★英語聽力頻道為大家整理的英語聽力練習(xí)mp3：無意識(shí)行為和心理學(xué)，供大家參考。更多閱讀請(qǐng)查看本站英語聽力頻道。
Unconscious Behavior And Psychology
Social psychologists have long been intrigued by what they call automatic behavior–the ways people react to stimuli without consciously thinking about their actions.
All Hot And Bothered
In fact, it seems that most people can be unconsciously influenced to behave in certain ways. For example, in one experiment, participants were told to unscramble sentences using words such as “bother”, “disturb”, and “obnoxious.” When they completed the task, these participants were more likely to act rudely than participants who were given words such as “patient” and “appreciate.”
But wait, things get even more interesting. After being asked to unscramble sentences using words such as “old, ancient, Florida, and retired,” participants tended to walk more slowly when leaving the experiment, even though slowness was not mentioned.
Why?
Researchers speculate that words such as “Florida” and “retired” invoke stereotypes of the elderly, and these stereotypes also include slowness.
This experiment also confirms the power of what is commonly known as self-fulfilling prophecy, the idea that our expectations make us behave (consciously or unconsciously) in a way that makes those expectations come true.
When you meet someone who fits into a stereotype, you automatically act toward him or her in a manner consistent with that stereotype. So if you think men in red baseball caps tend to be hostile, when you run into such a man you unconsciously begin to act defensively. That causes the man to react defensively, which then confirms the original stereotype. In short, it’s a vicious cycle, and one that’s not entirely under our control.
無意識(shí)行為與心理學(xué)
社會(huì)心理學(xué)家一直對(duì)所謂的"自動(dòng)行為"存有濃厚興趣，這是人們對(duì)刺激產(chǎn)生的未經(jīng)過有意識(shí)思考的反應(yīng)方式。
焦慮不安
實(shí)際上，絕大部分人會(huì)被無意識(shí)地影響，做出特定的行為。例如，在一個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)中，參與者被要求用“煩擾”，“打攪”和“可惡”等詞來整理語句。在完成任務(wù)時(shí)，這些參與者比那些用“耐心”和“贊賞”這類詞整理語句的參與者更容易表現(xiàn)得粗魯一些。
但是，等一下。事情變得更加有趣。參與者在被要求用“老年，古老，佛羅里達(dá)，退休”等詞整理句子之后，當(dāng)他們離開實(shí)驗(yàn)室時(shí)，他們更傾向于慢慢行走，雖然實(shí)驗(yàn)中并未提及“慢”這個(gè)詞。
為什么？
研究者們猜想，類似于“佛羅里達(dá)”和“退休”的詞語讓人腦中浮現(xiàn)老人的特定印象，而緩慢就是人們對(duì)老人的特定印象之一。
這個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)同時(shí)也驗(yàn)證了通常被認(rèn)為“自我應(yīng)驗(yàn)預(yù)言”的力量。這是一種“我們的期望讓我們（有意識(shí)或無意識(shí)地）按能讓期望成真的方式行動(dòng)”的思想。
當(dāng)你遇到特定模式的人時(shí)，你會(huì)自覺地用那種特定方式回應(yīng)他（她）。因此，如果你認(rèn)為戴紅色棒球帽的男人可能有敵意，當(dāng)你撞上這樣的男人時(shí)你會(huì)下意識(shí)地表現(xiàn)出防御姿態(tài)，這也導(dǎo)致這個(gè)男人以防御姿態(tài)回應(yīng)你。如此就印證了你原來設(shè)想的印象。簡(jiǎn)言之，這是個(gè)惡性循環(huán)，完全超出我們的掌控。
Unconscious Behavior And Psychology
Social psychologists have long been intrigued by what they call automatic behavior–the ways people react to stimuli without consciously thinking about their actions.
All Hot And Bothered
In fact, it seems that most people can be unconsciously influenced to behave in certain ways. For example, in one experiment, participants were told to unscramble sentences using words such as “bother”, “disturb”, and “obnoxious.” When they completed the task, these participants were more likely to act rudely than participants who were given words such as “patient” and “appreciate.”
But wait, things get even more interesting. After being asked to unscramble sentences using words such as “old, ancient, Florida, and retired,” participants tended to walk more slowly when leaving the experiment, even though slowness was not mentioned.
Why?
Researchers speculate that words such as “Florida” and “retired” invoke stereotypes of the elderly, and these stereotypes also include slowness.
This experiment also confirms the power of what is commonly known as self-fulfilling prophecy, the idea that our expectations make us behave (consciously or unconsciously) in a way that makes those expectations come true.
When you meet someone who fits into a stereotype, you automatically act toward him or her in a manner consistent with that stereotype. So if you think men in red baseball caps tend to be hostile, when you run into such a man you unconsciously begin to act defensively. That causes the man to react defensively, which then confirms the original stereotype. In short, it’s a vicious cycle, and one that’s not entirely under our control.
無意識(shí)行為與心理學(xué)
社會(huì)心理學(xué)家一直對(duì)所謂的"自動(dòng)行為"存有濃厚興趣，這是人們對(duì)刺激產(chǎn)生的未經(jīng)過有意識(shí)思考的反應(yīng)方式。
焦慮不安
實(shí)際上，絕大部分人會(huì)被無意識(shí)地影響，做出特定的行為。例如，在一個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)中，參與者被要求用“煩擾”，“打攪”和“可惡”等詞來整理語句。在完成任務(wù)時(shí)，這些參與者比那些用“耐心”和“贊賞”這類詞整理語句的參與者更容易表現(xiàn)得粗魯一些。
但是，等一下。事情變得更加有趣。參與者在被要求用“老年，古老，佛羅里達(dá)，退休”等詞整理句子之后，當(dāng)他們離開實(shí)驗(yàn)室時(shí)，他們更傾向于慢慢行走，雖然實(shí)驗(yàn)中并未提及“慢”這個(gè)詞。
為什么？
研究者們猜想，類似于“佛羅里達(dá)”和“退休”的詞語讓人腦中浮現(xiàn)老人的特定印象，而緩慢就是人們對(duì)老人的特定印象之一。
這個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)同時(shí)也驗(yàn)證了通常被認(rèn)為“自我應(yīng)驗(yàn)預(yù)言”的力量。這是一種“我們的期望讓我們（有意識(shí)或無意識(shí)地）按能讓期望成真的方式行動(dòng)”的思想。
當(dāng)你遇到特定模式的人時(shí)，你會(huì)自覺地用那種特定方式回應(yīng)他（她）。因此，如果你認(rèn)為戴紅色棒球帽的男人可能有敵意，當(dāng)你撞上這樣的男人時(shí)你會(huì)下意識(shí)地表現(xiàn)出防御姿態(tài)，這也導(dǎo)致這個(gè)男人以防御姿態(tài)回應(yīng)你。如此就印證了你原來設(shè)想的印象。簡(jiǎn)言之，這是個(gè)惡性循環(huán)，完全超出我們的掌控。