★以下是英文寫作翻譯頻道為大家整理的《研究生必讀英語閱讀加翻譯》，供大家參考。
1 Why do we with people from other cultural communication always full of misunderstanding, let a person feel depressed? So many people is curious, even with good intentions, the use of what he thinks is a friendly way, and even the possibility of mutual benefit, also seems to be insufficient to ensure successful communication. Sometimes, appear rejection is because one party belongs to the cultural groups are "different". Great changes have taken place in the international arena of the moment, to explore the reasons why try to exchange and disappointing results is necessary, these reasons is actually a stumbling block in cross cultural communication. 2 similarity hypothesis why will produce misunderstanding or against? An answer to this question is that most people think fondly are similar enough people in the world, so that we can successfully communicate information or experience, solve some problems of common concern to strengthen business relations, or just have what we want to produce the impression. All the people will have children, the composition of the family or society, the development of a language and adapt to the tendency of their environment especially deceptive, because it brings a kind of expectation, the expectation is that these acts form around these actions and attitudes and values will be similar. Believe that "man is man" and "our inner essence is similar," which makes people feel feel at ease and justified, but determined to look for evidence of only disappointment. 3 to prove Darwin about facial expression is the theory of common cross-cultural studies give great hope, the researchers found that certain visible facial shapes, namely because of anger, fear, surprise, sadness, disgust, happiness and the tightening of the muscles combination, we human beings members are the same. But it seems to be of no avail, as long as we realize that a person growth culture determines that this emotion will show or depressed, determines what the occasion and extent will show or depression. Bring the emotion situation varies from culture to culture, for example: because the worship of different cultural beliefs, a death of a loved one may bring joy, sorrow or other emotions. 4 because there seemed to be no universal human nature can be used as the basis of automatic understanding, so we must take every communication as the individual case to handle, seeking any common cognition and communication method and takes it as a starting point. If we recognize we influenced by cultural constraints, by cultural changes, then we would accept this reality: because of their different, we do not know other people "is" what kind of. 5 similarity aura has seriously hindered the successful communication between different cultures. Representatives from the obvious difference between the culture of the meeting, they were all wearing suits, speak English, use the same greeting etiquette, the surface of the same great confusion. This is like that of New York, Tokyo and Tehran is the same, because they both have the appearance of modern cities. No differences may exist because of the need to alert and no life of learning new rules, from one city to another city when people will immediately get into trouble, even in simple roles such as pedestrians, drivers like will also be the case. 6, believe that the similarity of myth more let a person feel more comfortable than imagine there are differences, because the latter requires tentative idea and behavior and willing to accept due to the "unknown" anxiety. However, only the idea of the existence of differences, it may go to the adjustment of the reaction and explained, "what happens to fit." Otherwise, it may be wrongly interpreted symbols and to self nation as the center to determine the immediate situation. 7 as a people learning English as expressed, the similarity assumption this stumbling block is a "trouble", not just for visiting foreigners, even the foreigners a host of people also is a problem. Residents may be instilled this expectation: now that foreigners dress properly, and can speak some of their words, then he or she will have the same non language standards, thoughts and feelings. As a result, nod, smile and positive words may be confidently interpreted as they had been told, and please help foreigners. However, it is likely, the foreigner actually know very little about language and non language content, merely indicating polite interest or try not to make the owner felt embarrassed and verbalized questions. 1．為什么我們與來自其它文化的人們的交流總是充滿了誤會、讓人感到沮喪呢？令很多人奇怪的是，即使懷著良好的愿望、使用自己認為是友好的方式，甚至有互利的可能性，也似乎都不足以保證交流的成功。有時候，出現(xiàn)排斥現(xiàn)象正是因為一方所屬的文化群體團體是“不同”的。在這個國際舞臺發(fā)生重大變化的時刻，探討為什么嘗試交流而結(jié)果卻令人失望的原因是必要的，這些原因?qū)嶋H上是跨文化交流中的絆腳石。 2．相似性的假設(shè) 為什么誤解或反對會產(chǎn)生呢？這個問題的一個回答就是，大部分的人天真地認為世界上的人有足夠的相似之處，可以讓我們成功地交流信息或感受，解決共同關(guān)注的一些問題，加強商業(yè)關(guān)系，或者只是產(chǎn)生我們所希望產(chǎn)生的印象。所有的人都會生兒育女，組成家庭或社會，發(fā)展一種語言以及適應(yīng)他們周圍環(huán)境的這種傾向特別具有欺騙性，因為它帶來了一種期望，這種期望就是這些行為的形式以及圍繞這些行動的態(tài)度與價值觀念將是相似的。相信“人就是人”和“我們內(nèi)在本質(zhì)是相似的，”這讓人感到心安理得，但是下定決心去尋找證據(jù)卻只會令人失望。 3．力求證明達爾文關(guān)于面部表情是共同的這一理論的跨文化研究給人極大的希望，研究者發(fā)現(xiàn)臉部的某些看得見的形狀，即因憤怒、恐懼、驚訝、悲傷、厭惡、幸福而緊縮的肌肉組合,我們?nèi)祟惛鞒蓡T都是一樣的。但是這似乎無濟于事，只要我們意識到一個人生長的文化決定了這種情感是否會表露或壓抑,決定了在何種場合和多大的程度上會表露或壓抑。帶來這種情緒感受的情形也因文化而異，例如：由于崇拜的文化信仰不同，一個心愛的人死亡可能帶來歡樂、悲哀或其他情感。 4．因為似乎沒有普遍的人性可以作為自動理解的基礎(chǔ)，所以我們必須把每次交往當作個別案例來處理，尋求任何共同的認知和交流方法并以此作為出發(fā)點。如果我們認識到我們受文化的約束，受文化的改變，那么我們就會接受這一現(xiàn)實：因為各自不同，我們確實不太清楚其他人“是”什么樣的。 5．相似性的光環(huán)嚴重阻礙了不同文化間的成功交流。來自具有明顯區(qū)別的文化的代表們見面時，他們都身著西裝，講英語，使用相同的招呼禮儀，這種表面上的相同有很大的迷惑性。這就像認為紐約、東京和德黑蘭都是一樣的，原因是它們彼此都具有現(xiàn)代化城市的表象。因為沒有警覺可能存在的差異和沒有學(xué)習(xí)生活的新規(guī)則的需要，從一個城市去另一個城市時人將會立刻陷入困境，甚至在完成諸如行人、司機之類的簡單角色時也會如此。 6、 相信相似性的神話比設(shè)想存在差異更讓人覺得舒服，因為后者要求試探性的設(shè)想和行為并且樂意接受由于“未知”而產(chǎn)生的焦慮。然而，只有設(shè)想存在著差異時，才可能會去調(diào)整反應(yīng)和解釋，以適合“眼前發(fā)生的事情。”否則，很可能錯誤地解讀符號和以自我民族為中心去判斷眼前的情形。 7．正如一個學(xué)習(xí)英語的人所表達的那樣，相似性的假設(shè)這個的絆腳石是一個“麻煩”，不僅僅是對于來訪的外國人，就連這個外國人接觸的東道國的人也都是個問題。本國居民可能會被灌輸有這種期望：既然外國人穿著合適，并且能說一些本國話，那么他或她也有同樣的非語言的準則、想法和感覺。這樣一來，點頭、微笑和肯定的話語很可能會被自信地闡釋為他們已經(jīng)告知、幫助和取悅了外國人。然而，很有可能的是，外國人實際上不大懂語言的和非語言的內(nèi)容，僅僅只是出于禮貌顯示出興趣或者盡量不使主人感到尷尬而沒有說出心中疑問。
1 Why do we with people from other cultural communication always full of misunderstanding, let a person feel depressed? So many people is curious, even with good intentions, the use of what he thinks is a friendly way, and even the possibility of mutual benefit, also seems to be insufficient to ensure successful communication. Sometimes, appear rejection is because one party belongs to the cultural groups are "different". Great changes have taken place in the international arena of the moment, to explore the reasons why try to exchange and disappointing results is necessary, these reasons is actually a stumbling block in cross cultural communication. 2 similarity hypothesis why will produce misunderstanding or against? An answer to this question is that most people think fondly are similar enough people in the world, so that we can successfully communicate information or experience, solve some problems of common concern to strengthen business relations, or just have what we want to produce the impression. All the people will have children, the composition of the family or society, the development of a language and adapt to the tendency of their environment especially deceptive, because it brings a kind of expectation, the expectation is that these acts form around these actions and attitudes and values will be similar. Believe that "man is man" and "our inner essence is similar," which makes people feel feel at ease and justified, but determined to look for evidence of only disappointment. 3 to prove Darwin about facial expression is the theory of common cross-cultural studies give great hope, the researchers found that certain visible facial shapes, namely because of anger, fear, surprise, sadness, disgust, happiness and the tightening of the muscles combination, we human beings members are the same. But it seems to be of no avail, as long as we realize that a person growth culture determines that this emotion will show or depressed, determines what the occasion and extent will show or depression. Bring the emotion situation varies from culture to culture, for example: because the worship of different cultural beliefs, a death of a loved one may bring joy, sorrow or other emotions. 4 because there seemed to be no universal human nature can be used as the basis of automatic understanding, so we must take every communication as the individual case to handle, seeking any common cognition and communication method and takes it as a starting point. If we recognize we influenced by cultural constraints, by cultural changes, then we would accept this reality: because of their different, we do not know other people "is" what kind of. 5 similarity aura has seriously hindered the successful communication between different cultures. Representatives from the obvious difference between the culture of the meeting, they were all wearing suits, speak English, use the same greeting etiquette, the surface of the same great confusion. This is like that of New York, Tokyo and Tehran is the same, because they both have the appearance of modern cities. No differences may exist because of the need to alert and no life of learning new rules, from one city to another city when people will immediately get into trouble, even in simple roles such as pedestrians, drivers like will also be the case. 6, believe that the similarity of myth more let a person feel more comfortable than imagine there are differences, because the latter requires tentative idea and behavior and willing to accept due to the "unknown" anxiety. However, only the idea of the existence of differences, it may go to the adjustment of the reaction and explained, "what happens to fit." Otherwise, it may be wrongly interpreted symbols and to self nation as the center to determine the immediate situation. 7 as a people learning English as expressed, the similarity assumption this stumbling block is a "trouble", not just for visiting foreigners, even the foreigners a host of people also is a problem. Residents may be instilled this expectation: now that foreigners dress properly, and can speak some of their words, then he or she will have the same non language standards, thoughts and feelings. As a result, nod, smile and positive words may be confidently interpreted as they had been told, and please help foreigners. However, it is likely, the foreigner actually know very little about language and non language content, merely indicating polite interest or try not to make the owner felt embarrassed and verbalized questions. 1．為什么我們與來自其它文化的人們的交流總是充滿了誤會、讓人感到沮喪呢？令很多人奇怪的是，即使懷著良好的愿望、使用自己認為是友好的方式，甚至有互利的可能性，也似乎都不足以保證交流的成功。有時候，出現(xiàn)排斥現(xiàn)象正是因為一方所屬的文化群體團體是“不同”的。在這個國際舞臺發(fā)生重大變化的時刻，探討為什么嘗試交流而結(jié)果卻令人失望的原因是必要的，這些原因?qū)嶋H上是跨文化交流中的絆腳石。 2．相似性的假設(shè) 為什么誤解或反對會產(chǎn)生呢？這個問題的一個回答就是，大部分的人天真地認為世界上的人有足夠的相似之處，可以讓我們成功地交流信息或感受，解決共同關(guān)注的一些問題，加強商業(yè)關(guān)系，或者只是產(chǎn)生我們所希望產(chǎn)生的印象。所有的人都會生兒育女，組成家庭或社會，發(fā)展一種語言以及適應(yīng)他們周圍環(huán)境的這種傾向特別具有欺騙性，因為它帶來了一種期望，這種期望就是這些行為的形式以及圍繞這些行動的態(tài)度與價值觀念將是相似的。相信“人就是人”和“我們內(nèi)在本質(zhì)是相似的，”這讓人感到心安理得，但是下定決心去尋找證據(jù)卻只會令人失望。 3．力求證明達爾文關(guān)于面部表情是共同的這一理論的跨文化研究給人極大的希望，研究者發(fā)現(xiàn)臉部的某些看得見的形狀，即因憤怒、恐懼、驚訝、悲傷、厭惡、幸福而緊縮的肌肉組合,我們?nèi)祟惛鞒蓡T都是一樣的。但是這似乎無濟于事，只要我們意識到一個人生長的文化決定了這種情感是否會表露或壓抑,決定了在何種場合和多大的程度上會表露或壓抑。帶來這種情緒感受的情形也因文化而異，例如：由于崇拜的文化信仰不同，一個心愛的人死亡可能帶來歡樂、悲哀或其他情感。 4．因為似乎沒有普遍的人性可以作為自動理解的基礎(chǔ)，所以我們必須把每次交往當作個別案例來處理，尋求任何共同的認知和交流方法并以此作為出發(fā)點。如果我們認識到我們受文化的約束，受文化的改變，那么我們就會接受這一現(xiàn)實：因為各自不同，我們確實不太清楚其他人“是”什么樣的。 5．相似性的光環(huán)嚴重阻礙了不同文化間的成功交流。來自具有明顯區(qū)別的文化的代表們見面時，他們都身著西裝，講英語，使用相同的招呼禮儀，這種表面上的相同有很大的迷惑性。這就像認為紐約、東京和德黑蘭都是一樣的，原因是它們彼此都具有現(xiàn)代化城市的表象。因為沒有警覺可能存在的差異和沒有學(xué)習(xí)生活的新規(guī)則的需要，從一個城市去另一個城市時人將會立刻陷入困境，甚至在完成諸如行人、司機之類的簡單角色時也會如此。 6、 相信相似性的神話比設(shè)想存在差異更讓人覺得舒服，因為后者要求試探性的設(shè)想和行為并且樂意接受由于“未知”而產(chǎn)生的焦慮。然而，只有設(shè)想存在著差異時，才可能會去調(diào)整反應(yīng)和解釋，以適合“眼前發(fā)生的事情。”否則，很可能錯誤地解讀符號和以自我民族為中心去判斷眼前的情形。 7．正如一個學(xué)習(xí)英語的人所表達的那樣，相似性的假設(shè)這個的絆腳石是一個“麻煩”，不僅僅是對于來訪的外國人，就連這個外國人接觸的東道國的人也都是個問題。本國居民可能會被灌輸有這種期望：既然外國人穿著合適，并且能說一些本國話，那么他或她也有同樣的非語言的準則、想法和感覺。這樣一來，點頭、微笑和肯定的話語很可能會被自信地闡釋為他們已經(jīng)告知、幫助和取悅了外國人。然而，很有可能的是，外國人實際上不大懂語言的和非語言的內(nèi)容，僅僅只是出于禮貌顯示出興趣或者盡量不使主人感到尷尬而沒有說出心中疑問。