★以下是英語(yǔ)資源頻道為大家整理的《china daily雙語(yǔ)新聞：越南非法野生動(dòng)物貿(mào)易調(diào)查》，供大家參考。更多內(nèi)容請(qǐng)看本站英語(yǔ)資源頻道。
U MINH, Vietnam — Luc Van Ho slips through a tangled thicket of jungle, graceful as a dancer. A blanket of dried bamboo and melaleuca leaves on the forest floor barely crackles beneath his bare feet. Only the smell of cigarette smoke betrays his presence.
越南幽明縣——陸云虎(Luc Van Ho)穿過一從糾纏交錯(cuò)的叢林植被，動(dòng)作如舞者一樣輕盈。林地上厚厚地鋪著一層干枯的竹葉和千層樹葉，在他的光腳下幾乎沒有發(fā)出聲響。只有煙味暴露著他的蹤跡。 A hunter, Mr. Luc, 45, set out at dawn from his family’s bamboo-thatched home in Vietnam’s U Minh forest to check a half dozen homemade traps rigged along animal trails in the underbrush and on canal banks frequented by snakes and turtles.
現(xiàn)年45歲的陸云虎是一名狩獵者，住在越南烏明森林的一棟竹屋里。他一大早就從家中出發(fā)，去查看自己布下的六個(gè)陷阱。這些陷阱分布在有動(dòng)物經(jīng)過的下層灌木底下，以及經(jīng)常有蛇和烏龜出沒的運(yùn)河河岸。 He stops at a snare trap made of wood and bicycle brake wire, nearly invisible beneath leaves. The trap is empty, not unusual. 他走到了一個(gè)用木頭和自行車閘線做成的陷阱，埋在葉子下面的裝置幾乎沒人能發(fā)現(xiàn)。陷阱里空空如也，這種情況并不少見。 “Before, this forest was very different,” Mr. Luc said. “Now, the animals are so few that most hunters are changing their jobs.” “這片森林以前可不是這樣，”陸云虎說?！艾F(xiàn)在動(dòng)物太少了，多數(shù)獵人都改了行?！?Still, in the previous two weeks, Mr. Luc had caught nine Southeast Asian box turtles and Malayan snail-eating turtles, five elephant trunk snakes, a handful of water birds and two rare Himalayan griffon vultures. For safekeeping, Mr. Luc stashed the vultures in his brother’s house, leaving them tethered in the bedroom until he can figure out what to do with them. 盡管如此，在過去的兩個(gè)星期，陸云虎還是捕獲了九只馬來(lái)閉殼龜和馬來(lái)食螺龜、五條象鼻蛇、少量水鳥，以及兩只稀有的高山兀鷲。為了妥善保管這兩只兀鷲，陸云虎把它們存放在了兄弟的房子里。在想出處理它們的辦法之前，暫時(shí)把它們拴在了臥室里。 In the past, Mr. Luc’s hunting trips often yielded wildlife bonanzas, including prized pangolins. Also known as scaly anteaters, they are among the most trafficked mammals in the world. Mr. Luc works with traders willing to buy live pangolins for $60 a pound. 過去，陸云虎的狩獵之行常常會(huì)有大量斬獲，包括名貴的穿山甲。這是全世界走私嚴(yán)重的哺乳動(dòng)物之一。與陸云虎合作的商人愿意以每磅60美元（約合370元人民幣）的價(jià)格收購(gòu)活穿山甲。 Although he caught just two pangolins last year, that price makes it well worth the effort to keep seeking them out. He knows, however, that this lucrative resource is finite. 雖說陸云虎過去一年中只捕獲過兩只穿山甲，這個(gè)價(jià)格讓他覺得，繼續(xù)尋找穿山甲是值得的。然而他知道，這個(gè)豐厚的收入來(lái)源不會(huì)永遠(yuǎn)存在。 “Pangolins will be extinct soon,” he said. Still, he expresses no plans to retire. “穿山甲很快就會(huì)滅絕了，”他說。不過，他并沒有打算金盆洗手。 Mr. Luc is one of thousands of illegal hunters draining Vietnam, one of the most biodiverse countries in the world, of its animals. Its rhinoceroses have already gone extinct, and conservationists estimate that just a couple of its tigers, if any, remain. Even lesser known species like soft-shell turtles and civets are sought out for traditional medicines, food, trophies and pets. 像陸云虎這樣的成千上萬(wàn)的非法捕獵者，正在讓越南的動(dòng)物資源走向枯竭。越南是世界上具生物多樣性的國(guó)家之一。越南的犀牛已經(jīng)滅絕。動(dòng)物保護(hù)人士估計(jì)，這里的老虎即使沒滅絕，可能也不多了。一些人們不太熟悉的物種，比如中華鱉和靈貓，也是捕獵的對(duì)象，它們被用來(lái)制作傳統(tǒng)藥材和食物，或是當(dāng)做紀(jì)念品和寵物。 Illegal wildlife is one of the world’s largest contraband trades, netting an estimated $19 billion a year, not including illegal fisheries and timber. While all Southeast Asian countries and many others outside of the region are involved, Vietnam plays a paramount role. The country is a major thoroughfare for wildlife goods bound for China, which arrive overland from Cambodia, Thailand and Laos; by ship from Malaysia and Indonesia; or by air from Africa. 非法野生動(dòng)物貿(mào)易是世界上規(guī)模大的違禁貿(mào)易之一，每年的規(guī)模約為190億美元，這還不包括非法的漁業(yè)和木材貿(mào)易。盡管東南亞國(guó)家和該地區(qū)以外的許多國(guó)家都卷入了這場(chǎng)貿(mào)易，越南扮演著獨(dú)一無(wú)二的重要角色。該國(guó)是野生動(dòng)物商品進(jìn)入中國(guó)的主要渠道，這些商品從柬埔寨、泰國(guó)和老撾經(jīng)陸路、從馬來(lái)西亞和印度尼西亞經(jīng)水路，從非洲經(jīng)空運(yùn)抵達(dá)越南，然后流入中國(guó)。 “After China, Vietnam is the next port of call in terms of where to look to figure out what’s going on with wildlife trade,” said Dan Challender, a co-chairman of the pangolin specialist group at the International Union for Conservation of Nature. “要弄清楚野生動(dòng)物貿(mào)易的狀況，除了中國(guó)之外，越南是第二個(gè)值得關(guān)注的地方，”國(guó)際自然保護(hù)聯(lián)盟(International Union for Conservation of Nature)穿山甲保護(hù)專項(xiàng)小組的聯(lián)席主席丹·查蘭德(Dan Challender)說。 Vietnam is also a significant consumer of wildlife, especially those yielding the ingredients for traditional medicine, such as rhino horn, which is used to treat everything from cancer to hangovers. The exotic meats of rare animals are seen as luxuries by a rising middle class eager to advertise its prosperity. 越南也是野生動(dòng)物產(chǎn)品重要的消費(fèi)國(guó)，特別是那些能夠用來(lái)制造傳統(tǒng)藥材的動(dòng)物產(chǎn)品，比如犀牛角。犀牛角被用來(lái)治療從癌癥到宿醉的各種疾病。此外，日益龐大的中產(chǎn)階級(jí)也把稀有動(dòng)物的肉看做能夠彰顯自身財(cái)富的奢侈商品。 “Pangolin is frequently the most expensive item on the menu, so ordering it is an obvious way to show off to friends and colleagues,” Dr. Challender said. “The fact that it’s illegal isn’t played down and is even attractive, because it adds this element that you live beyond the law.” “穿山甲常常是菜單上貴的菜，因此點(diǎn)一道穿山甲顯然是對(duì)朋友同事進(jìn)行炫耀的一種方式，”查蘭德說?！八麄儾谎陲検秤么┥郊讓俜欠ㄐ袨榈氖聦?shí)，反而覺得更有吸引力，因?yàn)樗鼮檫@種行為增加了刺激元素，仿佛你可以逍遙法外?！?International concern about the trade have never been greater, but conferences, new enforcement strategies and ivory crushes have yet to make a dent. 國(guó)際上對(duì)這種貿(mào)易的擔(dān)憂已經(jīng)達(dá)到了前所未有的程度，不過，相關(guān)的會(huì)議、新的執(zhí)法策略以及銷毀象牙制品的行動(dòng)還沒有產(chǎn)生什么效果。 In February, the Obama administration issued a plan to curb illegal wildlife trade by strengthening enforcement, reducing demand and sending a handful of agents abroad. The United States is the second-largest market for illegal wildlife products, but only an estimated 10 percent of traffickers are caught because of inadequate resources supporting enforcement, as well as legal loopholes pertaining to certain products, such as ivory. 今年2月，奧巴馬政府推出了一項(xiàng)通過加強(qiáng)執(zhí)法、減少需求和派遣少數(shù)工作人員到海外的方法來(lái)遏制野生動(dòng)物貿(mào)易的方案。美國(guó)是非法野生動(dòng)物商品的第二大市場(chǎng)，但由于用于執(zhí)法的資源不足，而且涉及特定產(chǎn)品，比如象牙，又存在法律漏洞，只有10%的走私者落網(wǎng)。 “Wildlife trade is higher profile now than it’s ever been, and that’s great,” said Chris Shepherd, regional director in Southeast Asia of Traffic, a wildlife trade monitoring network. “But all of the talk about this issue by world leaders is not trickling down to the ground yet.” “野生動(dòng)物貿(mào)易獲得了前所未有的關(guān)注，”監(jiān)測(cè)野生動(dòng)物貿(mào)易的組織Traffic的東南亞地區(qū)主任克里斯·謝潑德(Chris Shepherd)說?！暗嘘P(guān)于該問題的討論并沒有落到實(shí)處?！?In January of this year, officials intercepted more than 7,500 protected pig-nosed turtles in Indonesia, a frozen tiger in Vietnam and 190 endangered black pond turtles in Singapore. As wildlife disappears in Southeast Asia, poachers increasingly turn to Africa. 今年1月，有關(guān)部門在印度尼西亞截獲了超過7500頭豬鼻龜，在越南截獲了一頭被冷藏的老虎，在新加坡則是190只瀕危的黑池龜。隨著東南亞野生動(dòng)物的不斷消失，越來(lái)越多的偷獵者把目光轉(zhuǎn)向了非洲。 More than 1,500 pounds of ivory and two tons of pangolin skins were intercepted in Uganda in January. Last year in South Africa alone, a record 1,215 rhinos were killed for their horns. 今年1月，烏干達(dá)截獲了超過1500噸象牙和兩噸穿山甲皮。去年，只在南非，偷獵者為了獲得犀牛角獵殺了1215頭犀牛，這個(gè)數(shù)字創(chuàng)下了歷年之。 The illegal wildlife products that officials manage to interdict account for an estimated 10 to 20 percent of the total trafficked. 官員們截獲的非法野生動(dòng)物產(chǎn)品相當(dāng)于全部走私規(guī)模的10%到20%。 “We may be disrupting criminal networks, but we’re certainly not dismantling any of them,” said Scott Roberton, Vietnam country representative and regional coordinator for wildlife trafficking programs for the Wildlife Conservation Society. “The situation is going to get worse before it gets better.” “我們或許干擾了犯罪集團(tuán)，但我們毫無(wú)疑問沒有消滅其中的任何一個(gè)，”國(guó)際野生生物保護(hù)學(xué)會(huì)(Wildlife Conservation Society)越南國(guó)家代表和野生動(dòng)物走私項(xiàng)目地區(qū)協(xié)調(diào)員斯科特·羅伯森(Scott Roberton)說?！霸谇闆r有所改善之前，還會(huì)進(jìn)一步惡化?！?While China recently increased its arrests and prosecutions for wildlife crimes, those caught trafficking wildlife in Vietnam or other transit countries almost always escape punishment. Dealing in protected species is a criminal offense under Vietnamese law, as is selling wild-caught animals of any kind. 雖然中國(guó)近期在野生動(dòng)物犯罪方面加強(qiáng)了拘捕與訴訟工作，但那些在越南等中轉(zhuǎn)國(guó)抓獲的野生動(dòng)物走私者幾乎總能逃脫懲罰。按照越南法律的規(guī)定，交易保護(hù)物種或銷售任何種類的野外捕獲的動(dòng)物均屬犯罪行為。 But even when trafficking kingpins are taken into custody, prosecution often depends on finding unrelated charges that are taken more seriously than wildlife crime, such as car smuggling. Poachers like Mr. Luc — who says he has never run into legal trouble — are rarely reprimanded, and punishment, if any, usually entails a small fine. 不過，就算走私活動(dòng)主犯遭到扣押，要想進(jìn)行訴訟也往往有賴于找到比野生動(dòng)物犯罪更嚴(yán)重的不相干罪名，比如走私汽車。陸云虎表示，自己從未遭遇法律問題。像他這樣的偷獵者很少受到責(zé)難，即使面臨懲處，也常常是一小筆罰款了事。 “Very few criminals caught for major violations like tiger or rhino horn possession ever do a day in prison,” said Douglas Hendrie, chief technical adviser for Education for Nature-Vietnam, a nonprofit organization based in Vietnam. “因?yàn)槌钟谢⒅破坊蛳＝沁@種重大違法行為而被抓獲的犯罪分子中，幾乎沒有人在監(jiān)獄里待過哪怕一天，”越南保護(hù)自然教育組織(Education for Nature-Vietnam)的首席技術(shù)顧問道格拉斯·亨德里(Douglas Hendrie)說。這是一家設(shè)在越南當(dāng)?shù)氐姆菭I(yíng)利機(jī)構(gòu)。 Wild-caught and protected animal products are easily procured in Vietnamese cities. “It’s not an enforcement priority yet, largely due to corruption, collusion and an absolute lack of concern,” Dr. Shepherd said. “People just do not care.” 在越南的各大城市，很容易弄到野外捕獲及受保護(hù)動(dòng)物的制品。“這還不是執(zhí)法的重點(diǎn)，而其中的主要原因是腐敗、串謀，以及漠不關(guān)心，”謝潑德說。“大家完全不在乎。” Thien Vuong Tuu (“The Alcohol of the Gods”), a fancy restaurant in Ho Chi Minh City, advertises pangolin, bear, porcupine, bat and more on its illustrated menu. Customers interested in pangolin — sold for $150 a pound — must order it two to three hours in advance and place a deposit based on its weight. 胡志明市的一家高檔餐廳“天王酒家”(Thien Vuong Tuu)在配了圖片的菜單上宣傳自己供應(yīng)穿山甲、熊、豪豬和蝙蝠等菜品。穿山甲的售價(jià)為每磅150美元（約合每公斤2000元人民幣）。有意品嘗的顧客必須提前兩三小時(shí)預(yù)訂，并按照份量交一筆預(yù)付款。 When the customer returns for dinner, the manager presents the live pangolin to the table, then slices its throat on the spot to prove that the meat is fresh and has not been substituted. 當(dāng)客人回來(lái)吃晚餐的時(shí)候，經(jīng)理會(huì)把活的穿山甲拿到餐桌前來(lái)展示，然后當(dāng)場(chǎng)割喉，證明肉質(zhì)新鮮，沒有被掉包。 “Pangolin is very popular with customers, because it treats a lot of sicknesses,” said Quoc Trung, the restaurant manager. His staff will also dry and package pangolin scales left over from dinner — a popular ingredient in traditional medicines that are still covered by Vietnamese health insurance. “穿山甲在顧客當(dāng)中非常受歡迎，因?yàn)樗苤魏芏嗖?，”餐廳經(jīng)理國(guó)征說。他手下的員工還會(huì)將餐桌上剩下的穿山甲鱗片晾干后包裝起來(lái)——這是一種流行的傳統(tǒng)藥物成分，至今仍為越南醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)所接納。 On a Sunday night, families with young children and groups of middle-aged men fill the restaurant. At one table, two French-speaking men order a cobra to the delight of their female companions. Two young servers bring out a large, writhing snake, its mouth bound tightly shut with plastic twine. 一個(gè)周日的晚上，這家餐廳里滿是帶著小孩的家庭顧客和一群群的中年男性。在一張桌子上，兩名說法語(yǔ)的男士點(diǎn)了條眼鏡蛇，討得了他們女伴的歡心。兩個(gè)年輕的服務(wù)員端出一條身軀扭動(dòng)的大蛇，它的嘴部被塑料繩牢牢綁住。 As the customers film with their smartphones, one server holds the snake taut. The other carefully feels along the animal’s abdomen until he locates the heart, then opens it up with a pair of scissors and removes the beating organ with his bare fingers. 客人用智能手機(jī)拍攝的同時(shí)，一名服務(wù)員緊緊抓住蛇身，另一人則在它的腹部摸索，確定了心臟的位置之后，再用一把剪刀剖開，徒手取出這顆還在跳動(dòng)的臟器。 As the servers wring out the animal, the blood drips into a ceramic bowl to be mixed later with alcohol and drunk. 服務(wù)員瀝出蛇血，滴到一個(gè)瓷碗中，準(zhǔn)備拿去兌酒供客人飲用。 “The government doesn’t allow exotic meat, but we have our sources and good connections with the police,” Mr. Quoc said after the show concluded. “The demand is so high for these things, so we have to supply them.” “政府不許用稀有肉類，不過我們有貨源，跟警察關(guān)系好，”這番表演結(jié)束后，國(guó)征說。“這些東西需求特別大，我們一定要供應(yīng)?！?Given the widespread lack of enforcement, grass-roots conservation organizations in Vietnam increasingly find themselves on the front lines. Education for Nature-Vietnam recently conducted a survey of restaurants, hotels and shops in 12 districts in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City, recording each violation of wildlife laws and insisting that authorities follow up. 由于執(zhí)法的普遍缺失，越南的草根保護(hù)組織越來(lái)越多地感到自己身處第一線。越南保護(hù)自然教育組織近期對(duì)河內(nèi)和胡志明市12個(gè)區(qū)的餐廳、酒店和商鋪進(jìn)行了調(diào)查，記錄下違反野生動(dòng)物法規(guī)的每項(xiàng)行為，并且堅(jiān)決要求相關(guān)機(jī)構(gòu)予以跟進(jìn)。 Several months later, the group repeated the survey and found the availability of illegal products ranging from snake “wine” to bear bile had fallen by nearly 60 percent in eight of the districts. “When authorities put us out of work by doing their job effectively and consistently, then we’ll no longer have to do this,” Mr. Hendrie said. 幾個(gè)月后，該組織再次進(jìn)行了調(diào)查，發(fā)現(xiàn)在其中八個(gè)區(qū)弄到蛇酒和熊膽等非法制品的可能性降低了近60%。“*持續(xù)有效地做好本職工作，讓我們沒事可干的時(shí)候，我們才會(huì)不用做這些，”亨德里說。 Save Vietnam’s Wildlife, a nonprofit based at Cuc Phuong National Park, organizes training sessions across the country for park rangers and the police, conducts community education programs and operates one of the country’s only rehabilitation centers for confiscated animals. 設(shè)在菊芳國(guó)家公園(Cuc Phuong National Park)內(nèi)的非營(yíng)利機(jī)構(gòu)“拯救越南野生動(dòng)物組織”(Save Vietnam’s Wildlife)在該國(guó)各地組織面向護(hù)林員和警察的培訓(xùn)活動(dòng)、運(yùn)營(yíng)社區(qū)教育項(xiàng)目，并且開設(shè)了一家越南少有的罰沒動(dòng)物康復(fù)中心。 In Vietnam, much of the wildlife intercepted from illegal traders is sold by officials back into the black market. Nguyen Van Thain, Save Vietnam’s Wildlife’s founder, often must race to the sites of recent confiscations to try to recover animals before that can happen. 在越南，從非法交易者手中截獲的許多野生動(dòng)物都會(huì)被官員賣回黑市。拯救越南野生動(dòng)物組織的創(chuàng)始人阮文泰(Nguyen Van Thain)常常需要趕去新的罰沒現(xiàn)場(chǎng)，才可能及時(shí)救回動(dòng)物。 “Corrupt rangers still want to sell animals back to the trade,” Mr. Nguyen said. Even if the animals are not sold, very few return to the wild, because of a lack of rehabilitation facilities. “腐敗的林業(yè)工作者還是想要把動(dòng)物弄回去賣掉，”阮文泰說。因?yàn)榭祻?fù)中心的匱乏，就算動(dòng)物免于被販賣的命運(yùn)，也沒有多少能重返大自然。 Animals not sent to a specialized rescue center often “just sit around until they die,” Dr. Shepherd said. 未能送到專業(yè)救治中心的動(dòng)物往往“坐以待斃，”謝潑德說。 Over the last three months, Mr. Nguyen has helped rescue 20 pangolins, but the maximum capacity at his center — one of only two in Vietnam that can care for pangolins — is less than 50. With a budget of just $90,000 a year, he has few resources with which to expand the center and hire additional staff. 過去三個(gè)月里，阮文泰幫助救治了20只穿山甲。不過他創(chuàng)辦的中心大的容量不到50只，而越南只有兩處這樣的地方可以照看穿山甲。這家中心的年預(yù)算僅為9萬(wàn)美元，他也沒什么資源來(lái)擴(kuò)大中心規(guī)?；蛟鎏砣耸帧?Mr. Nguyen says he is not confident that attitudes will change in time to spare his country’s wildlife. 阮文泰表示，自己并不看好越南人能及時(shí)轉(zhuǎn)變觀念，讓野生動(dòng)物免于災(zāi)禍。 “The problem in Vietnam is that conservation is a new way of thinking,” he said. “Vietnamese people need to learn to take seriously what we have now. We need to take care of our own environment and wildlife if we want it to be around in the future.” “越南的問題是，保護(hù)自然還是個(gè)新的概念，”他說?！霸侥先吮仨殞W(xué)會(huì)珍惜我們現(xiàn)在擁有的東西。如果我們想要它們將來(lái)還存在的話，我們必須保護(hù)好自己的環(huán)境和野生動(dòng)物?！?
U MINH, Vietnam — Luc Van Ho slips through a tangled thicket of jungle, graceful as a dancer. A blanket of dried bamboo and melaleuca leaves on the forest floor barely crackles beneath his bare feet. Only the smell of cigarette smoke betrays his presence.
越南幽明縣——陸云虎(Luc Van Ho)穿過一從糾纏交錯(cuò)的叢林植被，動(dòng)作如舞者一樣輕盈。林地上厚厚地鋪著一層干枯的竹葉和千層樹葉，在他的光腳下幾乎沒有發(fā)出聲響。只有煙味暴露著他的蹤跡。 A hunter, Mr. Luc, 45, set out at dawn from his family’s bamboo-thatched home in Vietnam’s U Minh forest to check a half dozen homemade traps rigged along animal trails in the underbrush and on canal banks frequented by snakes and turtles.
現(xiàn)年45歲的陸云虎是一名狩獵者，住在越南烏明森林的一棟竹屋里。他一大早就從家中出發(fā)，去查看自己布下的六個(gè)陷阱。這些陷阱分布在有動(dòng)物經(jīng)過的下層灌木底下，以及經(jīng)常有蛇和烏龜出沒的運(yùn)河河岸。 He stops at a snare trap made of wood and bicycle brake wire, nearly invisible beneath leaves. The trap is empty, not unusual. 他走到了一個(gè)用木頭和自行車閘線做成的陷阱，埋在葉子下面的裝置幾乎沒人能發(fā)現(xiàn)。陷阱里空空如也，這種情況并不少見。 “Before, this forest was very different,” Mr. Luc said. “Now, the animals are so few that most hunters are changing their jobs.” “這片森林以前可不是這樣，”陸云虎說?！艾F(xiàn)在動(dòng)物太少了，多數(shù)獵人都改了行?！?Still, in the previous two weeks, Mr. Luc had caught nine Southeast Asian box turtles and Malayan snail-eating turtles, five elephant trunk snakes, a handful of water birds and two rare Himalayan griffon vultures. For safekeeping, Mr. Luc stashed the vultures in his brother’s house, leaving them tethered in the bedroom until he can figure out what to do with them. 盡管如此，在過去的兩個(gè)星期，陸云虎還是捕獲了九只馬來(lái)閉殼龜和馬來(lái)食螺龜、五條象鼻蛇、少量水鳥，以及兩只稀有的高山兀鷲。為了妥善保管這兩只兀鷲，陸云虎把它們存放在了兄弟的房子里。在想出處理它們的辦法之前，暫時(shí)把它們拴在了臥室里。 In the past, Mr. Luc’s hunting trips often yielded wildlife bonanzas, including prized pangolins. Also known as scaly anteaters, they are among the most trafficked mammals in the world. Mr. Luc works with traders willing to buy live pangolins for $60 a pound. 過去，陸云虎的狩獵之行常常會(huì)有大量斬獲，包括名貴的穿山甲。這是全世界走私嚴(yán)重的哺乳動(dòng)物之一。與陸云虎合作的商人愿意以每磅60美元（約合370元人民幣）的價(jià)格收購(gòu)活穿山甲。 Although he caught just two pangolins last year, that price makes it well worth the effort to keep seeking them out. He knows, however, that this lucrative resource is finite. 雖說陸云虎過去一年中只捕獲過兩只穿山甲，這個(gè)價(jià)格讓他覺得，繼續(xù)尋找穿山甲是值得的。然而他知道，這個(gè)豐厚的收入來(lái)源不會(huì)永遠(yuǎn)存在。 “Pangolins will be extinct soon,” he said. Still, he expresses no plans to retire. “穿山甲很快就會(huì)滅絕了，”他說。不過，他并沒有打算金盆洗手。 Mr. Luc is one of thousands of illegal hunters draining Vietnam, one of the most biodiverse countries in the world, of its animals. Its rhinoceroses have already gone extinct, and conservationists estimate that just a couple of its tigers, if any, remain. Even lesser known species like soft-shell turtles and civets are sought out for traditional medicines, food, trophies and pets. 像陸云虎這樣的成千上萬(wàn)的非法捕獵者，正在讓越南的動(dòng)物資源走向枯竭。越南是世界上具生物多樣性的國(guó)家之一。越南的犀牛已經(jīng)滅絕。動(dòng)物保護(hù)人士估計(jì)，這里的老虎即使沒滅絕，可能也不多了。一些人們不太熟悉的物種，比如中華鱉和靈貓，也是捕獵的對(duì)象，它們被用來(lái)制作傳統(tǒng)藥材和食物，或是當(dāng)做紀(jì)念品和寵物。 Illegal wildlife is one of the world’s largest contraband trades, netting an estimated $19 billion a year, not including illegal fisheries and timber. While all Southeast Asian countries and many others outside of the region are involved, Vietnam plays a paramount role. The country is a major thoroughfare for wildlife goods bound for China, which arrive overland from Cambodia, Thailand and Laos; by ship from Malaysia and Indonesia; or by air from Africa. 非法野生動(dòng)物貿(mào)易是世界上規(guī)模大的違禁貿(mào)易之一，每年的規(guī)模約為190億美元，這還不包括非法的漁業(yè)和木材貿(mào)易。盡管東南亞國(guó)家和該地區(qū)以外的許多國(guó)家都卷入了這場(chǎng)貿(mào)易，越南扮演著獨(dú)一無(wú)二的重要角色。該國(guó)是野生動(dòng)物商品進(jìn)入中國(guó)的主要渠道，這些商品從柬埔寨、泰國(guó)和老撾經(jīng)陸路、從馬來(lái)西亞和印度尼西亞經(jīng)水路，從非洲經(jīng)空運(yùn)抵達(dá)越南，然后流入中國(guó)。 “After China, Vietnam is the next port of call in terms of where to look to figure out what’s going on with wildlife trade,” said Dan Challender, a co-chairman of the pangolin specialist group at the International Union for Conservation of Nature. “要弄清楚野生動(dòng)物貿(mào)易的狀況，除了中國(guó)之外，越南是第二個(gè)值得關(guān)注的地方，”國(guó)際自然保護(hù)聯(lián)盟(International Union for Conservation of Nature)穿山甲保護(hù)專項(xiàng)小組的聯(lián)席主席丹·查蘭德(Dan Challender)說。 Vietnam is also a significant consumer of wildlife, especially those yielding the ingredients for traditional medicine, such as rhino horn, which is used to treat everything from cancer to hangovers. The exotic meats of rare animals are seen as luxuries by a rising middle class eager to advertise its prosperity. 越南也是野生動(dòng)物產(chǎn)品重要的消費(fèi)國(guó)，特別是那些能夠用來(lái)制造傳統(tǒng)藥材的動(dòng)物產(chǎn)品，比如犀牛角。犀牛角被用來(lái)治療從癌癥到宿醉的各種疾病。此外，日益龐大的中產(chǎn)階級(jí)也把稀有動(dòng)物的肉看做能夠彰顯自身財(cái)富的奢侈商品。 “Pangolin is frequently the most expensive item on the menu, so ordering it is an obvious way to show off to friends and colleagues,” Dr. Challender said. “The fact that it’s illegal isn’t played down and is even attractive, because it adds this element that you live beyond the law.” “穿山甲常常是菜單上貴的菜，因此點(diǎn)一道穿山甲顯然是對(duì)朋友同事進(jìn)行炫耀的一種方式，”查蘭德說?！八麄儾谎陲検秤么┥郊讓俜欠ㄐ袨榈氖聦?shí)，反而覺得更有吸引力，因?yàn)樗鼮檫@種行為增加了刺激元素，仿佛你可以逍遙法外?！?International concern about the trade have never been greater, but conferences, new enforcement strategies and ivory crushes have yet to make a dent. 國(guó)際上對(duì)這種貿(mào)易的擔(dān)憂已經(jīng)達(dá)到了前所未有的程度，不過，相關(guān)的會(huì)議、新的執(zhí)法策略以及銷毀象牙制品的行動(dòng)還沒有產(chǎn)生什么效果。 In February, the Obama administration issued a plan to curb illegal wildlife trade by strengthening enforcement, reducing demand and sending a handful of agents abroad. The United States is the second-largest market for illegal wildlife products, but only an estimated 10 percent of traffickers are caught because of inadequate resources supporting enforcement, as well as legal loopholes pertaining to certain products, such as ivory. 今年2月，奧巴馬政府推出了一項(xiàng)通過加強(qiáng)執(zhí)法、減少需求和派遣少數(shù)工作人員到海外的方法來(lái)遏制野生動(dòng)物貿(mào)易的方案。美國(guó)是非法野生動(dòng)物商品的第二大市場(chǎng)，但由于用于執(zhí)法的資源不足，而且涉及特定產(chǎn)品，比如象牙，又存在法律漏洞，只有10%的走私者落網(wǎng)。 “Wildlife trade is higher profile now than it’s ever been, and that’s great,” said Chris Shepherd, regional director in Southeast Asia of Traffic, a wildlife trade monitoring network. “But all of the talk about this issue by world leaders is not trickling down to the ground yet.” “野生動(dòng)物貿(mào)易獲得了前所未有的關(guān)注，”監(jiān)測(cè)野生動(dòng)物貿(mào)易的組織Traffic的東南亞地區(qū)主任克里斯·謝潑德(Chris Shepherd)說?！暗嘘P(guān)于該問題的討論并沒有落到實(shí)處?！?In January of this year, officials intercepted more than 7,500 protected pig-nosed turtles in Indonesia, a frozen tiger in Vietnam and 190 endangered black pond turtles in Singapore. As wildlife disappears in Southeast Asia, poachers increasingly turn to Africa. 今年1月，有關(guān)部門在印度尼西亞截獲了超過7500頭豬鼻龜，在越南截獲了一頭被冷藏的老虎，在新加坡則是190只瀕危的黑池龜。隨著東南亞野生動(dòng)物的不斷消失，越來(lái)越多的偷獵者把目光轉(zhuǎn)向了非洲。 More than 1,500 pounds of ivory and two tons of pangolin skins were intercepted in Uganda in January. Last year in South Africa alone, a record 1,215 rhinos were killed for their horns. 今年1月，烏干達(dá)截獲了超過1500噸象牙和兩噸穿山甲皮。去年，只在南非，偷獵者為了獲得犀牛角獵殺了1215頭犀牛，這個(gè)數(shù)字創(chuàng)下了歷年之。 The illegal wildlife products that officials manage to interdict account for an estimated 10 to 20 percent of the total trafficked. 官員們截獲的非法野生動(dòng)物產(chǎn)品相當(dāng)于全部走私規(guī)模的10%到20%。 “We may be disrupting criminal networks, but we’re certainly not dismantling any of them,” said Scott Roberton, Vietnam country representative and regional coordinator for wildlife trafficking programs for the Wildlife Conservation Society. “The situation is going to get worse before it gets better.” “我們或許干擾了犯罪集團(tuán)，但我們毫無(wú)疑問沒有消滅其中的任何一個(gè)，”國(guó)際野生生物保護(hù)學(xué)會(huì)(Wildlife Conservation Society)越南國(guó)家代表和野生動(dòng)物走私項(xiàng)目地區(qū)協(xié)調(diào)員斯科特·羅伯森(Scott Roberton)說?！霸谇闆r有所改善之前，還會(huì)進(jìn)一步惡化?！?While China recently increased its arrests and prosecutions for wildlife crimes, those caught trafficking wildlife in Vietnam or other transit countries almost always escape punishment. Dealing in protected species is a criminal offense under Vietnamese law, as is selling wild-caught animals of any kind. 雖然中國(guó)近期在野生動(dòng)物犯罪方面加強(qiáng)了拘捕與訴訟工作，但那些在越南等中轉(zhuǎn)國(guó)抓獲的野生動(dòng)物走私者幾乎總能逃脫懲罰。按照越南法律的規(guī)定，交易保護(hù)物種或銷售任何種類的野外捕獲的動(dòng)物均屬犯罪行為。 But even when trafficking kingpins are taken into custody, prosecution often depends on finding unrelated charges that are taken more seriously than wildlife crime, such as car smuggling. Poachers like Mr. Luc — who says he has never run into legal trouble — are rarely reprimanded, and punishment, if any, usually entails a small fine. 不過，就算走私活動(dòng)主犯遭到扣押，要想進(jìn)行訴訟也往往有賴于找到比野生動(dòng)物犯罪更嚴(yán)重的不相干罪名，比如走私汽車。陸云虎表示，自己從未遭遇法律問題。像他這樣的偷獵者很少受到責(zé)難，即使面臨懲處，也常常是一小筆罰款了事。 “Very few criminals caught for major violations like tiger or rhino horn possession ever do a day in prison,” said Douglas Hendrie, chief technical adviser for Education for Nature-Vietnam, a nonprofit organization based in Vietnam. “因?yàn)槌钟谢⒅破坊蛳＝沁@種重大違法行為而被抓獲的犯罪分子中，幾乎沒有人在監(jiān)獄里待過哪怕一天，”越南保護(hù)自然教育組織(Education for Nature-Vietnam)的首席技術(shù)顧問道格拉斯·亨德里(Douglas Hendrie)說。這是一家設(shè)在越南當(dāng)?shù)氐姆菭I(yíng)利機(jī)構(gòu)。 Wild-caught and protected animal products are easily procured in Vietnamese cities. “It’s not an enforcement priority yet, largely due to corruption, collusion and an absolute lack of concern,” Dr. Shepherd said. “People just do not care.” 在越南的各大城市，很容易弄到野外捕獲及受保護(hù)動(dòng)物的制品。“這還不是執(zhí)法的重點(diǎn)，而其中的主要原因是腐敗、串謀，以及漠不關(guān)心，”謝潑德說。“大家完全不在乎。” Thien Vuong Tuu (“The Alcohol of the Gods”), a fancy restaurant in Ho Chi Minh City, advertises pangolin, bear, porcupine, bat and more on its illustrated menu. Customers interested in pangolin — sold for $150 a pound — must order it two to three hours in advance and place a deposit based on its weight. 胡志明市的一家高檔餐廳“天王酒家”(Thien Vuong Tuu)在配了圖片的菜單上宣傳自己供應(yīng)穿山甲、熊、豪豬和蝙蝠等菜品。穿山甲的售價(jià)為每磅150美元（約合每公斤2000元人民幣）。有意品嘗的顧客必須提前兩三小時(shí)預(yù)訂，并按照份量交一筆預(yù)付款。 When the customer returns for dinner, the manager presents the live pangolin to the table, then slices its throat on the spot to prove that the meat is fresh and has not been substituted. 當(dāng)客人回來(lái)吃晚餐的時(shí)候，經(jīng)理會(huì)把活的穿山甲拿到餐桌前來(lái)展示，然后當(dāng)場(chǎng)割喉，證明肉質(zhì)新鮮，沒有被掉包。 “Pangolin is very popular with customers, because it treats a lot of sicknesses,” said Quoc Trung, the restaurant manager. His staff will also dry and package pangolin scales left over from dinner — a popular ingredient in traditional medicines that are still covered by Vietnamese health insurance. “穿山甲在顧客當(dāng)中非常受歡迎，因?yàn)樗苤魏芏嗖?，”餐廳經(jīng)理國(guó)征說。他手下的員工還會(huì)將餐桌上剩下的穿山甲鱗片晾干后包裝起來(lái)——這是一種流行的傳統(tǒng)藥物成分，至今仍為越南醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)所接納。 On a Sunday night, families with young children and groups of middle-aged men fill the restaurant. At one table, two French-speaking men order a cobra to the delight of their female companions. Two young servers bring out a large, writhing snake, its mouth bound tightly shut with plastic twine. 一個(gè)周日的晚上，這家餐廳里滿是帶著小孩的家庭顧客和一群群的中年男性。在一張桌子上，兩名說法語(yǔ)的男士點(diǎn)了條眼鏡蛇，討得了他們女伴的歡心。兩個(gè)年輕的服務(wù)員端出一條身軀扭動(dòng)的大蛇，它的嘴部被塑料繩牢牢綁住。 As the customers film with their smartphones, one server holds the snake taut. The other carefully feels along the animal’s abdomen until he locates the heart, then opens it up with a pair of scissors and removes the beating organ with his bare fingers. 客人用智能手機(jī)拍攝的同時(shí)，一名服務(wù)員緊緊抓住蛇身，另一人則在它的腹部摸索，確定了心臟的位置之后，再用一把剪刀剖開，徒手取出這顆還在跳動(dòng)的臟器。 As the servers wring out the animal, the blood drips into a ceramic bowl to be mixed later with alcohol and drunk. 服務(wù)員瀝出蛇血，滴到一個(gè)瓷碗中，準(zhǔn)備拿去兌酒供客人飲用。 “The government doesn’t allow exotic meat, but we have our sources and good connections with the police,” Mr. Quoc said after the show concluded. “The demand is so high for these things, so we have to supply them.” “政府不許用稀有肉類，不過我們有貨源，跟警察關(guān)系好，”這番表演結(jié)束后，國(guó)征說。“這些東西需求特別大，我們一定要供應(yīng)?！?Given the widespread lack of enforcement, grass-roots conservation organizations in Vietnam increasingly find themselves on the front lines. Education for Nature-Vietnam recently conducted a survey of restaurants, hotels and shops in 12 districts in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City, recording each violation of wildlife laws and insisting that authorities follow up. 由于執(zhí)法的普遍缺失，越南的草根保護(hù)組織越來(lái)越多地感到自己身處第一線。越南保護(hù)自然教育組織近期對(duì)河內(nèi)和胡志明市12個(gè)區(qū)的餐廳、酒店和商鋪進(jìn)行了調(diào)查，記錄下違反野生動(dòng)物法規(guī)的每項(xiàng)行為，并且堅(jiān)決要求相關(guān)機(jī)構(gòu)予以跟進(jìn)。 Several months later, the group repeated the survey and found the availability of illegal products ranging from snake “wine” to bear bile had fallen by nearly 60 percent in eight of the districts. “When authorities put us out of work by doing their job effectively and consistently, then we’ll no longer have to do this,” Mr. Hendrie said. 幾個(gè)月后，該組織再次進(jìn)行了調(diào)查，發(fā)現(xiàn)在其中八個(gè)區(qū)弄到蛇酒和熊膽等非法制品的可能性降低了近60%。“*持續(xù)有效地做好本職工作，讓我們沒事可干的時(shí)候，我們才會(huì)不用做這些，”亨德里說。 Save Vietnam’s Wildlife, a nonprofit based at Cuc Phuong National Park, organizes training sessions across the country for park rangers and the police, conducts community education programs and operates one of the country’s only rehabilitation centers for confiscated animals. 設(shè)在菊芳國(guó)家公園(Cuc Phuong National Park)內(nèi)的非營(yíng)利機(jī)構(gòu)“拯救越南野生動(dòng)物組織”(Save Vietnam’s Wildlife)在該國(guó)各地組織面向護(hù)林員和警察的培訓(xùn)活動(dòng)、運(yùn)營(yíng)社區(qū)教育項(xiàng)目，并且開設(shè)了一家越南少有的罰沒動(dòng)物康復(fù)中心。 In Vietnam, much of the wildlife intercepted from illegal traders is sold by officials back into the black market. Nguyen Van Thain, Save Vietnam’s Wildlife’s founder, often must race to the sites of recent confiscations to try to recover animals before that can happen. 在越南，從非法交易者手中截獲的許多野生動(dòng)物都會(huì)被官員賣回黑市。拯救越南野生動(dòng)物組織的創(chuàng)始人阮文泰(Nguyen Van Thain)常常需要趕去新的罰沒現(xiàn)場(chǎng)，才可能及時(shí)救回動(dòng)物。 “Corrupt rangers still want to sell animals back to the trade,” Mr. Nguyen said. Even if the animals are not sold, very few return to the wild, because of a lack of rehabilitation facilities. “腐敗的林業(yè)工作者還是想要把動(dòng)物弄回去賣掉，”阮文泰說。因?yàn)榭祻?fù)中心的匱乏，就算動(dòng)物免于被販賣的命運(yùn)，也沒有多少能重返大自然。 Animals not sent to a specialized rescue center often “just sit around until they die,” Dr. Shepherd said. 未能送到專業(yè)救治中心的動(dòng)物往往“坐以待斃，”謝潑德說。 Over the last three months, Mr. Nguyen has helped rescue 20 pangolins, but the maximum capacity at his center — one of only two in Vietnam that can care for pangolins — is less than 50. With a budget of just $90,000 a year, he has few resources with which to expand the center and hire additional staff. 過去三個(gè)月里，阮文泰幫助救治了20只穿山甲。不過他創(chuàng)辦的中心大的容量不到50只，而越南只有兩處這樣的地方可以照看穿山甲。這家中心的年預(yù)算僅為9萬(wàn)美元，他也沒什么資源來(lái)擴(kuò)大中心規(guī)?；蛟鎏砣耸帧?Mr. Nguyen says he is not confident that attitudes will change in time to spare his country’s wildlife. 阮文泰表示，自己并不看好越南人能及時(shí)轉(zhuǎn)變觀念，讓野生動(dòng)物免于災(zāi)禍。 “The problem in Vietnam is that conservation is a new way of thinking,” he said. “Vietnamese people need to learn to take seriously what we have now. We need to take care of our own environment and wildlife if we want it to be around in the future.” “越南的問題是，保護(hù)自然還是個(gè)新的概念，”他說?！霸侥先吮仨殞W(xué)會(huì)珍惜我們現(xiàn)在擁有的東西。如果我們想要它們將來(lái)還存在的話，我們必須保護(hù)好自己的環(huán)境和野生動(dòng)物?！?