點(diǎn)東西。)
    →The patient was made to eat something.
    有時(shí),賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)也可用 -ing形式,如:
    His joke made us laughing for a couple of minutes. (他的笑話使我們笑了幾分鐘。- 注意后面的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)for a couple of minutes)
    記住下面重要表達(dá)方式:
    to have / get (something) done, 如:
    I am going to have (get) my watch repaired.(我去修一下表。)
    n see, hear, notice, observe, watch, look at, listen to 等感覺(jué)動(dòng)詞:
    使用原則與上述大致相同。
    2) 要不要 "it"的問(wèn)題:
    先看兩個(gè)句子:
    We sometimes find it difficult to get rid of a bad habit. (有時(shí)我們發(fā)現(xiàn)要改掉一個(gè)壞習(xí)慣很難。)該句的原始結(jié)構(gòu)可理解為:We sometimes find (to get rid of a bad habit) difficult. 括號(hào)部分(動(dòng)詞不定式)為賓語(yǔ),difficult為賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)
    The doctor has made it clear to you that there is nothing wrong with your stomach.(醫(yī)生已經(jīng)跟你說(shuō)得很清楚了,你的胃沒(méi)有什么問(wèn)題。)該句的原始結(jié)構(gòu)可理解為:The doctor has made (there is nothing wrong with your stomach)clear. 括號(hào)部分(句子)為賓語(yǔ),clear為賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。