美國人的英語跟英國英語相比,似乎更流暢易懂,更親和,更接地氣。為什么會有這種感覺,其實(shí)體現(xiàn)出了英語寫作里非常重要的一個(gè)原則,即不用難字,不寫長句,不含偏見的“三不原則”。也就是說,盡量使用簡短易懂的白話(Plain English),寫得愈白愈好,用字愈少愈妙,使別人可以一目了然,充分了解。這不但可節(jié)省思索的時(shí)間,也可避免對方的誤解。還有,老外為了族群和諧相處,也不使用帶有偏見的字眼。以下是一些你可以參考的例子。
1.尤其在商業(yè)上,報(bào)章雜志或公文書信上,盡量不用難字 (big word) 或過時(shí)的字眼 (old-fashioned word),例如:
1) Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (許多人認(rèn)為道德教育是高等知識的基礎(chǔ),如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)
2) Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university’s expansion. (三百英畝的土地是本大學(xué)發(fā)展的限度, 如果用 limit 代替 parameter,會更簡單易懂。)
3) This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (這消息已散布到全美各地, 如果用 spread 取代 disseminated,不更簡單?動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)是:spread, spread, spread)
4) The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (這大學(xué)的校長個(gè)子不小, 假如用 small 代替 diminutive,不更明白嗎?)
5) I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的員工解釋這份文件, 如用 explain 代替 elucidate,也許更明白。)
這就像美國大文豪馬克吐溫 Mark Twain 也曾說過:“我不愿在字典里找長字或難字,我絕不用 metropolis 這個(gè)字,因?yàn)槲彝瑯涌梢杂?city 這個(gè)字來代替”。羅斯??偨y(tǒng)為了強(qiáng)調(diào)美國政府不會遺忘那些窮人,在一篇講詞里用了這么一句:“We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.”后來被人批評咬文嚼字,賣弄文筆。如果用淺白易懂的字眼寫成:“We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.”或“We are trying to make everyone equal.”也許更簡單明白!
2.老外也主張不寫啰嗦或絢麗的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子應(yīng)該越短越好,一句能用兩個(gè)字,絕不多加一個(gè)。例如:
1) At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (現(xiàn)在我們應(yīng)該為我們的目標(biāo)團(tuán)結(jié)一致, 如果說:Now, we should pull……更簡單。因?yàn)?at this point in time = now)
2) Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (雖然我的英語不好,但我不灰心。如果說:Although my English is not... 就更簡短。因?yàn)?despite the fact that= although = Though)
3) I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生應(yīng)該辭職, 假如說 I think Mr. Lee should……不是更簡單嗎?因?yàn)?I am of the opinion = I think)
4) He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辭職, 如果說 He quitted the job because he was sick.更簡單。因?yàn)?due to the fact that = because)
5) In the majority of cases, he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜歡騎單車到辦公室, 如果說:Usually, he likes to ride……會更簡單。因?yàn)?in the majority of cases = usually)
寫到這里,想起一位深受美國人民愛戴,一向主張不寫長句、不啰嗦的美國已故參議員 Stephen Young,他每次受邀參加會議、演講、宴會時(shí),他的回信只有三個(gè)字“我會到”(I'll be there)。也有人打趣的說:“講演或?qū)懽鞯木渥?,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好?!保↙ike wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)
3.老外為了族群和諧相處,除不用歧視或偏見的字眼外,連男女性別也要避免區(qū)別,以表示平等。例如:
1) Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人類是世上最聰明的動(dòng)物, 英語:Man is the smartest animal。如果改為:Human beings are considered the smartest animals…… 就能包括男女。所以 mankind =man = human beings, 注意:mankind 后面動(dòng)詞要用多數(shù),而 man 的后面動(dòng)詞,則用單數(shù))
2) Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (發(fā)展這里的經(jīng)濟(jì),似乎缺乏人力資源。如果說:Labor power seems not strong enough… 也就沒有男權(quán)主義的感覺??梢?manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)
3) This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(這個(gè)小公司昨天請來一名清潔女工。如果說:This small company hired an office cleaner.也就沒有男女之分了)
4) He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自從 1998 年他就是委員會主席, 假如把 chairman 或 chairwoman改為 chairperson 或 chair,就沒有男女之分。如指討論會的主持人,也可稱為 moderator 或 coordinator。)
5) Many businessmen (business women) feel their jobs are very stressful.(許多商人覺得工作壓力很大, 如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改為 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了, 凡是單數(shù) man 或 woman,其多數(shù)都是 men 或 women。)
同理,我們可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改為 salesperson;把 mailman 改為 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改為 supervisor 等等。當(dāng)然,一些帶有種族偏見的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要盡量避免使用,以免鬧出麻煩。例如:
1) 對黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 還可以),禮貌的說法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;
2) 對白人不要用 Honky(這是黑人罵白人的用字),正確用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;
3) 對*人不要用 Hymies,應(yīng)該叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;
4) 對越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;
5) 至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正確的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不過據(jù)說西班牙人為了維護(hù)自己的文化,倒喜歡別人稱為 Spaniard。
6) 還有黑白結(jié)婚的孩子,也不可稱為 Oreo(Oreo 餅乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。
1.尤其在商業(yè)上,報(bào)章雜志或公文書信上,盡量不用難字 (big word) 或過時(shí)的字眼 (old-fashioned word),例如:
1) Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (許多人認(rèn)為道德教育是高等知識的基礎(chǔ),如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)
2) Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university’s expansion. (三百英畝的土地是本大學(xué)發(fā)展的限度, 如果用 limit 代替 parameter,會更簡單易懂。)
3) This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (這消息已散布到全美各地, 如果用 spread 取代 disseminated,不更簡單?動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)是:spread, spread, spread)
4) The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (這大學(xué)的校長個(gè)子不小, 假如用 small 代替 diminutive,不更明白嗎?)
5) I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的員工解釋這份文件, 如用 explain 代替 elucidate,也許更明白。)
這就像美國大文豪馬克吐溫 Mark Twain 也曾說過:“我不愿在字典里找長字或難字,我絕不用 metropolis 這個(gè)字,因?yàn)槲彝瑯涌梢杂?city 這個(gè)字來代替”。羅斯??偨y(tǒng)為了強(qiáng)調(diào)美國政府不會遺忘那些窮人,在一篇講詞里用了這么一句:“We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.”后來被人批評咬文嚼字,賣弄文筆。如果用淺白易懂的字眼寫成:“We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.”或“We are trying to make everyone equal.”也許更簡單明白!
2.老外也主張不寫啰嗦或絢麗的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子應(yīng)該越短越好,一句能用兩個(gè)字,絕不多加一個(gè)。例如:
1) At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (現(xiàn)在我們應(yīng)該為我們的目標(biāo)團(tuán)結(jié)一致, 如果說:Now, we should pull……更簡單。因?yàn)?at this point in time = now)
2) Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (雖然我的英語不好,但我不灰心。如果說:Although my English is not... 就更簡短。因?yàn)?despite the fact that= although = Though)
3) I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生應(yīng)該辭職, 假如說 I think Mr. Lee should……不是更簡單嗎?因?yàn)?I am of the opinion = I think)
4) He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辭職, 如果說 He quitted the job because he was sick.更簡單。因?yàn)?due to the fact that = because)
5) In the majority of cases, he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜歡騎單車到辦公室, 如果說:Usually, he likes to ride……會更簡單。因?yàn)?in the majority of cases = usually)
寫到這里,想起一位深受美國人民愛戴,一向主張不寫長句、不啰嗦的美國已故參議員 Stephen Young,他每次受邀參加會議、演講、宴會時(shí),他的回信只有三個(gè)字“我會到”(I'll be there)。也有人打趣的說:“講演或?qū)懽鞯木渥?,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好?!保↙ike wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)
3.老外為了族群和諧相處,除不用歧視或偏見的字眼外,連男女性別也要避免區(qū)別,以表示平等。例如:
1) Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人類是世上最聰明的動(dòng)物, 英語:Man is the smartest animal。如果改為:Human beings are considered the smartest animals…… 就能包括男女。所以 mankind =man = human beings, 注意:mankind 后面動(dòng)詞要用多數(shù),而 man 的后面動(dòng)詞,則用單數(shù))
2) Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (發(fā)展這里的經(jīng)濟(jì),似乎缺乏人力資源。如果說:Labor power seems not strong enough… 也就沒有男權(quán)主義的感覺??梢?manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)
3) This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(這個(gè)小公司昨天請來一名清潔女工。如果說:This small company hired an office cleaner.也就沒有男女之分了)
4) He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自從 1998 年他就是委員會主席, 假如把 chairman 或 chairwoman改為 chairperson 或 chair,就沒有男女之分。如指討論會的主持人,也可稱為 moderator 或 coordinator。)
5) Many businessmen (business women) feel their jobs are very stressful.(許多商人覺得工作壓力很大, 如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改為 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了, 凡是單數(shù) man 或 woman,其多數(shù)都是 men 或 women。)
同理,我們可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改為 salesperson;把 mailman 改為 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改為 supervisor 等等。當(dāng)然,一些帶有種族偏見的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要盡量避免使用,以免鬧出麻煩。例如:
1) 對黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 還可以),禮貌的說法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;
2) 對白人不要用 Honky(這是黑人罵白人的用字),正確用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;
3) 對*人不要用 Hymies,應(yīng)該叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;
4) 對越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;
5) 至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正確的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不過據(jù)說西班牙人為了維護(hù)自己的文化,倒喜歡別人稱為 Spaniard。
6) 還有黑白結(jié)婚的孩子,也不可稱為 Oreo(Oreo 餅乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。