The establishment of the Third Reich influenced events in American history by starting a chain of events which culminated in war between Germany and the United States. The compete destruction of democracy， the persecution of Jews， the war on religion， the cruelty and barbarism of the Nazis， and especially the plans of Germany and her allies， Italy and Japan， for world conquest caused great indignation in this country and brought on fear of another world war. While speaking out against Hitler‘s atrocities， the American people generally favored isolationist policies and neutrality. The Neutrality Acts of 1935 and 1936 prohibited trade with any belligerents or loans to them. In 1937 the President was empowered to declare an arms embargo in wars between nations at his discretion.
American opinion began to change somewhat after President Roosevelt‘s “quarantine the aggressor” speech at Chicago (1937) in which he severely criticized Hitler’s policies. Germany‘s seizure of Austria and the Munich Pact for the partition of Czechoslovakia (1938) also aroused the American people. The conquest of Czechoslovakia in March， 1939 was another rude awakening to the menace of the Third Reich. In August，1939 came the shock of the Nazi-soviet Pact and in September the attack on Poland and the outbreak of European war. The United States attempted to maintain neutrality in spite of sympathy for the democracies arrayed against the Third Reich. The Neutrality Act of 1939 repealed the arms embargo and permitted “cash and carry” exports of arms to belligerent nations. A strong national defense program was begun. A draft act was passed (1940) to strengthen the military services. A Lend Act (1941) authorized the President to sell， exchange， or lend materials to any country deemed necessary by him for the defense of the United States. Help was given to Britain by exchanging certain overage destroyers for the right to establish American bases in British territory in the Western Hemisphere. In August， 1940 President Roosevelt and Prime Minister Churchill met and issued the Atlantic Charter which proclaimed the kind of a world which should be established after the war. In December， 1941， Japan launched the unprovoked attack on the United States at Pearl Harbor. Immediately thereafter， Germany declared war on the United States.
1.One item occurring before 1937 that the author does not mention in his list of actions that alienated the American public was
[A] the burning of the Reichstag.
[B] German plans for conquest.
[C] Nazi barbarism.
[D] the persecution of religious groups.
2.The Lend-Lease Act was designed to
[A] help the British.
[B] strengthen the national defense of the United States.
[C] promote the Atlantic Charter.
[D] avenge Pearl Harbor.
3.American Policy during the years 1935-1936 may be described as being
[A] watchful.
[B] isolationist.
[C] peaceful.
[D] indifferent.
4.The Neutrality Act of 1939
[A] permitted the selling of arms to belligerent nations.
[B] antagonized Japan.
[C] permitted the British to trade only with the Allies.
[D] led to Lend-Lease Act.
5.We entered the war against Germany
[A] because Germany declared war.
[B] because Japan was an ally of Germany.
[C] after Germany had signed the Nazi-soviet Pact.
[D] after peaceful efforts had failed.
寫作方法與文章大意
文章講述了第三帝國成立，美國由中立到宣戰(zhàn)的一段歷史。采用按年代先后進(jìn)行敘述的寫作手法。文章一開始就點明主題：“第三帝國的成立影響了美國歷史，從一系列事情開始，最終導(dǎo)致德國和美國交戰(zhàn)?！?BR> 答案詳解
1. A帝國大廈焚毀，眾所周知，這是納粹*精心策劃的一次政治陰謀，旨在迫害德國共產(chǎn)黨。B. 德國征服計劃。C. 納粹之殘暴。D. 迫害宗教團體。在文中都提到。見第一段第二句“民主的全面摧毀、對*人的迫害、摧殘宗教、納粹的殘忍和野蠻，特別是德國及其盟國意、日、征服世界的計劃激起美國極大憤怒，也帶來了對又一次世界大戰(zhàn)的恐懼?！?BR> 2. B 加強美國國防。見第二段導(dǎo)數(shù)第五句“1941年的租借法規(guī)定：總統(tǒng)對他認(rèn)為保衛(wèi)美國所需要的國家有權(quán)賣給、交換或借給他們物資?！盇. 幫助英國，不對。C. 促進(jìn)大西洋公約。大西洋公約是1941年8月，羅斯福和邱吉爾會面后的聯(lián)合公告。D. 報復(fù)珍珠港。是1941年日本發(fā)起襲擊的報復(fù)。
3. B 與世隔絕。這在第一段第三句“美國人民雖然反對*的兇殘等事，他們一般還是喜歡孤立(與世隔絕的)政策和保持中立。1933年和1936年的中立條約規(guī)定：禁止和交戰(zhàn)國雙方貿(mào)易和借貸?！盇. 觀察的。C. 和平的。D. 不正確的。
4. A 允許把武器賣給交戰(zhàn)國。答案在第二段第六句“1939年的中立條約取消了武器禁運，允許進(jìn)行現(xiàn)鈔交易出口武器給交戰(zhàn)國?！盉. 和日本敵對。C. 允許英國只能和其盟國貿(mào)易。D. 導(dǎo)致租借條約。
5. A 因為德國宣戰(zhàn)。這在第一段已有說明。盡管*壞事做盡，美國還是傾向于中立政策。第二段羅斯福在芝加哥的演講，態(tài)度稍有改變。嚴(yán)厲批評*的政策，但仍然以中立為主。1941年日本襲擊珍珠港，不久德國宣戰(zhàn)，美國才不得不參戰(zhàn)。 PEOPLE， like most animals， are naturally lazy. So the ascent of mankind is something of a mystery. Humans who make their livings hunting and gathering in the traditional way do not have to put much effort into it. Farmers who rely on rain to water their crops work significantly harder， and lead shorter and unhealthier lives. But the real back-breaking， health-destroying labour is that carried out by farmers who use irrigation. Yet it was the invention of irrigation， at first sight so detrimental to its practitioners， that actually produced a sufficient surplus to feed the priests， politicians， scholars， artists and so on whose activities are collectively thought of as “civilisation”。
In the past 10，000 yeas， the world‘s climate has become temporarily colder and drier on several occasions. The first of these， known as the Younger Dryads， after a tundra-loving plant that thriced during it， occurred at the same time as the beginning of agriculture in northern Mesopotamis. It is widely believed that this was nor a coincidence. The drying and cooling of the YOUNGER Dryads adversely affected the food supply of hunter-gatherers. That would have created an incentive for agriculture to spread once some bright spark invented it.
Why farmers then moved on to irrigation is， however， far from clear. But Harvey Weiss， of Yale University， think she knows. Dr. Weiss observes that the development of irrigation coincides with a second cool， dry period， some 8，200 years ago. His analysis of rainfall patterns in the area suggests that rainfall in agriculture‘s upper-Mesopotamian heartland would， at this time， have falllen below the level needed to sustain farming reliably. Farmers would thus have been forced out of the area in search of other opportunities.
Once again， an innovative spark was required. But it clearly occurred to some of these displaced farmers that the slow-moving waters of the lower Tigris and Euphrates， near sea level， could be diverted using canals and used to water crops， and the rest， as the clich has it， is history.
So climate change helped to intensify agriculture， and thus start civilization. But an equally intriguing idea is that the spread of agriculture caused climate change. In this case， the presumed criminal is forest clearance. Most of the land cultivated by early farmers in the Middle East would have been forested. When the trees that grew there were cleared， the carbon they contained ended up in the atmosphere as carbon dioxide. Moreover， one form of farming—the cultivation of rice in waterlongged fields—generates methane， in large quantities. Willianm Ruddiman， of the University of Virginia， explained that， in combination， these two phenomena had warmed the atmosphere prior to the start of the industrial era. As environmentalists are wont to observe， mankind is part of nature. These studies show just how intimate the relationship is.
1. The invention of irrigation is meaningful because it could help to
[A] alleviate farmers‘ workload
[B] increase agricultural production.
[C] make planting much easier
[D] get rid of human laziness.
2. According to Dr. Weiss， the second cool and dry period eventually
[A] changed the growing season.
[B] spurred the use of canals.
[C] forced the farmers to desert agriculture.
[D] led to declining populations.
3. From the first four paragraphs， we can infer that the dawn of civilization
[A] was accompanied by hardships of human existence.
[B] is a mystery as yet unknown to mankind.
[C] can be attributed to the innovative sparks of ancestors.
[D] was recorded by history books ending at that time.
4. Which of the following tends to warm the climate?
[A] To develop the irrigation system.
[B] To promote organic agriculture.
[C] To revert to hunting and gathering
[D] To turn farmland back into forest.
5. the text is mainly about
[A] the relationship between climate change and civilization.
[B] the history of global climate change.
[C] the interaction between nature and human society.
[D]the impact of the spread of agriculture.
答案與解析
1. B 細(xì)節(jié)題。本題的問題是“灌溉的發(fā)明具有重要意義，因為它可能有助于”。題干中的“the invention of irrigation”出自文章第一段最后一句話中，表明本題與第一段有關(guān)。第一段提到，正是乍一看對其實踐者如此有害的灌溉發(fā)明才真正生產(chǎn)出足夠的剩余產(chǎn)品養(yǎng)活了牧師、學(xué)者、藝術(shù)家等等。這說明，原因是它增加了農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)量。[B]“提高農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)量”與此意符合，為正確答案。[A]“減輕農(nóng)民的勞動強度”和[C]“使種植容易得多”與該段第五句話的意思相反;[D]“消除人類的懶惰”是針對該段第一句話設(shè)置的干擾項，但文中的信息并不能說明灌溉的發(fā)明消除了人類的懶惰，他們只是為了生計而勤勞，所以D與文意不符。
2. B 細(xì)節(jié)題。本題的問題是“根據(jù)韋斯博士的觀點，第二個寒冷、干燥的時期最終 ”。題干中的“Dr.Weiss”和“the second cool and dry period”出自文章第三段第二、三句話中，表明本題與第三段有關(guān)。第三段介紹了韋斯博士的觀點——灌溉的發(fā)展時期與大約8，200年前的第二個寒冷、干燥時期時間吻合，接著提到了他的分析，指出，當(dāng)時美索不達(dá)米亞北部農(nóng)業(yè)中心地帶的降雨可能減少，低于維持農(nóng)業(yè)穩(wěn)步發(fā)展的水平，第四段接著提到農(nóng)民想到利用運河灌溉農(nóng)作物的問題。這說明，韋斯博士認(rèn)為，第二個寒冷、干燥的時期可能促進(jìn)了運河的發(fā)展。[B]“促進(jìn)了運河的利用”與此意符合，為正確答案。[A] “改變了生長季節(jié)”和[D]“導(dǎo)致人口減少”屬于無中生有;[C]“迫使農(nóng)民放棄農(nóng)業(yè)”是針對第三段最后一句話設(shè)置的干擾項，文中說的是被迫離開降雨減少的地區(qū)，不是放棄農(nóng)業(yè)，所以C與文意不符。
3. A 推論題。本題的問題是“根據(jù)前面四段，我們可以推知，文明的起源 ”。文章第一段首先提到了灌溉的發(fā)明的意義，隨后三段介紹了氣候的變化導(dǎo)致農(nóng)民生活艱難，也促進(jìn)了灌溉的發(fā)展，最后一段指出，氣候變化有助于強化農(nóng)業(yè)的發(fā)展，進(jìn)而開創(chuàng)文明。由此可知。文明的起源伴隨的是人類生存的艱難。[A]“伴隨著人類生存的艱難困苦”與此意符合，為正確答案。[B]“是人類還不知道的一個秘密”是針對第一段第二句話和第三段第一句話設(shè)置的干擾項，與文意不符;文中的信息表明，是氣候的變化導(dǎo)致了人們生存困難，從而激發(fā)了創(chuàng)造靈感，說明氣候的變化是關(guān)鍵，所以[C]“可能歸因于祖先的創(chuàng)造靈感”與文意不符;[D]“根據(jù)歷史書記載于那個時候結(jié)束”是針對第四段最后一句話設(shè)置的干擾項，明顯與文意不符。
4. B 細(xì)節(jié)題。本題的問題是“下面哪項往往導(dǎo)致氣候變暖?”最后一段解釋了大氣升溫的原因——早期的農(nóng)民砍伐樹木可能導(dǎo)致樹木所含的碳轉(zhuǎn)化成二氧化碳進(jìn)入大氣，在水田里種植水稻產(chǎn)生了大量的甲烷，這兩種現(xiàn)象共同導(dǎo)致了工業(yè)時代之前的大氣升溫。這說明，發(fā)展農(nóng)業(yè)可能導(dǎo)致氣候變暖。[B]“發(fā)展有機農(nóng)業(yè)”與此意符合，為正確答案。文中的信息并沒有表明灌溉與氣候變暖有關(guān)系，所以[A]“發(fā)展灌溉系統(tǒng)”不對;[C]“回歸狩獵和采摘生活”和[D]“退耕還林”是在保護樹木，不會導(dǎo)致氣候變暖，所以不對。
5. A 主旨題。本題的問題是“本文主要是關(guān)于 ”。文章第一段提到，灌溉的發(fā)明促進(jìn)了文明的發(fā)展，隨后的段落分析指出，灌溉的發(fā)明是氣候變化的結(jié)果，最后一段總結(jié)到，氣候變化有助于強化農(nóng)業(yè)的發(fā)展，進(jìn)而開創(chuàng)文明。這說明，本文主要講的是氣候變化與文明的發(fā)展之間的關(guān)系。[A]“氣候變化與文明之間的關(guān)系”是對本文內(nèi)容的恰當(dāng)概括，可以表達(dá)本文的主題，為正確答案。本文只是在第二、三段提到了全球氣候發(fā)生的變化，而這是為了說明氣候變化導(dǎo)致灌溉的發(fā)展所舉的例子，不是本文討論的重點，所以[B]“全球氣候變化的歷史”不能表達(dá)本文的主題;[C]“自然界和人類社會的交互作用”范圍太廣，不能表達(dá)本文的主題;[D]“農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展產(chǎn)生的影響”只是最后一段的內(nèi)容，不能表達(dá)本文的主題。 To date， over 1 billion Barbie dolls have been sold. The average American girl aged between three and 11 owns a staggering ten Barbie dolls， according to Mattel， the American toy giant. An Italian or British girl owns seven; a French or German girl， five. The Barbie brand is worth some $2 billion——a little ahead of Armani， just behind the Wall Street Journal——making it the most valuable toy brand in the world， according to Interbrand， a consultancy. How is it that this impossibly proportioned， charmless toy has endured in an industry notorious for whimsical fad and fickle fashion?
Part of Barbie's appeal is that she has become， according to Christopher Varaste， a historian of Barbie， “the face of the American dream”。 Barbie is not a mere toy， nor product category： she is an icon. Quite how she became one is hotly debated among the Barbie sorority. Some think she answers an innate girlish desire for fantasy， role-playing and dressing-up. Others believe that Mattel has simply manipulated girls' aspirations to that end.
Either way， wrapped up in her pouting lips and improbable figure——buxom breasts， wafer-thin waist and permanently arched feet waiting to slip into a pair of high heels——is an apparently enduring statement of aspiration and western aesthetic. She is， according to M.G. Lord， who has written a biography of Barbie， “the most potent icon of American popular culture in the late twentieth century.”
Officialdom has recognised Barbie's iconic status. The Americans included a Barbie doll in the 1976 bicentennial time capsule. Earlier this year， the American government buried her in a “women's health” time capsule， alongside a pair of forceps and a girdle. As an emblem of Americana she is subject to pastiche， derision and political statement. Andy Warhol made a portrait of Barbie， the Campbell's soup of toy brands. An exhibition in London earlier this year displayed “Suicide Bomber Barbie” by Simon Tyszko， a British artist. Her hair was blonde， her hair ribbon red， and around her slender waist was wrapped a belt of explosives， attached to a detonator held daintily in her hand.
Barbie has not colonised girls' imaginations by accident. Mattel has dedicated itself to promoting Barbie as “a lifestyle， not just a toy”。 In addition to selling the dolls， Mattel licenses Barbie in 30 different product categories， from furniture to make-up. A girl can sleep in Barbie pyjamas， under a Barbie duvet-cover， her head on a Barbie pillow-case， surrounded by Barbie wall-paper， and on， and on. There are Barbie conventions， fan clubs， web sites， magazines and collectors' events.
“She's so much more than a character brand，” enthuses a Mattel publicity person， “she's a fashion statement， a way of life.” (449 words)
1. Which of the following statements is true according to the text?
[A] The average American girl aged between three and 11 owns 10 staggering Barbie dolls.
[B] Wall Street Journal is the most valuable toy brand in the world.
[C] The Barbie brand is the most valuable toy brand in the world.
[D] The Barbie brand is worth more than $2 billion.
2. How did Barbie become an icon according to the text?
[A] Barbie has “the face of the American dream”。
[B] She answers an innate girlish desire for fantasy， role-playing and dressing-up
[C] It is Mattel that manipulated girls' aspirations to that end.
[D] Different people have different explanations.
3. Barbie's iconic status is shown in all the following EXCEPT______.
[A] Barbie doll in the 1976 bicentennial time capsule
[B] She was buried in a “women's health” time capsule
[C] She is subject to pastiche， derision and political statement
[D] Barbie has colonised girls' imaginations
4. It can be inferred from the text that Mattel is_______.
[A] a man who created Barbie doll
[B] the name of a toy manufacturer
[C] an individual organization
[D] a sorority
5. The best title for the text may be ______.
[A] Barbie dolls in USA
[B] Barbie's appeal
[C] Barbie's appeal and iconic status
[D] Barbie， the most valuable toy brand
答案與解析
1. C 細(xì)節(jié)題。本題的問題是“根據(jù)本文，下面哪項說法正確?”[A]“3到11歲的普通美國女孩都令人驚訝地?fù)碛?0個芭比娃娃玩具”與第一段第二句話的意思不符，文中說的是3到10歲的普通美國女孩;[B]“《華爾街期刊》是世界上最有價值的雜志”與第一段第四句話的意思不符;[D]“芭比這個品牌值20多億美元”與第一段第四句話的意思不符，文中是說值大約20億美元，不是說20多億美元。文章第一段提到，芭比這個品牌值大約20億美元，這使得它成為世界上最有價值的玩具品牌。[C]“芭比這個品牌是世界上最有價值的玩具品牌”是對該句話的改寫，為正確答案。
2. D 細(xì)節(jié)題。本題的問題是“芭比成為世界上的一個偶像，因為 ”。題干中的“an i. con”出自文章第二段第二句話中，表明本題與第二段有關(guān)。第二段在解釋芭比這種現(xiàn)象的原因時指出，有人認(rèn)為芭比已經(jīng)成為“美國夢想的表現(xiàn)”，有人認(rèn)為芭比是一個偶像，有人認(rèn)為芭比滿足了少女對幻想、追星以及穿著打扮的天生渴望，其他人認(rèn)為，墨泰爾只是巧妙地滿足了少女們對那個目標(biāo)的渴望。這說明，對于芭比成為一個偶像這一點，人們的觀點不同。[D]“不同的人們有不同的解釋”是對第二段的概括，為正確答案。[A] “芭比有‘美國夢想的表現(xiàn)”’、[B]“她滿足了少女對幻想、追星以及穿著打扮的天生渴望”和[C]“正是墨泰爾巧妙地滿足了少女們對那個目標(biāo)的渴望”都只是部分原因，不全面。
3. C 細(xì)節(jié)題。本題的問題是“下面所有選項都體現(xiàn)了芭比的偶像地位，除了 ”。題干中的“iconic status'‘出自文章第四段第一句話中，表明本題與第三段有關(guān)。第三段提到，美國人把芭比娃娃玩具放入”200周年紀(jì)念的時代文物儲放器“中，美國政府把她隨同一把鉗子和一個腰帶一起放入一個”女性健康“時代文物儲放器中;第五段提到，芭比并不是偶然俘獲少女們的幻想的。這些都是芭比產(chǎn)生的正面效應(yīng)，說明[A]”芭比玩具被放入1976年的’200周年紀(jì)念的時代文物儲放器‘中“、[B]”她被放入一個’女性健康‘時代文物儲放器中“和[D]”芭比俘獲了少女們的幻想“體現(xiàn)了芭比的偶像地位。第四段中間部分提到，作為美國文物的象征，芭比容易成為模仿作品，成為笑柄，成為政治聲明，隨后提到了有人制作的人體炸彈芭比。這是在講芭比產(chǎn)生的負(fù)面結(jié)果，所以[C]”她容易成為模仿作品，成為笑柄，成為政治聲明“不能體現(xiàn)芭比的偶像地位。
4. B 推論題。本題的問題是“根據(jù)本文i可以推知，墨泰爾 ”。題干中的“Mattel”出自文章第一段第二句話中，表明本題與第一段有關(guān)。第一段提到墨泰爾時是說“美國玩具制造業(yè)巨頭墨泰爾”，最后一段是說“墨泰爾的一位發(fā)言人充滿激情地說……”。由此可知，墨泰爾應(yīng)該是一家玩具制造企業(yè)的名稱。[B]“是玩具制造商的名稱”與文意符合，為正確答案。[A]“是一個創(chuàng)作芭比娃娃玩具的人”、[C]“是一個個體組織”和[D] “是一個婦女聯(lián)誼會”都是對墨泰爾的錯誤推理，與文意不符。
5. C 主旨題。本題的問題是“本文的標(biāo)題可能是 ”。文章第一段提到，芭比這個品牌已經(jīng)成為世界上最有價值的玩具品牌，接著分析了導(dǎo)致這種吸引力的原因，隨后的段落介紹了芭比的偶像地位，指出，她遠(yuǎn)不只是一個知名品牌，她是一種時尚宣言，是一種生活方式。這說明，本文主要是介紹芭比的吸引力以及偶像地位。[C]“芭比的吸引力與偶像地位”是對全文的概括，為正確答案。[A]“美國的芭比娃娃玩具”太籠統(tǒng)，不能恰當(dāng)表達(dá)本文的主題;[B]“芭比的吸引力”和[D]“芭比，最有價值的玩具品牌”只是第一、二段的內(nèi)容，比較片面，也不能表達(dá)本文的主題。 Various accounts have traced the “Big Apple” expression to Depression-Era sidewalk apple vendors， a Harlem night club and a popular 1930s dance known as the “Big Apple.” One fanciful version even links the name with a notorious 19th-century procuress!
In fact， it was the jazz musicians of the 1930s and ‘40s who put the phrase into more or less general circulation. If a jazzman circa 1940 told you he had a gig in the “Big Apple，” you knew he had an engagement to play in the most coveted venue of all， Manhattan， where the audience was the biggest， hippest， and most appreciative in the country.
The older generation of jazzmen specifically credit Fletcher Henderson， one of the greatest of the early BigBand leaders and arrangers， with popularizing it， but such things are probably impossible to document. Be that as it may， the ultimate source actually was not the jazz world but the racetrack.
As Damon Runyon (among many others) cheerfully pointed out， New York in those days offered a betting man a lot of places to go broke. There were no fewer than four major tracks nearby， and it required no fewer than three racing journals to cover such a lively scene—The Daily Racing Form (which still survives on newsstands today) and The Running Horse and The New York Morning Telegraph (which do not)—and the ultimate credit for marrying New York to its durable catchphrase goes to columnist John J. FitzGerald who wrote for the Telegraph for over 20 years.
Despite its turf-related origins， by the 1930s and ‘40s， the phrase had become firmly linked to the city’s jazzscene. “Big Apple” was the name both of a popular night club at West 135th Street and Seventh Avenue in Harlem and a jitterbug-style group dance that originated in the South， became a huge phenomenon at Harlem‘s great Savoy Ballroom and rapidly spread across the country. (Neat cultural footnote： the great African-American cinema pioneer Oscar Micheaux liked to use the Big Apple as a venue for occasional screenings of his latest feature film or documentary.)
A film short called The Big Apple came out in 1938， with an all-Black cast featuring Herbert “Whitey” White‘s Lindy Hoppers， Harlem’s top ballroom dancers in the Swing Era. In a book published the same year， bandleader Cab Calloway used the phrase “Big Apple” to mean “the big town， the main stem， Harlem.” Anyonewho loved the city would have readily agreed with Jack FitzGerald： “There‘s only one Big Apple. That’s New York.”
The term had grown stale and was in fact generally forgotten by the 1970s. Then Charles Gillett， head of the New York Convention & Visitors Bureau， got the idea of reviving it. The agency was desperately trying to attract tourists to the town. Mayor John Lindsay had dubbed “Fun City，” but which had become better-known for its blackouts， strikes， street crime and occasional riots. What could be a more wholesome symbol of renewal than a plump red apple?
The city‘s industrial-strength campaign was launched toward the end of the Lindsay administration in 1971， complete with a cheerful Big Apple logo in innumerable forms (lapel pins， buttons， bumper stickers， refrigerator magnets， shopping bags， ashtrays， ties， tie tacks， “Big Apple” T-shirts， etc.)。
Apparently Gillett was on to something， because at this writing， over 35 years later， the campaign he launched—it won him a Tourism Achievement award in 1994， by the way—is still going strong.
1. Read the first paragraph and then choose the correct one.
[A] “Big Apple” is a name of New York.
[B] There are many reasons for the name “Big Apple”……
[C] People are likely to call New York City “Big Apple”
[D] The name “Big Apple” is a name of New York City in the history.
2. According to the author， what‘s the reason for the name “Big Apple”?
[A] He thought that the name “Big Apple” could not be traced as many people‘s saying.
[B] He thought that the name “Big Apple” was something about jazz musicians.
[C] He thought that initially the name “Big Apple”was a name for Manhattan， not for New York City.
[D] He thought that the name “Big Apple” was named by jazz musicians.
3. According to Cab Calloway‘s book， what’s the meaning of the phrase “Big Apple”?
[A] A name of club in his book.
[B] A name of drama mentioned in his book.
[C] It meant the big town， the main stem， Harlem.
[D] It was just a name and had no means.
4.How did they revive the name “Big Apple” by the 1970s?
[A] By announced a new slogan.
[B] By announce that a plump red apple is a symbol of health.
[C] By put an end to New York‘s occasional riots.
[D] By put an end to New York‘s street crimes.
5.What‘s the industrial-strength campaign’s effect which was launched toward the end of the Lindsay
administration in 1971?
[A] It led to a trend of widely used of the phrase “Big Apple”。
[B] It made the phrase “Big Apple” have new meanings.
[C] The campaign is good for the reviving of the name “Big City”。
[D] The campaign lead to the name‘s widely use which was good for its reviving.
[疑難長句翻譯與注解]
1. Various accounts have traced…a popular 1930s dance known as the “Big Apple.”
[譯文]關(guān)于大蘋果這個稱謂可以追述到很多來源，如有的說是大蕭條時期人行道旁的蘋果攤賣主，有的歸因于黑人住宅區(qū)夜總會，以及在二十世紀(jì)三十年代流行的一種叫大蘋果的舞蹈。
[注解]“Big Apple”是對紐約市的一種約定俗成的稱呼，本文就是探討該名字的由來。句中沒有連詞，只是用句式的邏輯表達(dá)了出來，我們在翻譯的時候要把連詞添上。
2. “which still survives on newsstands today”
[譯文] 這份刊物現(xiàn)在還在發(fā)行。
[注解] 不能翻譯成“今天依然活在報攤上”。應(yīng)該意譯。意思是說這份刊物現(xiàn)在還在發(fā)行，仍然存在。
3. The city‘s industrial-strength campaign… the end of the Lindsay administration in 1971.
[譯文]城市的加強工業(yè)運動開始于1971年Lindsay 政府的任期將滿之前。
[注解] “toward the end of the Lindsay administration in 1971”。的意思就是在 1971 年，Lindsay 政府任期將滿之前。這里 toward the end 是 just before a particular time.
4.The older generation of jazzmen specifically … are probably impossible to document.
[譯文]老一輩的爵士樂家們熱衷于將其歸功于早期大樂隊最偉大的之一的 Fletcher Henderson， 他們認(rèn)為是他使“大蘋果”這個名字流行起來的，但卻不大可能有東西證明這種事的存在。
[注解] jazzmen 在這里指爵士樂家，credit 除了有信任之意思外，還可以指“把……歸功于……”。本句中credit 的意思就是后者。
5. The term had grown stale and was in fact generally forgotten by the 1970s.
[譯文] 這種稱謂逐漸變得了無新意，并于 20 世紀(jì) 70 年代被人們基本遺忘。
[注解] “The term”指代上文中提到的的大蘋果的稱謂?！皊tale”指“陳舊的、不新鮮的”，在這里譯為了無新意。
參考答案：
1.[B]段意歸納題。本題的干擾項在 C 項。紐約市被稱為大蘋果是我們的常識，所以很多考生會選擇這個選項。但陷阱往往就在這里。我們把這種陷阱稱為“真理式陷阱”。該類干擾項的共同特點在于，孤立的看，這個選項挑不出任何毛病，而且往往能使我們聯(lián)想起我們?nèi)粘Ｉ钪械某ＷR。但有至關(guān)重要的是該類選項在目標(biāo)段落中沒有被談到，所以需要被排除。
2.[B]選項中 A 項講的是上一段說的內(nèi)容，因此不能選。C 項說大蘋果最初是曼哈頓名字這點說的不正確。文中提到曼哈頓只是說它與我們的命名有關(guān)，但沒說這名字給了曼哈頓了。D 項說作者認(rèn)為大蘋果這個名字是爵士樂音樂家給起的，也不正確。這個名字雖然與爵士樂家有關(guān)，但不是由爵士樂家們專門為紐約市取的名字。
3.[C]細(xì)節(jié)題。細(xì)讀文章第六段即可找到答案。此類題只要準(zhǔn)確定位到原文就可以順利排除干擾項。
4.[B]C 和 D 項干擾意圖明顯，可以很容易被排除。A 項雖然沒有錯，但相對而言，B 項說得更具體些。
5.[D]該題的迷惑性在于如何區(qū)分幾個相近選項。B 項是可以首先排除的。接下來看 A、C.從一定意義上說，A、C 都有道理。但根據(jù)選擇方案法，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)，D 項說得面。所以，這里把 A、C 排除而選擇 D. Al Hussein is 19. He is struggling to stay seated on top of a huge truck crossing the desert. He has been riding like that for hours， breathing dust， in an unbearable heat. He has left his home， his twin brother， and the rest of his family down South. Beyond the desert lies the sea， and maybe， if he is lucky a boat to Europe where he hopes to get a job， to start a new life， and to send money to his village.
Al Hussein is hardly alone in his perilous trek. Some 150 million men， women and even children， about three percent of the world‘s population， are outside their country of origin coming as strangers to the country where they reside. There is no continent， no region of the world which has no migrants within its boundaries. Every country has become a country of origin， transit or destination of migrants. Many are all three. More than half of international migrants live in developing countries. According to the International Organization for Migration， the
largest numbers of international migrants are located in Asia; Europe and North America have about equal numbers followed by Africa， Latin America， and Oceania with progressively fewer numbers. The International Labor Organization (ILO) estimates that up to 80 million of these are migrant workers. In 1997， ILO estimated that the number of migrant workers was as follows： Africa， 20 Million; North America， 17 million; Central andSouth America 12 million; Asia 7 million; the Middle East (Arab countries)， 9 million， and Europe 30 million.
Migration is hardly a recent or localized phenomenon. Women and men have been leaving their homelands in search of a better job. People also leave their own countries because of civil conflicts and insecurity or persecution. However， in this globalized world， we are witnessing unprecedentedly high labor mobility and an increasing pressure of migration. Gareth Howell， International Labor Organization representative to the United Nations， points out that “the increasing restrictions on immigration leads to increased trafficking of migrants often with tragic personal consequences.”
Women and children account for more than half of the refugees， and their proportion are increasing in the case of other categories of migrants. 96 percent of children who work and sleep in the street are migrants，about half of them girls aged between 8 and 14. Migrants are a particularly vulnerable group and see their rights routinely violated， not only as workers， but as human beings. They commonly face discrimination and xenophobic hostility. According to the International Organization for migration (IOM) migrants “are more and more targeted as the scapegoats for all manner of domestic problems facing societies today， particularly unemployment， crime， drugs， even terrorism.” As noted by Ms Gabriela Rodriguez Pizarro， United Nations Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants “This is especially true in the case of the many migrants who are undocumented or in an irregular situation， including the victims of trafficking in persons， who are the most vulnerable to human rights violations.” According to the UN， between 300，000 and 600，000 women are smuggled each year into the European Union and certain Central European countries. The problem is also widespread in Africa and Latin America.
Reading Comprehension
1.Which of the following is not mentioned in the first paragraph?
[A] Al Hussein was going abroad for work.
[B] The work that Al Hussein intended to do was very hard.
[C] Al Hussein was so young.
[D] Al Hussein wanted to start a new life.
2.What‘s the most suitable title for the article?
[A] Working Far From Home?
[B] Migration and Discrimination.
[C] To go abroad.
[D]Problems about migration.
3.Read the third paragraph and find out which one was not true.
[A] Migration is a phenomenon which exist for a long time.
[B] Migration is not a localized phenomenon.
[C] Migration is localized but not a recent phenomenon.
[D] Globalized world has high labor mobility.
4.Which of the following is true?
[A] Women required for their human rights.
[B] Children account for 96 percent of migrants.
[C] Half of the female migrants aged between 8 and 14.
[D] Male adults account for less than half of the refugees.
5.What does paragraph 5 mainly talk about?
[A]The problems of migrants are increasing
[B] Migration need to face discrimination， and there human rights are vulnerable.
[C] Migration need more of human rights.
[D] Most women are smuggled each year.
答案與題解：
1.[B]
細(xì)節(jié)題。A、C、D項在文中都有提及，B項是干擾項，作者說Al Hussein前進(jìn)的路上會充滿艱難，但沒說他要從事的工作是一項困難的工作。
2.[B]
主旨題。本題需要把握全文主旨。通觀全篇會發(fā)現(xiàn)，本文重點在于講述移民以及對移民的歧視等社會問題。所以選擇B。
3.[C]
這道題重點在于區(qū)分前三個選項。見文章第三段第一句話，"Migration is hardly a recent or localized phenomenon."這里面的"hardly"是幾乎不的意思。如果忽視了這個詞則會對全句的理解造成偏差。
4.[D]
細(xì)節(jié)推理題。見文章第四段，上面說，婦女和兒童占移民總?cè)藬?shù)的一半以上，那么成年男性占移民人數(shù)的不到百分之五十，所以D正確。
5.[B]
段意歸納題。讀完該段可以發(fā)現(xiàn)本段講了兩個問題，一個是移民遭受歧視，另一個是移民的****問題得不到保障。綜合這兩點考慮，該題選B。 We now must address two questions:
Firstly，where on Earth is the population problem the worst?
It is my opinion that the world's worst population problem is right here in the United States. This is because of our high per capita resource consumption. It has been estimated that a person added to the population of the United States will have 30 or more times the impact on world resources as will a person added to the population of an underdeveloped nation. Indeed, resource consumption in North America is roughly the same as resource consumption in the entire rest of the world.
Secondly，where should we apply our efforts to have the most beneficial effect in helping to solve the population problem?
The answer is, right here in the U.S..
For many people, the population problem is a problem of "those people" in distant undeveloped countries. In early 1997, many people successfully lobbied Congress to restore family planning assistance in the U.S. foreign aid programs. This was a great victory, but it treats "those people" as though they were the big problem.
Unchecked population growth in the Third World means depletion of water resources. It means famine. It means suffering. It pushes populations to clear rainforests. It pushes populations to go out and graze on land that cannot sustain cattle, and that leads to expansion of deserts worldwide. We all have a stake in the global environment.
It is so easy to blame the problem on others and to identify what other people should do to solve the problem, while we ignore our own responsibilities and avoid doing anything to reduce the population problem in the U.S.. We need to work to stop population growth in the U.S..
There are two sources that contribute approximately equally to population growth in the U.S.: the excess of births over deaths, and immigration. Both of these must be addressed.
Let's compare three aspects of efforts to stop population growth in other countries with efforts to stop population growth in the United States.
1) When we give family planning assistance to other countries, we are dealing with countries over which we have no legal jurisdiction and where we have little or no immediate political responsibility.
When we confront population growth in the United States, we are dealing with a country where we as citizens have full and complete jurisdiction, and where we have political and family responsibilities. It should be much easier to solve our problem than it is to solve other peoples' problems.
2) The negative effects of runaway population growth in an underdeveloped country are generally felt only in that country and in its immediate neighbors.
The negative effects of population growth in the U.S. are felt throughout the entire world, because of our enormous per capita consumption of resources. Indeed, one of the aims of the many free-trade agreements about which we currently hear so much, is to open up the world's resources for consumption by consumers in the U.S..
3) In countries receiving family planning assistance from the U.S. there will always be individuals who will claim that this assistance is a form of "genocide." They will be strengthened in this belief if we in the U.S. fail to take steps to halt our own population growth. As Tim Wirth of the U.S. Department of State has said, the best thing that we in the U.S. can do to help other countries stop their population growth, is to set an example and stop our own population growth.
As you think about addressing the problem of population growth in the U.S., please ponder this challenge:
Can you think of any problem, on any scale, from microscopic to global, whose long-term solution is in any demonstrable way, aided, assisted, or advanced, by having continued population growth at the local level, the state level, the national level, or globally?
So we can see that Pogo was right:
"We've met the enemy, and they're us!"
1.What did the author mainly talk about?
[A] The population problem in the world.
[B] The population condition in the western world.
[C] The population problem in Europe.
[D] The population problem in the U.S.
2. According to the author， which place should solve the population proplem?
[A] The US
[B] Europe
[C] Underdeveloped countries
[D] The Third World
3. What did the Congressman think about the population problem?
[A] He thought that the problem was worst in America.
[B] He thought that the problem caused many other problems in the world.
[C] He thought that the problem cannot be solved easily.
[D] He thought that the problem in the Third World was to be blamed.
4. Why are the negative effects of population growth in the U.S. felt throughout the entire world?
[A] Because people around the world are all concerned about it.
[B] Because per capita consumption of resources in America is enormous.
[C] Because the U.S. is the most powerful country in the world.
[D] Because the U.S .has great influence on other countries.
5. Which is one of the reasons for the Americans to pay attention to their population problem?
[A] Because some people always claim that the American assistance for family planning in other countries is a form of "genocide".
[B] Because there are too many migrants nowadays.
[C] Because once the population is too large, the American government will adopt unfavorable policies to limit migrants' coming to it.
[D] Because America is now facing a lot of problems.
[疑難長句翻譯與注解]
1.where should we apply our …effect in helping to solve the population problem?
[譯文]我們應(yīng)當(dāng)從哪方面入手下功夫去尋求的方法來解決人口問題?
[注解]該句是倒裝句，譯成漢語時要把語序調(diào)整過來。
2.For many people， the of those people in distant undeveloped countries.
[譯文]對于許多人來說，人口問題只是那些遙遠(yuǎn)的不發(fā)達(dá)國家才會面臨的問題。
[注解]這句話是一個引子，作者的目的是用它表明錯誤的觀念，用以引出自己的見解。“in distant undeveloped countries”是用來修飾“those people”的。
3.In early 1997， many people successfully …as though they were the big problem.
[譯文] 在 1997 年早期，很多人成功地說服國會恢復(fù)了對外計劃生育援助計劃，這是一個巨大的勝利，但這使得“那些人”(的問題)好像已經(jīng)是大問題了似的。
[注解]“family planning”是計劃生育的意思。
4.It is so easy to blame the problem on others… and avoid doing anything to reduce the population problem in the U.S.
[譯文]解決問題時只是把問題歸罪給他人，考慮別人應(yīng)該怎樣做這很容易，但與此同時，我們忽視了我們自己的責(zé)任，沒有自己做出行動來減少美國的人口問題。
[ 注 解] “ blame the problem on others ” 這 個 短 語 在 文 中 是 指 把 問 題 歸 罪 于 別 人 .“ ignore our own responsibilities”是指忽視我們自己的責(zé)任。
5.The negative effects of …per capita consumption of resources.
[譯文]全世界都感受到了美國人口增長所帶來的負(fù)面影響，因為我們的資源要按人口品均消費量來計算。
[注解]該句話言外之意是說美國如果人口增長，那么這批增長了的人口將會消耗新的自然資源。而世界自然資源則是有限的。
參考答案：
1. [D]文章開篇就提出了問題：全世界什么地方人口問題最為嚴(yán)峻?然后作者陳述了自己的觀點，在他看來，美國是人口問題最嚴(yán)重的國家，因為在全國范圍內(nèi)出生率與高于死亡率，并且近幾十年來大量移民涌入美國。后文通篇都在論述作者的這一觀點，因此選 D 項。
2. [A]仔細(xì)閱讀文章第四、第五段，就能理解題意，找出正確答案。
3. [D]文章中的第六段和第七段都在講大多數(shù)人在提到人口問題是都將其歸究于發(fā)展中和不發(fā)達(dá)的第三世界國家，就如同一位有代表性的國會議員講的話那樣，第三世界國家的人口問題導(dǎo)致了水資源的過度消耗，饑荒，災(zāi)難等等問題。因此 D 項為正確選項。
4. [B]此題是細(xì)節(jié)題，根據(jù)文中第六段所體現(xiàn)的相關(guān)信息，就不難作出正確判斷了。
5. [A]文章倒數(shù)第五段指出，美國在幫助其他一些國家搞人口控制、計劃生育時，總有人會說這是美國的一種“有計劃的滅絕和屠殺”政策。因此，如果美國自己不在控制人口增長的問題上做出榜樣的話，那些認(rèn)為美國有屠殺他國人的動機的觀點就會得到證實。這是美國需要注意其人口問題的原因之一。因此選 A 項。 Europe is often one of the first places people think of when racism is discussed. From the institutionalized racism， especially in colonial times， when racial beliefs—even eugenics—were not considered something wrong， to recent times where the effects of neo-Nazism is still felt. Europe is a complex area with many cultures in a relatively small area of land that has seen many conflicts throughout history. (Note that most of these conflicts have had trade and resource access at their core， but national identities have often added fuel to some of these conflicts.)
Racism has also been used to justify exploitation， even using “pseudo-science”。
Debates over the origins of racism often suffer from a lack of clarity over the term. Many conflate recent forms of racism with earlier forms of ethnic and national conflict. In most cases ethnic-national conflict seems to owe to conflict over land and strategic resources. In some cases ethnicity and nationalism were harnessed to wars between great religious empires (for example， the Muslim Turks and the Catholic Austro-Hungarians)。 As Benedict Anderson has suggested in Imagined Communities， ethnic identity and ethno-nationalism became a source of conflict within such empires with the rise of print-capitalism.
In its modern form， racism evolved in tandem with European exploration and conquest of much of the rest of the world， and especially after Christopher Columbus reached the Americas. As new peoples were encountered， fought， and ultimately subdued， theories about “race” began to develop， and these helped many to justify the differences in position and treatment of people whom they categorized as belonging to different races.
Another possible source of racism is the misunderstanding of Charles Darwin‘s theories of evolution. Some took Darwin’s theories to imply that since some “races” were more civilized， there must be a biological basis for the difference. At the same time they appealed to biological theories of moral and intellectual traits to justify racial oppression. There is a great deal of controversy about race and intelligence， in part because the concepts of both race and IQ are themselves controversies.
A short review from the Inter Press Service highlights the rise of neo-Nazism in 2000 in Europe and suggests that “far from being a fringe activity， racism， violence and neo-nationalism have become normal in some communities. The problems need to be tackled much earlier， in schools and with social programs.”
Ethnic minorities and different cultures in one country can often be used as a scapegoat for the majority during times of economic crisis. That is one reason why Nazism became so popular.
In France， May 2002， the success of far right politician Le Pen in the run for leadership (though he lost out in the end) sent a huge shockwave throughout Europe， about how easy it was for far right parties to come close to getting power if there is complacency in the democratic processes and if participation is reduced.
In various places throughout Western Europe， in 2002， as Amnesty International highlights， there has been a rise in racist attacks and sentiments against both Arabs and Jews， in light of the increasing hostilities in the Middle East.
In 1997， Human Rights Watch noted that，“The U.K. has one of the highest levels of racially-motivated violence and harassment in Western Europe， and the problem is getting worse.” In April 1999， London saw two bombs explode in predominantly ethnic minority areas where a Nazi group has claimed responsibility. The summer of 2001 saw many race-related riots in various parts of northern England.
Greece has one of the worst records in the European Union for racism against ethnic minorities， according to the BBC. Anti-immigrant sentiment has long been high， especially against ethnic Albanians， who form the largest minority. Until the 1990s， the BBC notes， Greece had been an extremely homogenous society. With the fall of communism many immigrants from Eastern Europe came to Greece. Albanians especially have been targeted by a lot of racist sentiment. Some hostage taking by a few Albanians in recent years has not helped the situation.
1. What does the author mainly talk about?
[A] Racism in the world.
[B] Racism in the western world.
[C] Racism in Europe.
[D] Racism in the countries other than the western world.
2. When did the theories about race begin to develop?
[A] After “the New World” was discovered.
[B] After the USA was established.
[C] Before the First World War.
[D] During the colonial times.
3. According to the author what is the second possible source of racism?
[A] The colonial people began to be ultimately subdued.
[B] The misunderstanding of Darwinism.
[C] The development of human beings.
[D] None of the above.
4. One of the reasons that Nazism became very popular is that .
[A] ethnic minorities have small impact in the whole world
[B] various cultures cannot so-exist harmoniously
[C] ethnic minorities and different cultures are used as a scapegoat for the majority during times of economic crisis
[D] none of the above
5. Which country in the EU has the worst record for racism against ethnic minorities?
[A] The United Kingdom
[B] Greece
[C] Albania
[D] Australia
[疑難長句翻譯與注解]
1. Europe is often one of the first places people think of when racism is discussed.
[譯文]當(dāng)討論到種族主義問題時，歐洲通常是第一個被想到的地方。
[注解]本文講述關(guān)于種族與沖突，開篇第一句目的是確定文章的基調(diào)。本句雖短，但翻譯時兩處調(diào)整了語序值得學(xué)習(xí)，第一翻強調(diào)句式時有時需調(diào)整語序，原句為了強調(diào)歐洲沖突之多，將“Europe”提到了句首，
但翻譯時為符合漢語習(xí)慣需要作出調(diào)整。第二翻被動語態(tài)時往往需要調(diào)整語序，racism is discussed“是被動語態(tài)，盡管有時被動語態(tài)需要譯出被動的意思來但在這里就不能翻作種族主義被討論，要符合漢語習(xí)慣在這里就需要作語序上的調(diào)整。
2.Europe is a complex area with many …many conflicts throughout history.
[譯文]歐洲是一個復(fù)雜的地區(qū)，它有著許多不同的文化，但其土地面積卻相對較小，并且自古以來在這片土地上有過無數(shù)的矛盾與沖突。
[注解]“many conflicts throughout history”指的是在歷充滿著沖突。
3. Debates over the origins …earlier forms of ethnic and national conflict.
[譯文]關(guān)于種族主義起源問題的爭論經(jīng)常會面臨缺乏相關(guān)透明度的問題。新近的很多沖突已經(jīng)成為一種包含了早期種族歧視和民族主義的混合形態(tài)產(chǎn)物。
[注解] suffer 是遭受的意思，而且通常遭受的都是壞的事情。這里在翻譯的時候，沒有直譯。
4.Note that most of these conflicts have…… identities have often added fuel to some of these conflicts.
[譯文]注意到大部分此類沖突可以追述到它們的核心原因。但種族認(rèn)同問題經(jīng)常會給這些矛盾火上澆油。
[注解] “add fuel”是火上澆油的意思。
5.Another possible source of racism is the misunderstanding of Charles Darwin‘s theories of evolution.
[譯文]種族歧視的另一個可能的原因是對達(dá)爾文的進(jìn)化論的誤解。
[注解]該句中的 Charles Darwin 是英國博物學(xué)家，進(jìn)化論的創(chuàng)立者。racism 是名詞，意思是種族主義者。
參考答案：
1.[C] 通讀全文，可以總結(jié)出作者主要是在討論歐洲的種族歧視問題。第一段的第一句就給全文大意做了個總結(jié)。
2.[A] “新世界”就是指哥倫布發(fā)現(xiàn)美洲大陸的時候所用的名字，文章中明確指出了實在這一事件之后，“種
族“這一觀念開始產(chǎn)生了。因此正確選項為 A.
3. [B] 作者在談到種族主義的起源時說到，另一種可能的來源是對達(dá)爾文的進(jìn)化論的誤解。解答此題注意文中細(xì)節(jié)。
4. [C] 這是一道細(xì)節(jié)題，根據(jù)原文不難看出，一個國家的少數(shù)民族和非主流文化往往被大多數(shù)人用來作為經(jīng)濟危
機時期的犧牲品。因此 C 為正確選項。
5. [B] 文章最后一段指出，希臘是歐盟國家中對少數(shù)民族持有種族偏見最嚴(yán)重的國家之一。由此不難看出，正確
選項應(yīng)該為 B. Pennsylvania‘s colonial ironmasters forged iron and a revolution that had both industrial and political I implications.The colonists in North America wanted the right to the profits gained from their manufacturing.However，England wanted all of the line colonies’rich ores and raw materials to feed its own factories，and also wanted the colonies to be a market for its finished goods.England passed legislation in 1750 to prohibit colonists from making finished iron products，but by 1771，when entrepreneur Mark Bird established the Hopewell blast furnace in Pennsylvania，iron making had become the backbone of American industry.It also had become one of the major issues that fomented the revolutionary break between England and the British colonies.By the time the war of independence broke out in 1776， Bird， angered and determined， was manufactureing cannons and shot at Hopewell to be used by the Continental Army.
After the War，Hopewell，along with hundreds of other“iron plantations”，continued to form the new nation's industrial foundation well into the nineteenth century.The tufa/landscape became dotted with tall i
stone pyramids that breathed flames and smoke，charcoal—fueled iron furnaces that produced the versatile metal SO crucial to the nation‘s growth.Generations of ironmasters，craftspeople，and workers produced goods during war and peace——ranging from cannons and shot to domestic items such as cast—iron stoves，pots，and sash weights for windows.
The region around Hopewell had everything needed for iron production：a wealth of iron ore near the surface，limestone for removing impurities from the iron，hardwood forests to supply the charcoal used for fuel，rushing water to power the bellows that pumped blasts of air into the furnace fires，and workers to supply the labor.By the 1 830s，Hopewell had developed a reputation for producing high quality cast—iron stoves，for which there was a steady market.As Pennsylvania added more links to its transportation system of roads，canals，and railroads，it became easier to ship parts made by HopeweU workers to sites all over the east coast.There they were assembled into stoves and sold from Rhode Island to Maryland as the“Hopewell stove”。By the time the last fires burned out at Hopewell ironworks in 1 883， the community had produced some 80，000 cast-iron stoves.
1. It can be inferred that the purpose ofthe legislation passed by England in 1 750 was to——。
[A]reduce the price of English—made iron goods sold in the colonies
[B]prevent the outbreak of the war of Independence
[C]require colonists to buy manufactured goods from England
[D]keep the colonies from establishing new markets for their raw materials
2. The author compares iron furnaces to which ofthe following?
[A]Cannons. [B]Pyramids.
[C]Pots. [D]Windows.
3. The word“blasts”in(Line 3，Para.3)is closest in meaning to .
[A]eruption [B]gust
[C]roar [D]dynamite
4. Pennsylvania was an ideal location for the Hopewell ironworks for the following reason that————————。
[A]many workers were available in the area
[B] the center ofoperations ofthe army was nearby
[C]che deep—embedded metal ore was easy to acquire
[D]there was an abundance ofcoal
5. The passage mentions“roads，canals，and railroads”in order to explain that——。
[A]improvements in transportation benefited the Hopewell ironworks
[B]iron was used in the construction of various types of transportation
[C]me transportation system ofPennsylvania was superior to that of other states
[D]Hopewell never became a major transportation center
閱讀小幫手
Raw adj.未加工的 legislation n.立法 entrepreneur n.企業(yè)家
blast n.(一陣)疾風(fēng) plantation n.耕地 foundation n.基礎(chǔ)
rural adj.咖鄉(xiāng)下的 versatile adj.多用途的 crucial adj.至關(guān)緊要的
domestic adj.家用的pump v.注入 reputation n.名聲
assemble v.裝配，組合 stoven n.爐
難句點津
By the time the War of Independence broke out in 1 776，Bird，angered and determined，was manufacturing cannons and shot at Hopewell to be used by the Continental Army.
[點津]該句包含一個時間狀語從句，句子的主干是Bird was manufacturing cannons and shot. by…為整句的時間狀語，其中thetime與thewar…是同位語;angered and determined為插入語，用于修飾Bird;at Hopewell為shot的地點狀語;to be used by…為Hopewell的后置定語。
全文翻譯
賓夕法尼亞的殖民鑄鐵者們在鑄鐵的同時發(fā)起了一場具有工業(yè)和政治雙重意義的革命。北美的殖民者想要擁有獲取自己制造產(chǎn)品所創(chuàng)造的利潤的權(quán)利。但是，英國卻想占有沿線殖民地所有豐富的礦石和原材料以供給自己的工廠，還想讓這些殖民地成為其成品市場。1750年，英國通過了一項法規(guī)禁止殖民者制造鐵制成品。但是到了1771年，當(dāng)企業(yè)家馬克。伯德在賓夕法尼亞建立起霍普韋爾鼓風(fēng)爐時，制鐵業(yè)就成為了美國工業(yè)的支柱，同時也成為了導(dǎo)致英國與其殖民地之間革命性破裂的主要事件之一。1776年，獨立戰(zhàn)爭爆發(fā)之時，伯德憤怒而堅決地在霍普韋爾為大陸軍制造大炮和炮彈。
戰(zhàn)爭過后，霍普韋爾同其他數(shù)百家制鐵廠一道，直到19世紀(jì)都在持續(xù)為這個新國家奠定工業(yè)基礎(chǔ)。鄉(xiāng)村密布著冒出火焰與煙霧的高大石塔以及以木炭為燃料的生產(chǎn)著對國家發(fā)展極為重要的多功能金屬的高爐。一代代鑄鐵者、工匠和工人在戰(zhàn)爭與和平年代制造商品，從大炮和炮彈到諸如鑄鐵爐、鍋以及窗戶吊錘之類的家用產(chǎn)品。
霍普韋爾的周邊地區(qū)擁有制鐵所需的一切：埋藏淺的豐富的鐵礦石、去除鐵中雜質(zhì)的石灰石、提供木炭燃料的硬木森林、推動風(fēng)箱向爐火鼓風(fēng)的湍急的河水，以及提供勞動力的工人。到了19世紀(jì)30年代，霍普韋爾因生產(chǎn)高質(zhì)量的鑄鐵爐而名聲大振，這種火爐擁有穩(wěn)定的市場。隨著賓夕法尼亞州的公路、運河以及鐵路運輸系統(tǒng)線路的增加，將霍普韋爾工人制造的零件運至整個東海岸就變得更加容易了。在那里，這些零件被組裝成火爐，作為“霍普-t，爾火爐”銷往從羅得島到馬里蘭的各地。到1883年霍普韋爾制鐵廠熄滅最后的爐火之時，該團體已經(jīng)生產(chǎn)出了大約8萬個鑄鐵爐。
答案解析
1.C推斷題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞the legislation passed by England in 1750定位文章第一段。該段前部 分提到英國不僅需要殖民地的礦石和原材料以滿足工廠的需要，還想讓殖民地成為產(chǎn)品傾 銷市場，很顯然英國人在1750年通過法案，阻止殖民者制造鐵制成品，其目的就在于防止殖民地形成本地生產(chǎn)市場，從而不再從英國購買產(chǎn)品。結(jié)合選項可知，只有C“要求殖民者購買 來自英國的制造品”與原文意思一致，故為答案。
2.B細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干中的關(guān)鍵詞iron furnaces to…定位第二段…dotted with tall stone pyramids that breathed flames and smoke，charcoal—fueled iron fumaces…，該段提到“鄉(xiāng)村密布著冒出火焰與 煙霧的高大石塔以及以木炭為燃料的高爐，這些高爐生產(chǎn)著對國家發(fā)展極為重要的多功能金屬?！庇纱丝梢姡髡甙裻all stone puramids與iron furnaces相比照。故選B.
3.B語義題。文章第三段提到“霍普韋爾的周邊地區(qū)擁有制鐵所需的一切……推動風(fēng)箱向爐火——的湍急的河水……”，結(jié)合選項A“爆發(fā)”，B“一陣風(fēng)”，C“吼叫”和D“炸藥‘’可知。風(fēng)箱向爐火吹的應(yīng)該是風(fēng)，故選B.本題也可根據(jù)原文中的關(guān)鍵詞bellow(風(fēng)箱)，pump(抽吸)，air(空氣)等推斷出該詞的含義。
4.A細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干中的關(guān)鍵詞Pennsylvania、Hopewell定位文章最后一段。原文當(dāng)中提到 Hopewell周圍地帶有著生產(chǎn)鐵制品得天獨厚的條件，豐富的鐵礦、除去雜質(zhì)所用的石灰石礦、可用作燃料的廣袤的森林、足夠的工人等，結(jié)合選項可知，答案應(yīng)為A.
5.A推斷題。由關(guān)鍵詞roads，canals，and railroads定位最后一段。文章提到PenIlsylvania加強了交通網(wǎng)絡(luò)的建設(shè)，從而使得Hopewell的工人所生產(chǎn)的零部件更易于向整個東海岸運輸，結(jié)合 選項，A“交通狀況的改善使Hopewell的鋼鐵廠從中受益”，符合題意。其余三項B“鋼鐵被普遍用在不同交通設(shè)施的建造上”C“Peansylvania的交通系統(tǒng)比其他各州的狀況都要完善”，D“Hopewell從來都沒成為主要的運輸中心”，都屬于無中生有。 Half the game is 90 percent mental，“ Yogi Berra once said， or something like that， and science is now getting around to putting his aphorism to the test. Researchers including Debbie Crews of Arizona State University and John Milton of the University of Chicago have been studying patterns of brain activation——not in baseball players but in golfers， who make better subjects because they don't move around as much and the electrodes stay stuck to their heads. Yogi might have been surprised by the researchers' conclusion， though： the better the golfer， the less brain activity he shows in the seconds before he makes his shot.
Crews， a sports psychologist who studies putting——even the minimal agitation of a chip shot can upset her experimental apparatus——has found that a key difference between amateurs and pros lies in the left hemisphere. This is the seat of logic， analysis， verbal reasoning and the kinds of thoughts——Maybe I should just kind of squinch over a little more to the left——that you never imagine crossing Tiger Woods's mind. Professionals， once they've determined how to make a shot， follow an invariable routine that renders conscious thought unnecessary. “How you think is probably more important than what you think，” Crews says. “Quieting the left hemisphere is really critical.”
Or， to put it another way， when Milton asked some LPGA golfers what they thought about just before taking a shot， they answered： nothing. To test this， he rounded up a half-dozen pros and an equal number of amateurs and had them imagine making a specific shot——a wedge shot of 100 yards to the green， with no wind——while monitoring their brains in a functional magnetic resonance imaging machine. “The professionals are just much more specialized and efficient，” Milton says. “You put in a quarter and you get your shot.” The amateurs， by contrast， showed more total brain activation， involving more areas of the brain. In particular， amateurs activated the basal ganglia——involved in learning motor functions——and the basal forebrain and amygdala， responsible for， among other functions， emotions. “They're not fearful or anxious，” Milton says， “but they get overwhelmed by details， by the memories of all the shots they've missed in the past.” Some of his subjects worried about hitting the ball into the water， which was curious， because he hadn't even mentioned a water hazard in describing the imaginary shot to them.
Professional athletes， as a rule， know how to keep focus， although there are exceptions， like Chuck Knoblauch， the Yankee second baseman who suddenly lost the ability to make a routine throw to first base. Milton is already trying to apply these lessons to stroke and other rehabilitation patients who have to relearn skills like walking; he recommends putting more emphasis on visualization and improving mental focus. In many aspects of life， it seems， half the game really is 90 percent mental.
注(1)：本文選自Newsweek; 6/2/2003， p14;
注(2)：本文習(xí)題命題模仿對象2004年真題Text 4(個別題目順序加以調(diào)整);
1. The views of Yogi Berra and researchers including Crews and Milton are ________.
[A]similar
[B]identical
[C]opposite
[D]complementary
2. We can learn from the text that the difference between pros and amateurs lies in
_______.
[A]the activity of the left hemisphere
[B]the way of their thinking
[C]the ability to control one‘s brain
[D]the ability to forget the past failures
3. Tiger Woods， according to the text， is probably ________.
[A]a professional golf player
[B]a professional baseball player
[C]a sports psychologist
[D]a researcher
4. What is the key to the success of golfers according to the text?
[A]Not to think of anything related to your past losses.
[B]To be more specialized and efficient.
[C]Try to activate your whole brain.
[D]Quiet your left hemisphere and think of nothing.
5. What can we learn from the last paragraph?
[A]What the researchers have found proves Yogi Berra‘s words.
[B]Baseball player should do as Yogi Berra said.
[C]Mentality plays a very important role in many aspects of life.
[D]Sports and medicine share some common principles.
答案：CADBC At the close of the Kyoto Global-Warming Treaty discussions held in Bonn last week， exhausted negotiators from nearly every country on earth had reason to be proud. They had done what no one expected——they reached a breakthrough agreement to limit greenhouse gases. During the concluding remarks， as each speaker praised the next， only the chief U.S. official on the scene drew an undiplomatic response. When Paula Dobriansky told the gathering that the Bush Administration “will not abdicate our responsibility” to address global warming， the hall filled with boos. That's because the U.S.， the world's largest producer of greenhouse gases， sat on the sidelines in Bonn.
George W. Bush has yet to decide what， if anything， he will do to combat global warming. But he believes the Kyoto treaty is fatally flawed because it doesn't require developing countries to limit their fossil-fuel use immediately， as it does industrialized countries. So he kept the U.S. out of the discussions. In doing so， the Administration may have lost its last opportunity to help shape the international response to the problem. And Bush may be in danger of losing control over climate action domestically. After months of internal debate， the Administration is still “consulting” on the issue.
That noise you hear is Congress rushing to fill the leadership vacuum. At least six climate plans have been proposed so far. The first is sponsored by former Republican， now Independent Senator Jim Jeffords， chairman of the Senate Environment Committee， who proposes to cut greenhouse-gas emissions from power plants. Congressional action this week will center on reducing emissions by raising vehicle fuel-efficiency standards， including those for SUVs. If SUVs had to meet the same standards as cars——something Massachusetts Representative Ed Markey will propose this week——they could save consumers an estimated $7 billion at the pump this year and cut gasoline demand by tens of billions of gallons over 10 years.
The “drill Detroit， not the Arctic” campaign will find some support this week when the National Academy of Sciences releases a long-awaited study. The report， toned down after the auto industry protested that raising fuel-efficiency standards， by making cars lighter， makes vehicles less safe， is still likely to conclude that fuel efficiency can be increased at least 25% with existing technology.
If a fuel-efficiency bill reaches his desk， Bush could be in a bind——caught between auto lobbyists (his chief of staff used to be one) and his concern for energy security. With new technology putting impressive fuel efficiency within reach， it will be hard for him to oppose measures that could reduce the national appetite for foreign oil by millions of barrels a year.
注(1)：本文選自Time; 8/6/2001， p24;
注(2)：本文習(xí)題模仿對象2005年真題Text 1;
1. In the opening paragraph， the author introduces his topic by
[A]making a comparison.
[B]justifying as an assumption.
[C]posing a contrast.
[D]explaining a phenomenon.
2. The statement “sat on the sidelines” (Line 7， Paragraph 1) means
[A]not sitting together with the representatives from other countries.
[B]not taking part in the activity even though they should do.
[C]not getting involved in the discussion.
[D]not paying attention to the international affair.
3. Bush kept U.S. out of the discussions because he believes
[A]the industrialized countries should not shoulder the responsibility alone.
[B]developing countries fail to meet the same requirement.
[C]the industrialized countries seem to share more in tacking this issue.
[D]the developing countries should not be included.
4. The National Academy of Sciences found in the study that
[A]the auto industry should not raise the fuel efficiency standards.
[B]the lighter car is not safe enough.
[C]the existing technology can increase the fuel efficiency.
[D]the lighter the car is， the less safety it will be.
5. What can we learn from the last paragraph?
[A]New technology can help Bush out of trouble.
[B]Bush intends to stir the national appetite for foreign oil.
[C]Auto lobbyists have different ideas from Bush.
[D]Bush fails to deal with the subtle situation.
答案：CBACB Jim Boon is a hybrid kind of guy. He drives a Toyota hybrid to work， a Honda hybrid on weekends and， as a manager for Seattle public transit he recently placed the world's largest order for hybrid electric buses.
Now， with the biggest hybrid-bus fleet in the world， Seattle has become the main testing ground for a technology that claims it can drastically cut air pollution and fuel consumption. In the 1990s， demo fleets of 35 buses or fewer started cropping up in cities such as Tempe， Ariz. Sixteen of these early hybrids still service Genoa， Italy， where drivers switch from diesel to electric power when passing the city's downtown architectural treasures. But no city has gone as far as Seattle， which last year bought 235 GM hybrid buses at $645，000 a pop. When the final one rolls out this December， the region's bus system will be 15 percent hybrid.
But why Seattle， and why now? The Pacific Northwest has long been a hotbed of both Green politics and cutting-edge technology. Fourteen years ago the Seattle area bought 236 Italian-made Breda buses to service a mile-long downtown tunnel. They were supposed to operate as clean electric trolleys underground， but the switching mechanism often failed and “the bus drove through the tunnel as a diesel，” says Boon. “It was pretty loud and smoky.”
When the Bredas hit retirement age in 2002， Boon went shopping. He chose the GM buses because they use an automatic transmission and diesel boosters that provide power to scale inclines without strain. In hilly Seattle， the prospect of a hybrid that could climb like a diesel but accelerate without belching black fumes helped justify a price $200，000 higher than that of a regular bus. “The days of seeing a diesel pull away and pour out smoke are over，” says Boon. “After we drove these hybrid buses across the country， I wiped a handkerchief inside the tailpipe. It came out spotless.”
Experts say buses are critical to realizing the hybrid dream of greater efficiency and cleaner air. It would take thousands of hybrid cars to save as many gallons of gas (750，000) as Boon expects his buses to save Seattle each year. GM claims that compared with conventional diesels， its new buses also churn out 90 percent less particulate matter——a known carcinogen. “Buses are a major source of pollution in any city，” says Dave Kircher of the Puget Sound Clean Air Agency. “They operate where people are breathing this exhaust， so this is a major step forward in terms of emissions.”
And a major step forward in the marketplace： Philadelphia; Honolulu; Long Beach， Calif.， and Albuquerque， N.M.， have all bought the GM buses in recent months. GM is now touting itself in ads as the top hybrid-bus innovator， but Siemens is among the global giants dueling GM for new business， and New York plans to deploy 325 BAE Systems hybrids by 2006. “There's room for competition，” says James Cannon， editor of Hybrid Vehicles newsletter. Seems Seattle isn't the only city trying to leave grunge behind.
注(1)：本文選自Newsweek; 9/20/2004;
注(2)：本文習(xí)題命題模仿對象2004年Text 1.
1. How does Genoa protect its architectural treasures?
[A]Following Seattle‘s steps to reduce pollution.
[B]Using electric power of the car when crossing.
[C]Shifting the power of the hybrids when crossing.
[D]Reducing the number of the buses crossing there.
2.Which of the following can be the main advantage of hybrid bus?
[A]Cutting air pollution and fuel consumption
[B]Producing less smoke and noise.
[C]Owning strong switching mechanism.
[D]Producing less dangerous matter.
3.The expression “churn out”(Line 4， Paragraph 5) most probably means ______.
[A]increase
[B]destroy
[C]reduce
[D]produce
4.Why buses are critical to realizing the hybrid dream of higher efficiency?
[A]Buses are a major source of pollution.
[B]A single bus saves much more gas than a single car.
[C]Buses carry more passengers.
[D]New buses produce less harmful material.
5.Which of the following is true according to the text?
[A]Many cities plan to buy GM buses.
[B]GM buses have the incomparable advantages over other buses.
[C]There is severe competition in the field of hybrid vehicles.
[D]The best way to keep the city clean is to buy hybrid buses.
答案：CADBC Imagine asking a presidential candidate to sit down for a sensitivity session on gay and lesbian issues. That's exactly what we did last week in Austin， Texas. George W. Bush invited us， a dozen gay Republicans， after he'd refused to meet with a gay Republican group that had criticized him. Our meeting set an important precedent： never again will a major-party candidate be able to run for president without addressing gay and lesbian issues.
Bush didn't like everything we had to say. I was struck by his lack of familiarity with the issues， as well as by his desire to learn. I described how my partner， Rob Morris， and I have been in a 17-year relationship. We both come from healthy， strong， religious families. Rob grew up in a conservative Republican family in Georgia; I come from a longtime Republican family in Wisconsin. I'm now the vice president of my Lutheran church. I wanted Governor Bush to understand that long-term， loving relationships， stable families， strong faith-based traditions and Republican voting histories are all part of the gay and lesbian community.
Our stories had an impact. Bush admitted that， growing up in Texas， he had not been as open to elements of America's diverse culture. He had a narrow set of friends and a firm set of traditions. But he was surprised and dismayed to hear that people saw him as intolerant. “What have I said that sent that signal?” he asked repeatedly. We confronted him about his reported statement that if you were openly gay or lesbian you would not be considered for a job in his administration. “I never said that，” he insisted， assuring us he would hire gays and lesbians who both were qualified and shared his political views.
Our perspective was clearly eye-opening to him. When one of us talked about his lesbian sister and her partner adopting children， the governor acknowledged his often-stated belief that gays should not adopt. “Now you're telling me of a very loving， caring relationship，” he said. “I really appreciate hearing that.” We stressed that a Bush administration could not roll back any of the progress made in recent years. We talked about AIDS funding and research. Though Bush was attentive——and does show a willingness to hear all sides——I don't think we changed his positions. He still opposes gay marriage and classifying crimes against gays as hate crimes. To be honest， Bush still has a long way to go. But I think he's a lot farther along today than he was last week.
注(1)：本文選自Newsweek，04/24/2000， p43
注(2)：本文習(xí)題命題模仿對象2003年真題Text 4
1. What is implied in the first paragraph?
[A]A gay Republican group criticized Bush for his political views.
[B]It is impossible to invite a president for discussing the gay issues.
[C]No president candidate can ignore gay and lesbian issues at the present time.
[D]Gay and lesbian issues are hot issues for the president.
2. The author uses himself as an example to show _________.
[A]what it is like in the gay and lesbian community
[B]what it is like to be a gay.
[C]what kind of a family the gays come from.
[D]what it is like to maintain a gay relationship
3. The author‘s attitude toward Bush’s performance at the meeting is _________.
[A]scornful
[B]satisfactory
[C]supporting
[D]objective
4. In spite of his careful listening， Bush still opposes the following behaviors except _________.
[A]adopting the child
[B]getting married
[C]redefining hate crimes
[D]employing the gays and lesbians
5. The text intends to express the idea that _________.
[A]the gays and lesbians long for the normal life
[B]Bush has partly changed his views about the gay issues
[C]there is still a long way to go to deal with the gay issues properly
[D]the gays has had a successful talk with Bush
答案：CABDC
篇章剖析
本文可以說是一篇記敘文，作者以第一人稱的身份講述了十幾個共和黨人同總統(tǒng)候選人布什的會面，并就男女同性戀問題進(jìn)行了探討和交流。第一段指出這一會面蘊涵的意義;在第二段，作者以自己為例，向布什具體講述有關(guān)同性戀者的家庭、宗教信仰以及他(她)們之間的關(guān)系;第三段和第四段指出這一交流對布什產(chǎn)生的影響和作用。
詞匯注釋
behind the scenes adv.在后臺， 在幕后
gay[^eI] n. 同性戀者， 尤指男性同性者
sit down v.坐下， 扎營， 坐下來商討， 停止， 降落
lesbian n.同性戀的女性
precedent n.先例
major party n.(有競選力量、可能入主政府或成為主要*的)大黨;主要政黨
intolerant adj.不寬容的， 偏狹的
eye-opening adj.使瞠目吃驚的， 很有啟發(fā)的
acknowledge vt.承認(rèn)， 答謝， 報償
難句突破
Our meeting set an important precedent： never again will a major-party candidate be able to run for president without addressing gay and lesbian issues.
主體句式：Our meeting set an important precedent…
結(jié)構(gòu)分析：“Our meeting set an important precedent”和“never again will a major-party candidate be able to run for president without addressing gay and lesbian issues”是一種并列關(guān)系。在這個句子中，需要注意這么一個語法點：如果否定詞(never， hardly， seldom， etc)位于句首，謂語動詞要倒裝。注意掌握詞組“run for”，意為“競選”，“address”意為“處理”。
句子譯文：我們的會面開創(chuàng)了一個重要的先河：主要政黨的候選人不處理男女同性戀問題就能競選總統(tǒng)的日子一去不復(fù)返了。
題目分析
1.答案為C， 屬推理判斷題。原文對應(yīng)信息是：“Our meeting set an important precedent： never again will a major-party candidate be able to run for president without addressing gay and lesbian issues. ”這一句話點出了此次會談的意義。
2.答案為A，屬推理判斷題。原文對應(yīng)信息是“I wanted Governor Bush to understand that long-term， loving relationships， stable families， strong faith-based traditions and Republican voting histories are all part of the gay and lesbian community. ”作者以自己為例，是為了向布什更好地解釋有關(guān)同性戀的問題。
3.答案為B，屬情感態(tài)度題。原文對應(yīng)信息是“I was struck by his lack of familiarity with the issues， as well as by his desire to learn.”其中“strike”的含義為“打動;感動;給…印象; 吸引”等等。文章最后兩句話“To be honest， Bush still has a long way to go. But I think he's a lot farther along today than he was last week.”意為“老實說，布什要走的路還很長。但是我認(rèn)為與上周相比，他今天已走了很遠(yuǎn)?！北憩F(xiàn)出對布什的贊賞和肯定。
4.答案為D，屬事實細(xì)節(jié)題。原文對應(yīng)信息是“He still opposes gay marriage and classifying crimes against gays as hate crimes.”由此我們可以確定選項B和C是正確的;從原文“the governor acknowledged his often-stated belief that gays should not adopt”，我們可以確定選項A是正確的;選項D在文中對應(yīng)的信息是“he insisted， assuring us he would hire gays and lesbians who both were qualified and shared his political views.”
5.答案為C，屬推理判斷題。從文中第一段“Our meeting set an important precedent： never again will a major-party candidate be able to run for president without addressing gay and lesbian issues.”我們可看出同性戀問題的嚴(yán)重性。最后一段“To be honest， Bush still has a long way to go.”我們可看出這一問題的長期性和復(fù)雜性。由此可作出判斷。 I am a hip-hop head for life. I have tagged my moniker—— “kepo1”——on walls; break-danced on cardboard; bumped elbows with fellow hip-hoppers at legendary clubs like The Rooftop， Union Square and Latin Quarter in New York City， and done everything from organizing rap shows to working as a hip-hop journalist and managing music producers. This culture has not only rescued the lives of countless masses who look like me， but it has empowered more young， working-class black and Latino cats than the civil-rights movement.
Yet something peculiar erupts when you've been around hip-hop for a while. Although you still love it， you look at its culture from a more critical perspective， particularly if you have studied other music genres， traveled widely and reflected intensely. You realize that what began as party music has come to be the soundtrack for post-civil-rights America. You realize that hip-hop is urban folk art， and as much an indication of the conditions in impoverished areas as bluesman Robert Johnson's laments in the 1930s. Naturally， you see a connection between the lives of Johnson and Tupac Shakur， not to mention a not-so-funny link between the mainstream hyping of Elvis and Eminem as innovators of black music forms. And， for sure， you wonder， loudly， if what happened to rock and roll will happen to hip-hop， if it hasn't already.
That is the external battle for hip-hop today： corporate control and cooptation. But there is also a civil war going on within the hip-hop nation. Part of it， unquestionably， has to do with this corporate stranglehold. Part of it has to do with the incredibly apolitical times in which we live： for some white Americans the current economic boom has created the myth that things are swell for all Americans. Not the case; 20 years after the Reagan backlash on civil rights， the influx of crack and guns and the acceleration of a disturbing class divide in black America， hip-hop has come to symbolize a generation fragmented by integration， migration， abandonment， alienation and， yes， self-hatred. Thus， hip-hop， once vibrant， edgy， fresh and def， is now as materialistic， hedonistic， misogynistic， shallow and violent as some of the films and TV shows launched from Hollywood.
It wasn't always that way. But， unfortunately， the golden era of hip-hop——that period in the late '80s and early '90s when such diverse artists as Public Enemy， N.W.A， Queen Latifah， MC Hammer， LL Cool J and De La Soul coexisted and there was no such thing as “positive” or “negative” rap——has long been dead. Gone as well is an embrace of hip-hop's four elements： graffiti writing， the dance element (or what some call break-dancing)， DJing and MCing. The MC or “rapper” has been singled out to be his own man in this very male-centered arena， and the formula for a hit record is simple： fancy yourself a thug， pimp or gangster; rhyme about jewelry， clothing and alcohol; denigrate women in every conceivable way， and party and b.s. ad nauseam.
注(1)：本文選自Newsweek; 10/09/2000， p66;
注(2)：本文習(xí)題命題模仿對象2005年真題Text 1;
1.In the opening paragraph， the author introduces his topic by
[A]posing a contrast.
[B]justifying an assumption.
[C]explaining a phenomenon.
[D]making a comparison.
2.Paragraph 2 implies that
[A]blues， rock and roll and hip-hop are all urban folk music.
[B]the fates of the music represented by these singers are quite similar.
[C]the singers with the same background have the same fate.
[D]a wide knowledge about the lives of singers makes you well understand their music.
3.The music the author has loved for his life has been ruined because of
[A]corporate control and apolitical times.
[B]the Reagan backlash.
[C]the degenerated generation.
[D]the influence of Hollywood‘s films.
4.Today‘s hip-hop and some of Hollywood’s films and TV shows are quite
[A]related
[B]opposite
[C]similar
[D]different
5.What can we infer from the last paragraph?
[A]The four elements of hip-hop have broken up.
[B]The hip-hop has lost its characteristics as vibrant， edgy， fresh and def.
[C]The MC or “rapper” is misleading for the youngsters.
[D]The hip-hop will regain its glory in the future.
答案：CBACB After stepping down this summer as the head of the EPA， the embattled Christine Todd Whitman is once again in the hot seat. This time it's over her role in the downplaying of health hazards for New York City residents after 9/11. A report by the EPA inspector general says that Whitman assured the public that the air was safe before testing was conclusive. She's also under fire for allowing EPA statements to be filtered through the White House and screened by the Council on Environmental Quality， which is chaired by James Connaughton， a lawyer who formerly represented the asbestos industry.
The long-term effects of inhaling contaminated air is unknown. But New York Rep. Jerrold Nadler accuses the administration of covering up a potential health danger in order to get the economy up and running. “Many people will die early because of this，” says Nadler.
In her first interview since the release of the report， Whitman tells NEWSWEEK that she did not object when the White House edited out cautionary notes by EPA scientists. “We didn't want to scare people，” she said， explaining that spikes in asbestos readings tended to return quickly to acceptable levels. She believes that much of the data were open to interpretation， and that the public wasn't harmed by the White House's decision to adopt the more reassuring analysis. But New York Sen. Hillary Clinton is calling for an investigation， saying she knows how the White House works and that somebody surely leaned on the EPA to lie. “We were not told to lie，” says Whitman.
Firefighters and other rescue workers suffering health problems continue to blame the EPA for failing to make them aware of the risks. The EPA advised wearing protective clothing and masks， Whitman says， but many working on the site rejected the gear as too cumbersome. “We couldn't force them to do it，” says Whitman. In addition， residents returning to the area say they weren't told to have their homes professionally cleaned. “Maybe there was one press release where we didn't say that， but then we said it over and over，” says Whitman.
EPA's former ombudsman said soon after 9/11 that Whitman had a conflict of interest because of her husband's connection to Citigroup， which owns Travelers Insurance. By pronouncing lower Manhattan safe， critics say， Whitman saved the insurance giant millions in cleanup costs. Whitman was cleared of the conflict by the EPA inspector general. “There's no way in hell——excuse my language——that I would ever， ever play games with this kind of information.”
注(1)：本文選自Newsweek; 9/8/2003， p8;
注(2)：本文習(xí)題命題模仿對象2003年真題Text 4;
1. What conclusion can we make from the first paragraph?
[A]White House shouldn‘t be informed of the EPA statements.
[B]Whitman shouldn‘t have made such a hasty conclusion about the air.
[C]The public had strong objection against Whitman‘s doings after 9/11
[D]Whitman had got unfair treatment.
2. The author uses the example of firefighters and other rescue workers‘ suffering to show that ______.
[A]someone should be responsible for their health condition.
[B]they should have been warned against the possible results in advance.
[C]it was their own fault for not wearing the protective clothes and masks.
[D]their equipments are out of date and fail to function well.
3. Hillary Clinton‘s attitude toward Whitman’s remarks is one of ________.
[A]reserved consent
[B]strong disapproval
[C]slight contempt
[D]enthusiastic support
4. Facing charges against her， Whitman seemed to defend herself quite _________.
[A]extravagantly
[B]cautiously
[C]flexibly
[D]forcefully
5. The text intends to express that __________.
[A]Whitman has been proved innocent in this event.
[B]everything connected with 9/11 should be exposed
[C]Whitman has a good defense for what she has done
[D]Whitman shouldn‘t be blamed for her doings.
答案：CABDC On this one point George W. Bush and Al Gore would agree： our schools need more Marilyn Whirrys. For 35 years， Whirry has inspired high school students to think deeply about great literature and to use its devices in their writing. She is the kind of teacher that students come back to visit decades later in her classroom in Manhattan Beach， Calif. Last May a national educators' group named her its Teacher of the Year. And with the nation's public schools planning to hire 2.5 million new teachers over the next decade， Whirry is excited that each presidential candidate is pushing ways to recruit， train and reward better teachers. “They're both talking about teacher quality，” she says. “We have a real opportunity right now.”
Bush's plan combines most existing federal funds for professional development and class-size reduction into a flexible new fund for teacher training and recruitment， and he adds $400 million a year in new money. Bush would allow states to spend the funds as they see fit——so long as they establish teacher-accountability systems. This is similar to what Ronald Reagan did in the 1980s. But then， says Emily Feistritzer， president of the Center for Education Information， “the money disappeared.” Under Bush's plan， she says， “I worry that the money won't go where it's intended to once it reaches the states.”
Bush would expand funding from $2.4 million to $30 million for the Troops to Teachers program， which places veterans who want to teach in public schools. The program makes use of people like Arthur Moore， who retired in 1994 after 21 years in the Army and knew he wanted to teach. “There are a lot of people who would make excellent teachers but are discouraged by the bureaucracy of the certification process，” says Moore， 45， who began teaching fourth grade in Baltimore and now tests students for special education. “Troops to Teachers is an excellent way to tap their potential by lowering the barriers.” Bush would also expand loan forgiveness for math and science majors who teach in needy schools.
Gore's plan， endorsed by the teachers' unions， would spend $8 billion over 10 years to help recruit 1 million new teachers， with provisions for college aid， loan forgiveness and signing bonuses. Gore would spend an additional $8 billion to provide raises of as much as $5，000 each to teachers in poor districts that have adopted aggressive plans to improve teacher quality， plus as much as $10，000 each to teachers certified by a national board. Gore would also require states to ensure that all new teachers pass rigorous assessments. Says Feistritzer： “Gore's proposal might be a little excessive in the number of teachers he wants to recruit， but his teacher testing is exactly what we need.”
注(1)：本文選自Time;11/06/2000， p88， 2/3p， 1c
注(2)：本文習(xí)題命題模仿對象2005年真題text 1第一題(1)，2001年真題text 4第2題(2)和第3題(4)，text 3第1題(5)和第2題(3)
1. In the opening paragraph， the author introduces his topic by________.
[A] quoting the Teach of the Year
[B] citing an example
[C] making an assumption
[D] posing a contrast
2. According to Emily Feistritzer， Bush‘s plan might_________.
[A] be handicapped by the states
[B] give the states too much freedom
[C] help states recruit more teachers
[D] be too flexible
3. The basic problem many veterans encounter when they seek the teaching profession is _____.
[A] their lack of training and experience
[B] their background
[C] that they do not have the making of a teacher
[D] the barriers in the certification process
4. From paragraph 4 we can infer that__________.
[A] Gore‘s plan is better than Bush’s plan
[B] poor districts will receive more funding from Gore‘s plan
[C] Gore‘s plan focuses on the number of teachers while Bush’s plan on the accountability
[D] Gore‘s plan gives qualified teacher generous paycheck
5. What is the passage mainly about?
[A] The competition between Bush and Gore.
[B] Two presidential candidates‘ plans of teacher training， recruitment and rewarding.
[C] The increasing importance of the teaching profession.
[D] The differences between Bush‘s plan and that of Gore’s.
答案：C A D D B By modern standards， the hostile summit of Mount Llullaillaco， in the Argentine Andes， is no place fro kids. The ancient Inca saw things differently though， and so it was that one day， some 500 years ago， three children ascended the frigid and treacherous upper slopes of the 22，000-ft. peak. The three had spent time at the 17，000-ft. level， taking part in rituals that can only be guessed at. Now， accompanied by a retinue of adults， they moved steadily upward. They would not return. Once at the summit， the children-two girls and a boy， between eight and 15 years old-would be ritually sacrificed and entombed beneath 5 ft. of rocky rubble. They may even have been buried alive.
And there the story might have ended but for the tireless efforts of Johan Reinhard， an independent archaeologist funded by the National Geographic Society. Reinhard's specialty is scaling the Andes in search of sacrificial remains; he had already located 15 bodies， including the famed ice maiden he found in 1995. But these three， whose discovery he announced last week， are by far the most impressive. They were frozen solid within hours of their burial. Two of the bodies are almost perfectly preserved; the third was evidently damaged by lightening. The children's internal organs are not only intact but also still contain blood. Says Craig Morris， an expert on Andean archaeology at New York City's American Museum of Natural History： “It is truly a fantastic discovery.”
What makes it so fantastic is not just the bodies themselves， but also the wealth of artifacts that were buried along with them： 36 gold and silver statues， small woven bags， a ceramic vessel， leather sandals， a small llama figure and seashell necklaces. One of the girls， says Reinhard， “Has a beautiful yellow， geometrically designed cover laid over her.” Her head sports a plume of feathers and a golden mask.
Some of the bodies were provisioned with bundles of food wrapped in alpaca skin， which indicates that the children came from the Incan social elite-not surprising， since only people of high status would have been considered worthy of sacrifice. Little is known about the sacrificial ceremony itself; these objects， along with others found at the lower camp， should tell archaeologists plenty.
The preserved bodies， meanwhile， will give scientists an unprecedented look at Incan physiology. Reinhard and his team took care to pack the children in plastic， snow and insulating foam before hauling them down the mountain， and the Argentine military whisked them off to the nearby town of Salta. There， experts will analyze their stomachs to find out what they ate for their last meal， their organs for clues about their diet and their DNA to try and establish their relationship to other ethnic groups. Reinhard will head back into the mountains. There is no telling how many more bodies remain to be found.
注(1)：本文選自Time; 04/19/1999， p46;
注(2)：本文習(xí)題命題模仿對象為2002年真題(1、2、4題模仿Text4對應(yīng)題;第3、5題模仿Text3的第3、4題);
1. From the first paragraph we learn that _____?
[A] the summit of Mount Llullaillaco was not hostile in the past
[B] ancient Incans used to hold sacrificial rituals on top of the mountain
[C] burying children alive was a common practice in ancient Incan society
[D] the three children made the mountain climbing by themselves
2. Which of the following statements is true according to the text?
[A] Johan Reinhard works with the National Geographic Society.
[B] Archaeological discoveries depend on the independent work of archaeologists.
[C] The Andes is a treasure for archaeologists in search of sacrificial remain.
[D] Andean archaeology focuses on unearthing human bodies.
3. Rehinhard's discovery shows that _____?
[A] ancient Incans were masters of body-preservation
[B] the children suffered a lot before they were buried
[C] Incan children from rich families were often made sacrifices
[D] ancient Incans had grasped a high level of craftsmanship
4. Which of the following best define the word “unprecedented”(line 1， paragraph 5)?
[A] unexampled
[B] unusual
[C] precious
[D] unpredictable
5. We can draw a conclusion from the text that _____?
[A] Johan Reinhard's discovery will shed light on the study of ancient Incans
[B] Reinhard will find a lot more bodies in the future
[C] Experts can now describe the sacrificial ceremony in detail
[D] Argentine military are also interested in archaeological activities
答案：B C D A A
American opinion began to change somewhat after President Roosevelt‘s “quarantine the aggressor” speech at Chicago (1937) in which he severely criticized Hitler’s policies. Germany‘s seizure of Austria and the Munich Pact for the partition of Czechoslovakia (1938) also aroused the American people. The conquest of Czechoslovakia in March， 1939 was another rude awakening to the menace of the Third Reich. In August，1939 came the shock of the Nazi-soviet Pact and in September the attack on Poland and the outbreak of European war. The United States attempted to maintain neutrality in spite of sympathy for the democracies arrayed against the Third Reich. The Neutrality Act of 1939 repealed the arms embargo and permitted “cash and carry” exports of arms to belligerent nations. A strong national defense program was begun. A draft act was passed (1940) to strengthen the military services. A Lend Act (1941) authorized the President to sell， exchange， or lend materials to any country deemed necessary by him for the defense of the United States. Help was given to Britain by exchanging certain overage destroyers for the right to establish American bases in British territory in the Western Hemisphere. In August， 1940 President Roosevelt and Prime Minister Churchill met and issued the Atlantic Charter which proclaimed the kind of a world which should be established after the war. In December， 1941， Japan launched the unprovoked attack on the United States at Pearl Harbor. Immediately thereafter， Germany declared war on the United States.
1.One item occurring before 1937 that the author does not mention in his list of actions that alienated the American public was
[A] the burning of the Reichstag.
[B] German plans for conquest.
[C] Nazi barbarism.
[D] the persecution of religious groups.
2.The Lend-Lease Act was designed to
[A] help the British.
[B] strengthen the national defense of the United States.
[C] promote the Atlantic Charter.
[D] avenge Pearl Harbor.
3.American Policy during the years 1935-1936 may be described as being
[A] watchful.
[B] isolationist.
[C] peaceful.
[D] indifferent.
4.The Neutrality Act of 1939
[A] permitted the selling of arms to belligerent nations.
[B] antagonized Japan.
[C] permitted the British to trade only with the Allies.
[D] led to Lend-Lease Act.
5.We entered the war against Germany
[A] because Germany declared war.
[B] because Japan was an ally of Germany.
[C] after Germany had signed the Nazi-soviet Pact.
[D] after peaceful efforts had failed.
寫作方法與文章大意
文章講述了第三帝國成立，美國由中立到宣戰(zhàn)的一段歷史。采用按年代先后進(jìn)行敘述的寫作手法。文章一開始就點明主題：“第三帝國的成立影響了美國歷史，從一系列事情開始，最終導(dǎo)致德國和美國交戰(zhàn)?！?BR> 答案詳解
1. A帝國大廈焚毀，眾所周知，這是納粹*精心策劃的一次政治陰謀，旨在迫害德國共產(chǎn)黨。B. 德國征服計劃。C. 納粹之殘暴。D. 迫害宗教團體。在文中都提到。見第一段第二句“民主的全面摧毀、對*人的迫害、摧殘宗教、納粹的殘忍和野蠻，特別是德國及其盟國意、日、征服世界的計劃激起美國極大憤怒，也帶來了對又一次世界大戰(zhàn)的恐懼?！?BR> 2. B 加強美國國防。見第二段導(dǎo)數(shù)第五句“1941年的租借法規(guī)定：總統(tǒng)對他認(rèn)為保衛(wèi)美國所需要的國家有權(quán)賣給、交換或借給他們物資?！盇. 幫助英國，不對。C. 促進(jìn)大西洋公約。大西洋公約是1941年8月，羅斯福和邱吉爾會面后的聯(lián)合公告。D. 報復(fù)珍珠港。是1941年日本發(fā)起襲擊的報復(fù)。
3. B 與世隔絕。這在第一段第三句“美國人民雖然反對*的兇殘等事，他們一般還是喜歡孤立(與世隔絕的)政策和保持中立。1933年和1936年的中立條約規(guī)定：禁止和交戰(zhàn)國雙方貿(mào)易和借貸?！盇. 觀察的。C. 和平的。D. 不正確的。
4. A 允許把武器賣給交戰(zhàn)國。答案在第二段第六句“1939年的中立條約取消了武器禁運，允許進(jìn)行現(xiàn)鈔交易出口武器給交戰(zhàn)國?！盉. 和日本敵對。C. 允許英國只能和其盟國貿(mào)易。D. 導(dǎo)致租借條約。
5. A 因為德國宣戰(zhàn)。這在第一段已有說明。盡管*壞事做盡，美國還是傾向于中立政策。第二段羅斯福在芝加哥的演講，態(tài)度稍有改變。嚴(yán)厲批評*的政策，但仍然以中立為主。1941年日本襲擊珍珠港，不久德國宣戰(zhàn)，美國才不得不參戰(zhàn)。 PEOPLE， like most animals， are naturally lazy. So the ascent of mankind is something of a mystery. Humans who make their livings hunting and gathering in the traditional way do not have to put much effort into it. Farmers who rely on rain to water their crops work significantly harder， and lead shorter and unhealthier lives. But the real back-breaking， health-destroying labour is that carried out by farmers who use irrigation. Yet it was the invention of irrigation， at first sight so detrimental to its practitioners， that actually produced a sufficient surplus to feed the priests， politicians， scholars， artists and so on whose activities are collectively thought of as “civilisation”。
In the past 10，000 yeas， the world‘s climate has become temporarily colder and drier on several occasions. The first of these， known as the Younger Dryads， after a tundra-loving plant that thriced during it， occurred at the same time as the beginning of agriculture in northern Mesopotamis. It is widely believed that this was nor a coincidence. The drying and cooling of the YOUNGER Dryads adversely affected the food supply of hunter-gatherers. That would have created an incentive for agriculture to spread once some bright spark invented it.
Why farmers then moved on to irrigation is， however， far from clear. But Harvey Weiss， of Yale University， think she knows. Dr. Weiss observes that the development of irrigation coincides with a second cool， dry period， some 8，200 years ago. His analysis of rainfall patterns in the area suggests that rainfall in agriculture‘s upper-Mesopotamian heartland would， at this time， have falllen below the level needed to sustain farming reliably. Farmers would thus have been forced out of the area in search of other opportunities.
Once again， an innovative spark was required. But it clearly occurred to some of these displaced farmers that the slow-moving waters of the lower Tigris and Euphrates， near sea level， could be diverted using canals and used to water crops， and the rest， as the clich has it， is history.
So climate change helped to intensify agriculture， and thus start civilization. But an equally intriguing idea is that the spread of agriculture caused climate change. In this case， the presumed criminal is forest clearance. Most of the land cultivated by early farmers in the Middle East would have been forested. When the trees that grew there were cleared， the carbon they contained ended up in the atmosphere as carbon dioxide. Moreover， one form of farming—the cultivation of rice in waterlongged fields—generates methane， in large quantities. Willianm Ruddiman， of the University of Virginia， explained that， in combination， these two phenomena had warmed the atmosphere prior to the start of the industrial era. As environmentalists are wont to observe， mankind is part of nature. These studies show just how intimate the relationship is.
1. The invention of irrigation is meaningful because it could help to
[A] alleviate farmers‘ workload
[B] increase agricultural production.
[C] make planting much easier
[D] get rid of human laziness.
2. According to Dr. Weiss， the second cool and dry period eventually
[A] changed the growing season.
[B] spurred the use of canals.
[C] forced the farmers to desert agriculture.
[D] led to declining populations.
3. From the first four paragraphs， we can infer that the dawn of civilization
[A] was accompanied by hardships of human existence.
[B] is a mystery as yet unknown to mankind.
[C] can be attributed to the innovative sparks of ancestors.
[D] was recorded by history books ending at that time.
4. Which of the following tends to warm the climate?
[A] To develop the irrigation system.
[B] To promote organic agriculture.
[C] To revert to hunting and gathering
[D] To turn farmland back into forest.
5. the text is mainly about
[A] the relationship between climate change and civilization.
[B] the history of global climate change.
[C] the interaction between nature and human society.
[D]the impact of the spread of agriculture.
答案與解析
1. B 細(xì)節(jié)題。本題的問題是“灌溉的發(fā)明具有重要意義，因為它可能有助于”。題干中的“the invention of irrigation”出自文章第一段最后一句話中，表明本題與第一段有關(guān)。第一段提到，正是乍一看對其實踐者如此有害的灌溉發(fā)明才真正生產(chǎn)出足夠的剩余產(chǎn)品養(yǎng)活了牧師、學(xué)者、藝術(shù)家等等。這說明，原因是它增加了農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)量。[B]“提高農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)量”與此意符合，為正確答案。[A]“減輕農(nóng)民的勞動強度”和[C]“使種植容易得多”與該段第五句話的意思相反;[D]“消除人類的懶惰”是針對該段第一句話設(shè)置的干擾項，但文中的信息并不能說明灌溉的發(fā)明消除了人類的懶惰，他們只是為了生計而勤勞，所以D與文意不符。
2. B 細(xì)節(jié)題。本題的問題是“根據(jù)韋斯博士的觀點，第二個寒冷、干燥的時期最終 ”。題干中的“Dr.Weiss”和“the second cool and dry period”出自文章第三段第二、三句話中，表明本題與第三段有關(guān)。第三段介紹了韋斯博士的觀點——灌溉的發(fā)展時期與大約8，200年前的第二個寒冷、干燥時期時間吻合，接著提到了他的分析，指出，當(dāng)時美索不達(dá)米亞北部農(nóng)業(yè)中心地帶的降雨可能減少，低于維持農(nóng)業(yè)穩(wěn)步發(fā)展的水平，第四段接著提到農(nóng)民想到利用運河灌溉農(nóng)作物的問題。這說明，韋斯博士認(rèn)為，第二個寒冷、干燥的時期可能促進(jìn)了運河的發(fā)展。[B]“促進(jìn)了運河的利用”與此意符合，為正確答案。[A] “改變了生長季節(jié)”和[D]“導(dǎo)致人口減少”屬于無中生有;[C]“迫使農(nóng)民放棄農(nóng)業(yè)”是針對第三段最后一句話設(shè)置的干擾項，文中說的是被迫離開降雨減少的地區(qū)，不是放棄農(nóng)業(yè)，所以C與文意不符。
3. A 推論題。本題的問題是“根據(jù)前面四段，我們可以推知，文明的起源 ”。文章第一段首先提到了灌溉的發(fā)明的意義，隨后三段介紹了氣候的變化導(dǎo)致農(nóng)民生活艱難，也促進(jìn)了灌溉的發(fā)展，最后一段指出，氣候變化有助于強化農(nóng)業(yè)的發(fā)展，進(jìn)而開創(chuàng)文明。由此可知。文明的起源伴隨的是人類生存的艱難。[A]“伴隨著人類生存的艱難困苦”與此意符合，為正確答案。[B]“是人類還不知道的一個秘密”是針對第一段第二句話和第三段第一句話設(shè)置的干擾項，與文意不符;文中的信息表明，是氣候的變化導(dǎo)致了人們生存困難，從而激發(fā)了創(chuàng)造靈感，說明氣候的變化是關(guān)鍵，所以[C]“可能歸因于祖先的創(chuàng)造靈感”與文意不符;[D]“根據(jù)歷史書記載于那個時候結(jié)束”是針對第四段最后一句話設(shè)置的干擾項，明顯與文意不符。
4. B 細(xì)節(jié)題。本題的問題是“下面哪項往往導(dǎo)致氣候變暖?”最后一段解釋了大氣升溫的原因——早期的農(nóng)民砍伐樹木可能導(dǎo)致樹木所含的碳轉(zhuǎn)化成二氧化碳進(jìn)入大氣，在水田里種植水稻產(chǎn)生了大量的甲烷，這兩種現(xiàn)象共同導(dǎo)致了工業(yè)時代之前的大氣升溫。這說明，發(fā)展農(nóng)業(yè)可能導(dǎo)致氣候變暖。[B]“發(fā)展有機農(nóng)業(yè)”與此意符合，為正確答案。文中的信息并沒有表明灌溉與氣候變暖有關(guān)系，所以[A]“發(fā)展灌溉系統(tǒng)”不對;[C]“回歸狩獵和采摘生活”和[D]“退耕還林”是在保護樹木，不會導(dǎo)致氣候變暖，所以不對。
5. A 主旨題。本題的問題是“本文主要是關(guān)于 ”。文章第一段提到，灌溉的發(fā)明促進(jìn)了文明的發(fā)展，隨后的段落分析指出，灌溉的發(fā)明是氣候變化的結(jié)果，最后一段總結(jié)到，氣候變化有助于強化農(nóng)業(yè)的發(fā)展，進(jìn)而開創(chuàng)文明。這說明，本文主要講的是氣候變化與文明的發(fā)展之間的關(guān)系。[A]“氣候變化與文明之間的關(guān)系”是對本文內(nèi)容的恰當(dāng)概括，可以表達(dá)本文的主題，為正確答案。本文只是在第二、三段提到了全球氣候發(fā)生的變化，而這是為了說明氣候變化導(dǎo)致灌溉的發(fā)展所舉的例子，不是本文討論的重點，所以[B]“全球氣候變化的歷史”不能表達(dá)本文的主題;[C]“自然界和人類社會的交互作用”范圍太廣，不能表達(dá)本文的主題;[D]“農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展產(chǎn)生的影響”只是最后一段的內(nèi)容，不能表達(dá)本文的主題。 To date， over 1 billion Barbie dolls have been sold. The average American girl aged between three and 11 owns a staggering ten Barbie dolls， according to Mattel， the American toy giant. An Italian or British girl owns seven; a French or German girl， five. The Barbie brand is worth some $2 billion——a little ahead of Armani， just behind the Wall Street Journal——making it the most valuable toy brand in the world， according to Interbrand， a consultancy. How is it that this impossibly proportioned， charmless toy has endured in an industry notorious for whimsical fad and fickle fashion?
Part of Barbie's appeal is that she has become， according to Christopher Varaste， a historian of Barbie， “the face of the American dream”。 Barbie is not a mere toy， nor product category： she is an icon. Quite how she became one is hotly debated among the Barbie sorority. Some think she answers an innate girlish desire for fantasy， role-playing and dressing-up. Others believe that Mattel has simply manipulated girls' aspirations to that end.
Either way， wrapped up in her pouting lips and improbable figure——buxom breasts， wafer-thin waist and permanently arched feet waiting to slip into a pair of high heels——is an apparently enduring statement of aspiration and western aesthetic. She is， according to M.G. Lord， who has written a biography of Barbie， “the most potent icon of American popular culture in the late twentieth century.”
Officialdom has recognised Barbie's iconic status. The Americans included a Barbie doll in the 1976 bicentennial time capsule. Earlier this year， the American government buried her in a “women's health” time capsule， alongside a pair of forceps and a girdle. As an emblem of Americana she is subject to pastiche， derision and political statement. Andy Warhol made a portrait of Barbie， the Campbell's soup of toy brands. An exhibition in London earlier this year displayed “Suicide Bomber Barbie” by Simon Tyszko， a British artist. Her hair was blonde， her hair ribbon red， and around her slender waist was wrapped a belt of explosives， attached to a detonator held daintily in her hand.
Barbie has not colonised girls' imaginations by accident. Mattel has dedicated itself to promoting Barbie as “a lifestyle， not just a toy”。 In addition to selling the dolls， Mattel licenses Barbie in 30 different product categories， from furniture to make-up. A girl can sleep in Barbie pyjamas， under a Barbie duvet-cover， her head on a Barbie pillow-case， surrounded by Barbie wall-paper， and on， and on. There are Barbie conventions， fan clubs， web sites， magazines and collectors' events.
“She's so much more than a character brand，” enthuses a Mattel publicity person， “she's a fashion statement， a way of life.” (449 words)
1. Which of the following statements is true according to the text?
[A] The average American girl aged between three and 11 owns 10 staggering Barbie dolls.
[B] Wall Street Journal is the most valuable toy brand in the world.
[C] The Barbie brand is the most valuable toy brand in the world.
[D] The Barbie brand is worth more than $2 billion.
2. How did Barbie become an icon according to the text?
[A] Barbie has “the face of the American dream”。
[B] She answers an innate girlish desire for fantasy， role-playing and dressing-up
[C] It is Mattel that manipulated girls' aspirations to that end.
[D] Different people have different explanations.
3. Barbie's iconic status is shown in all the following EXCEPT______.
[A] Barbie doll in the 1976 bicentennial time capsule
[B] She was buried in a “women's health” time capsule
[C] She is subject to pastiche， derision and political statement
[D] Barbie has colonised girls' imaginations
4. It can be inferred from the text that Mattel is_______.
[A] a man who created Barbie doll
[B] the name of a toy manufacturer
[C] an individual organization
[D] a sorority
5. The best title for the text may be ______.
[A] Barbie dolls in USA
[B] Barbie's appeal
[C] Barbie's appeal and iconic status
[D] Barbie， the most valuable toy brand
答案與解析
1. C 細(xì)節(jié)題。本題的問題是“根據(jù)本文，下面哪項說法正確?”[A]“3到11歲的普通美國女孩都令人驚訝地?fù)碛?0個芭比娃娃玩具”與第一段第二句話的意思不符，文中說的是3到10歲的普通美國女孩;[B]“《華爾街期刊》是世界上最有價值的雜志”與第一段第四句話的意思不符;[D]“芭比這個品牌值20多億美元”與第一段第四句話的意思不符，文中是說值大約20億美元，不是說20多億美元。文章第一段提到，芭比這個品牌值大約20億美元，這使得它成為世界上最有價值的玩具品牌。[C]“芭比這個品牌是世界上最有價值的玩具品牌”是對該句話的改寫，為正確答案。
2. D 細(xì)節(jié)題。本題的問題是“芭比成為世界上的一個偶像，因為 ”。題干中的“an i. con”出自文章第二段第二句話中，表明本題與第二段有關(guān)。第二段在解釋芭比這種現(xiàn)象的原因時指出，有人認(rèn)為芭比已經(jīng)成為“美國夢想的表現(xiàn)”，有人認(rèn)為芭比是一個偶像，有人認(rèn)為芭比滿足了少女對幻想、追星以及穿著打扮的天生渴望，其他人認(rèn)為，墨泰爾只是巧妙地滿足了少女們對那個目標(biāo)的渴望。這說明，對于芭比成為一個偶像這一點，人們的觀點不同。[D]“不同的人們有不同的解釋”是對第二段的概括，為正確答案。[A] “芭比有‘美國夢想的表現(xiàn)”’、[B]“她滿足了少女對幻想、追星以及穿著打扮的天生渴望”和[C]“正是墨泰爾巧妙地滿足了少女們對那個目標(biāo)的渴望”都只是部分原因，不全面。
3. C 細(xì)節(jié)題。本題的問題是“下面所有選項都體現(xiàn)了芭比的偶像地位，除了 ”。題干中的“iconic status'‘出自文章第四段第一句話中，表明本題與第三段有關(guān)。第三段提到，美國人把芭比娃娃玩具放入”200周年紀(jì)念的時代文物儲放器“中，美國政府把她隨同一把鉗子和一個腰帶一起放入一個”女性健康“時代文物儲放器中;第五段提到，芭比并不是偶然俘獲少女們的幻想的。這些都是芭比產(chǎn)生的正面效應(yīng)，說明[A]”芭比玩具被放入1976年的’200周年紀(jì)念的時代文物儲放器‘中“、[B]”她被放入一個’女性健康‘時代文物儲放器中“和[D]”芭比俘獲了少女們的幻想“體現(xiàn)了芭比的偶像地位。第四段中間部分提到，作為美國文物的象征，芭比容易成為模仿作品，成為笑柄，成為政治聲明，隨后提到了有人制作的人體炸彈芭比。這是在講芭比產(chǎn)生的負(fù)面結(jié)果，所以[C]”她容易成為模仿作品，成為笑柄，成為政治聲明“不能體現(xiàn)芭比的偶像地位。
4. B 推論題。本題的問題是“根據(jù)本文i可以推知，墨泰爾 ”。題干中的“Mattel”出自文章第一段第二句話中，表明本題與第一段有關(guān)。第一段提到墨泰爾時是說“美國玩具制造業(yè)巨頭墨泰爾”，最后一段是說“墨泰爾的一位發(fā)言人充滿激情地說……”。由此可知，墨泰爾應(yīng)該是一家玩具制造企業(yè)的名稱。[B]“是玩具制造商的名稱”與文意符合，為正確答案。[A]“是一個創(chuàng)作芭比娃娃玩具的人”、[C]“是一個個體組織”和[D] “是一個婦女聯(lián)誼會”都是對墨泰爾的錯誤推理，與文意不符。
5. C 主旨題。本題的問題是“本文的標(biāo)題可能是 ”。文章第一段提到，芭比這個品牌已經(jīng)成為世界上最有價值的玩具品牌，接著分析了導(dǎo)致這種吸引力的原因，隨后的段落介紹了芭比的偶像地位，指出，她遠(yuǎn)不只是一個知名品牌，她是一種時尚宣言，是一種生活方式。這說明，本文主要是介紹芭比的吸引力以及偶像地位。[C]“芭比的吸引力與偶像地位”是對全文的概括，為正確答案。[A]“美國的芭比娃娃玩具”太籠統(tǒng)，不能恰當(dāng)表達(dá)本文的主題;[B]“芭比的吸引力”和[D]“芭比，最有價值的玩具品牌”只是第一、二段的內(nèi)容，比較片面，也不能表達(dá)本文的主題。 Various accounts have traced the “Big Apple” expression to Depression-Era sidewalk apple vendors， a Harlem night club and a popular 1930s dance known as the “Big Apple.” One fanciful version even links the name with a notorious 19th-century procuress!
In fact， it was the jazz musicians of the 1930s and ‘40s who put the phrase into more or less general circulation. If a jazzman circa 1940 told you he had a gig in the “Big Apple，” you knew he had an engagement to play in the most coveted venue of all， Manhattan， where the audience was the biggest， hippest， and most appreciative in the country.
The older generation of jazzmen specifically credit Fletcher Henderson， one of the greatest of the early BigBand leaders and arrangers， with popularizing it， but such things are probably impossible to document. Be that as it may， the ultimate source actually was not the jazz world but the racetrack.
As Damon Runyon (among many others) cheerfully pointed out， New York in those days offered a betting man a lot of places to go broke. There were no fewer than four major tracks nearby， and it required no fewer than three racing journals to cover such a lively scene—The Daily Racing Form (which still survives on newsstands today) and The Running Horse and The New York Morning Telegraph (which do not)—and the ultimate credit for marrying New York to its durable catchphrase goes to columnist John J. FitzGerald who wrote for the Telegraph for over 20 years.
Despite its turf-related origins， by the 1930s and ‘40s， the phrase had become firmly linked to the city’s jazzscene. “Big Apple” was the name both of a popular night club at West 135th Street and Seventh Avenue in Harlem and a jitterbug-style group dance that originated in the South， became a huge phenomenon at Harlem‘s great Savoy Ballroom and rapidly spread across the country. (Neat cultural footnote： the great African-American cinema pioneer Oscar Micheaux liked to use the Big Apple as a venue for occasional screenings of his latest feature film or documentary.)
A film short called The Big Apple came out in 1938， with an all-Black cast featuring Herbert “Whitey” White‘s Lindy Hoppers， Harlem’s top ballroom dancers in the Swing Era. In a book published the same year， bandleader Cab Calloway used the phrase “Big Apple” to mean “the big town， the main stem， Harlem.” Anyonewho loved the city would have readily agreed with Jack FitzGerald： “There‘s only one Big Apple. That’s New York.”
The term had grown stale and was in fact generally forgotten by the 1970s. Then Charles Gillett， head of the New York Convention & Visitors Bureau， got the idea of reviving it. The agency was desperately trying to attract tourists to the town. Mayor John Lindsay had dubbed “Fun City，” but which had become better-known for its blackouts， strikes， street crime and occasional riots. What could be a more wholesome symbol of renewal than a plump red apple?
The city‘s industrial-strength campaign was launched toward the end of the Lindsay administration in 1971， complete with a cheerful Big Apple logo in innumerable forms (lapel pins， buttons， bumper stickers， refrigerator magnets， shopping bags， ashtrays， ties， tie tacks， “Big Apple” T-shirts， etc.)。
Apparently Gillett was on to something， because at this writing， over 35 years later， the campaign he launched—it won him a Tourism Achievement award in 1994， by the way—is still going strong.
1. Read the first paragraph and then choose the correct one.
[A] “Big Apple” is a name of New York.
[B] There are many reasons for the name “Big Apple”……
[C] People are likely to call New York City “Big Apple”
[D] The name “Big Apple” is a name of New York City in the history.
2. According to the author， what‘s the reason for the name “Big Apple”?
[A] He thought that the name “Big Apple” could not be traced as many people‘s saying.
[B] He thought that the name “Big Apple” was something about jazz musicians.
[C] He thought that initially the name “Big Apple”was a name for Manhattan， not for New York City.
[D] He thought that the name “Big Apple” was named by jazz musicians.
3. According to Cab Calloway‘s book， what’s the meaning of the phrase “Big Apple”?
[A] A name of club in his book.
[B] A name of drama mentioned in his book.
[C] It meant the big town， the main stem， Harlem.
[D] It was just a name and had no means.
4.How did they revive the name “Big Apple” by the 1970s?
[A] By announced a new slogan.
[B] By announce that a plump red apple is a symbol of health.
[C] By put an end to New York‘s occasional riots.
[D] By put an end to New York‘s street crimes.
5.What‘s the industrial-strength campaign’s effect which was launched toward the end of the Lindsay
administration in 1971?
[A] It led to a trend of widely used of the phrase “Big Apple”。
[B] It made the phrase “Big Apple” have new meanings.
[C] The campaign is good for the reviving of the name “Big City”。
[D] The campaign lead to the name‘s widely use which was good for its reviving.
[疑難長句翻譯與注解]
1. Various accounts have traced…a popular 1930s dance known as the “Big Apple.”
[譯文]關(guān)于大蘋果這個稱謂可以追述到很多來源，如有的說是大蕭條時期人行道旁的蘋果攤賣主，有的歸因于黑人住宅區(qū)夜總會，以及在二十世紀(jì)三十年代流行的一種叫大蘋果的舞蹈。
[注解]“Big Apple”是對紐約市的一種約定俗成的稱呼，本文就是探討該名字的由來。句中沒有連詞，只是用句式的邏輯表達(dá)了出來，我們在翻譯的時候要把連詞添上。
2. “which still survives on newsstands today”
[譯文] 這份刊物現(xiàn)在還在發(fā)行。
[注解] 不能翻譯成“今天依然活在報攤上”。應(yīng)該意譯。意思是說這份刊物現(xiàn)在還在發(fā)行，仍然存在。
3. The city‘s industrial-strength campaign… the end of the Lindsay administration in 1971.
[譯文]城市的加強工業(yè)運動開始于1971年Lindsay 政府的任期將滿之前。
[注解] “toward the end of the Lindsay administration in 1971”。的意思就是在 1971 年，Lindsay 政府任期將滿之前。這里 toward the end 是 just before a particular time.
4.The older generation of jazzmen specifically … are probably impossible to document.
[譯文]老一輩的爵士樂家們熱衷于將其歸功于早期大樂隊最偉大的之一的 Fletcher Henderson， 他們認(rèn)為是他使“大蘋果”這個名字流行起來的，但卻不大可能有東西證明這種事的存在。
[注解] jazzmen 在這里指爵士樂家，credit 除了有信任之意思外，還可以指“把……歸功于……”。本句中credit 的意思就是后者。
5. The term had grown stale and was in fact generally forgotten by the 1970s.
[譯文] 這種稱謂逐漸變得了無新意，并于 20 世紀(jì) 70 年代被人們基本遺忘。
[注解] “The term”指代上文中提到的的大蘋果的稱謂?！皊tale”指“陳舊的、不新鮮的”，在這里譯為了無新意。
參考答案：
1.[B]段意歸納題。本題的干擾項在 C 項。紐約市被稱為大蘋果是我們的常識，所以很多考生會選擇這個選項。但陷阱往往就在這里。我們把這種陷阱稱為“真理式陷阱”。該類干擾項的共同特點在于，孤立的看，這個選項挑不出任何毛病，而且往往能使我們聯(lián)想起我們?nèi)粘Ｉ钪械某ＷR。但有至關(guān)重要的是該類選項在目標(biāo)段落中沒有被談到，所以需要被排除。
2.[B]選項中 A 項講的是上一段說的內(nèi)容，因此不能選。C 項說大蘋果最初是曼哈頓名字這點說的不正確。文中提到曼哈頓只是說它與我們的命名有關(guān)，但沒說這名字給了曼哈頓了。D 項說作者認(rèn)為大蘋果這個名字是爵士樂音樂家給起的，也不正確。這個名字雖然與爵士樂家有關(guān)，但不是由爵士樂家們專門為紐約市取的名字。
3.[C]細(xì)節(jié)題。細(xì)讀文章第六段即可找到答案。此類題只要準(zhǔn)確定位到原文就可以順利排除干擾項。
4.[B]C 和 D 項干擾意圖明顯，可以很容易被排除。A 項雖然沒有錯，但相對而言，B 項說得更具體些。
5.[D]該題的迷惑性在于如何區(qū)分幾個相近選項。B 項是可以首先排除的。接下來看 A、C.從一定意義上說，A、C 都有道理。但根據(jù)選擇方案法，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)，D 項說得面。所以，這里把 A、C 排除而選擇 D. Al Hussein is 19. He is struggling to stay seated on top of a huge truck crossing the desert. He has been riding like that for hours， breathing dust， in an unbearable heat. He has left his home， his twin brother， and the rest of his family down South. Beyond the desert lies the sea， and maybe， if he is lucky a boat to Europe where he hopes to get a job， to start a new life， and to send money to his village.
Al Hussein is hardly alone in his perilous trek. Some 150 million men， women and even children， about three percent of the world‘s population， are outside their country of origin coming as strangers to the country where they reside. There is no continent， no region of the world which has no migrants within its boundaries. Every country has become a country of origin， transit or destination of migrants. Many are all three. More than half of international migrants live in developing countries. According to the International Organization for Migration， the
largest numbers of international migrants are located in Asia; Europe and North America have about equal numbers followed by Africa， Latin America， and Oceania with progressively fewer numbers. The International Labor Organization (ILO) estimates that up to 80 million of these are migrant workers. In 1997， ILO estimated that the number of migrant workers was as follows： Africa， 20 Million; North America， 17 million; Central andSouth America 12 million; Asia 7 million; the Middle East (Arab countries)， 9 million， and Europe 30 million.
Migration is hardly a recent or localized phenomenon. Women and men have been leaving their homelands in search of a better job. People also leave their own countries because of civil conflicts and insecurity or persecution. However， in this globalized world， we are witnessing unprecedentedly high labor mobility and an increasing pressure of migration. Gareth Howell， International Labor Organization representative to the United Nations， points out that “the increasing restrictions on immigration leads to increased trafficking of migrants often with tragic personal consequences.”
Women and children account for more than half of the refugees， and their proportion are increasing in the case of other categories of migrants. 96 percent of children who work and sleep in the street are migrants，about half of them girls aged between 8 and 14. Migrants are a particularly vulnerable group and see their rights routinely violated， not only as workers， but as human beings. They commonly face discrimination and xenophobic hostility. According to the International Organization for migration (IOM) migrants “are more and more targeted as the scapegoats for all manner of domestic problems facing societies today， particularly unemployment， crime， drugs， even terrorism.” As noted by Ms Gabriela Rodriguez Pizarro， United Nations Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants “This is especially true in the case of the many migrants who are undocumented or in an irregular situation， including the victims of trafficking in persons， who are the most vulnerable to human rights violations.” According to the UN， between 300，000 and 600，000 women are smuggled each year into the European Union and certain Central European countries. The problem is also widespread in Africa and Latin America.
Reading Comprehension
1.Which of the following is not mentioned in the first paragraph?
[A] Al Hussein was going abroad for work.
[B] The work that Al Hussein intended to do was very hard.
[C] Al Hussein was so young.
[D] Al Hussein wanted to start a new life.
2.What‘s the most suitable title for the article?
[A] Working Far From Home?
[B] Migration and Discrimination.
[C] To go abroad.
[D]Problems about migration.
3.Read the third paragraph and find out which one was not true.
[A] Migration is a phenomenon which exist for a long time.
[B] Migration is not a localized phenomenon.
[C] Migration is localized but not a recent phenomenon.
[D] Globalized world has high labor mobility.
4.Which of the following is true?
[A] Women required for their human rights.
[B] Children account for 96 percent of migrants.
[C] Half of the female migrants aged between 8 and 14.
[D] Male adults account for less than half of the refugees.
5.What does paragraph 5 mainly talk about?
[A]The problems of migrants are increasing
[B] Migration need to face discrimination， and there human rights are vulnerable.
[C] Migration need more of human rights.
[D] Most women are smuggled each year.
答案與題解：
1.[B]
細(xì)節(jié)題。A、C、D項在文中都有提及，B項是干擾項，作者說Al Hussein前進(jìn)的路上會充滿艱難，但沒說他要從事的工作是一項困難的工作。
2.[B]
主旨題。本題需要把握全文主旨。通觀全篇會發(fā)現(xiàn)，本文重點在于講述移民以及對移民的歧視等社會問題。所以選擇B。
3.[C]
這道題重點在于區(qū)分前三個選項。見文章第三段第一句話，"Migration is hardly a recent or localized phenomenon."這里面的"hardly"是幾乎不的意思。如果忽視了這個詞則會對全句的理解造成偏差。
4.[D]
細(xì)節(jié)推理題。見文章第四段，上面說，婦女和兒童占移民總?cè)藬?shù)的一半以上，那么成年男性占移民人數(shù)的不到百分之五十，所以D正確。
5.[B]
段意歸納題。讀完該段可以發(fā)現(xiàn)本段講了兩個問題，一個是移民遭受歧視，另一個是移民的****問題得不到保障。綜合這兩點考慮，該題選B。 We now must address two questions:
Firstly，where on Earth is the population problem the worst?
It is my opinion that the world's worst population problem is right here in the United States. This is because of our high per capita resource consumption. It has been estimated that a person added to the population of the United States will have 30 or more times the impact on world resources as will a person added to the population of an underdeveloped nation. Indeed, resource consumption in North America is roughly the same as resource consumption in the entire rest of the world.
Secondly，where should we apply our efforts to have the most beneficial effect in helping to solve the population problem?
The answer is, right here in the U.S..
For many people, the population problem is a problem of "those people" in distant undeveloped countries. In early 1997, many people successfully lobbied Congress to restore family planning assistance in the U.S. foreign aid programs. This was a great victory, but it treats "those people" as though they were the big problem.
Unchecked population growth in the Third World means depletion of water resources. It means famine. It means suffering. It pushes populations to clear rainforests. It pushes populations to go out and graze on land that cannot sustain cattle, and that leads to expansion of deserts worldwide. We all have a stake in the global environment.
It is so easy to blame the problem on others and to identify what other people should do to solve the problem, while we ignore our own responsibilities and avoid doing anything to reduce the population problem in the U.S.. We need to work to stop population growth in the U.S..
There are two sources that contribute approximately equally to population growth in the U.S.: the excess of births over deaths, and immigration. Both of these must be addressed.
Let's compare three aspects of efforts to stop population growth in other countries with efforts to stop population growth in the United States.
1) When we give family planning assistance to other countries, we are dealing with countries over which we have no legal jurisdiction and where we have little or no immediate political responsibility.
When we confront population growth in the United States, we are dealing with a country where we as citizens have full and complete jurisdiction, and where we have political and family responsibilities. It should be much easier to solve our problem than it is to solve other peoples' problems.
2) The negative effects of runaway population growth in an underdeveloped country are generally felt only in that country and in its immediate neighbors.
The negative effects of population growth in the U.S. are felt throughout the entire world, because of our enormous per capita consumption of resources. Indeed, one of the aims of the many free-trade agreements about which we currently hear so much, is to open up the world's resources for consumption by consumers in the U.S..
3) In countries receiving family planning assistance from the U.S. there will always be individuals who will claim that this assistance is a form of "genocide." They will be strengthened in this belief if we in the U.S. fail to take steps to halt our own population growth. As Tim Wirth of the U.S. Department of State has said, the best thing that we in the U.S. can do to help other countries stop their population growth, is to set an example and stop our own population growth.
As you think about addressing the problem of population growth in the U.S., please ponder this challenge:
Can you think of any problem, on any scale, from microscopic to global, whose long-term solution is in any demonstrable way, aided, assisted, or advanced, by having continued population growth at the local level, the state level, the national level, or globally?
So we can see that Pogo was right:
"We've met the enemy, and they're us!"
1.What did the author mainly talk about?
[A] The population problem in the world.
[B] The population condition in the western world.
[C] The population problem in Europe.
[D] The population problem in the U.S.
2. According to the author， which place should solve the population proplem?
[A] The US
[B] Europe
[C] Underdeveloped countries
[D] The Third World
3. What did the Congressman think about the population problem?
[A] He thought that the problem was worst in America.
[B] He thought that the problem caused many other problems in the world.
[C] He thought that the problem cannot be solved easily.
[D] He thought that the problem in the Third World was to be blamed.
4. Why are the negative effects of population growth in the U.S. felt throughout the entire world?
[A] Because people around the world are all concerned about it.
[B] Because per capita consumption of resources in America is enormous.
[C] Because the U.S. is the most powerful country in the world.
[D] Because the U.S .has great influence on other countries.
5. Which is one of the reasons for the Americans to pay attention to their population problem?
[A] Because some people always claim that the American assistance for family planning in other countries is a form of "genocide".
[B] Because there are too many migrants nowadays.
[C] Because once the population is too large, the American government will adopt unfavorable policies to limit migrants' coming to it.
[D] Because America is now facing a lot of problems.
[疑難長句翻譯與注解]
1.where should we apply our …effect in helping to solve the population problem?
[譯文]我們應(yīng)當(dāng)從哪方面入手下功夫去尋求的方法來解決人口問題?
[注解]該句是倒裝句，譯成漢語時要把語序調(diào)整過來。
2.For many people， the of those people in distant undeveloped countries.
[譯文]對于許多人來說，人口問題只是那些遙遠(yuǎn)的不發(fā)達(dá)國家才會面臨的問題。
[注解]這句話是一個引子，作者的目的是用它表明錯誤的觀念，用以引出自己的見解。“in distant undeveloped countries”是用來修飾“those people”的。
3.In early 1997， many people successfully …as though they were the big problem.
[譯文] 在 1997 年早期，很多人成功地說服國會恢復(fù)了對外計劃生育援助計劃，這是一個巨大的勝利，但這使得“那些人”(的問題)好像已經(jīng)是大問題了似的。
[注解]“family planning”是計劃生育的意思。
4.It is so easy to blame the problem on others… and avoid doing anything to reduce the population problem in the U.S.
[譯文]解決問題時只是把問題歸罪給他人，考慮別人應(yīng)該怎樣做這很容易，但與此同時，我們忽視了我們自己的責(zé)任，沒有自己做出行動來減少美國的人口問題。
[ 注 解] “ blame the problem on others ” 這 個 短 語 在 文 中 是 指 把 問 題 歸 罪 于 別 人 .“ ignore our own responsibilities”是指忽視我們自己的責(zé)任。
5.The negative effects of …per capita consumption of resources.
[譯文]全世界都感受到了美國人口增長所帶來的負(fù)面影響，因為我們的資源要按人口品均消費量來計算。
[注解]該句話言外之意是說美國如果人口增長，那么這批增長了的人口將會消耗新的自然資源。而世界自然資源則是有限的。
參考答案：
1. [D]文章開篇就提出了問題：全世界什么地方人口問題最為嚴(yán)峻?然后作者陳述了自己的觀點，在他看來，美國是人口問題最嚴(yán)重的國家，因為在全國范圍內(nèi)出生率與高于死亡率，并且近幾十年來大量移民涌入美國。后文通篇都在論述作者的這一觀點，因此選 D 項。
2. [A]仔細(xì)閱讀文章第四、第五段，就能理解題意，找出正確答案。
3. [D]文章中的第六段和第七段都在講大多數(shù)人在提到人口問題是都將其歸究于發(fā)展中和不發(fā)達(dá)的第三世界國家，就如同一位有代表性的國會議員講的話那樣，第三世界國家的人口問題導(dǎo)致了水資源的過度消耗，饑荒，災(zāi)難等等問題。因此 D 項為正確選項。
4. [B]此題是細(xì)節(jié)題，根據(jù)文中第六段所體現(xiàn)的相關(guān)信息，就不難作出正確判斷了。
5. [A]文章倒數(shù)第五段指出，美國在幫助其他一些國家搞人口控制、計劃生育時，總有人會說這是美國的一種“有計劃的滅絕和屠殺”政策。因此，如果美國自己不在控制人口增長的問題上做出榜樣的話，那些認(rèn)為美國有屠殺他國人的動機的觀點就會得到證實。這是美國需要注意其人口問題的原因之一。因此選 A 項。 Europe is often one of the first places people think of when racism is discussed. From the institutionalized racism， especially in colonial times， when racial beliefs—even eugenics—were not considered something wrong， to recent times where the effects of neo-Nazism is still felt. Europe is a complex area with many cultures in a relatively small area of land that has seen many conflicts throughout history. (Note that most of these conflicts have had trade and resource access at their core， but national identities have often added fuel to some of these conflicts.)
Racism has also been used to justify exploitation， even using “pseudo-science”。
Debates over the origins of racism often suffer from a lack of clarity over the term. Many conflate recent forms of racism with earlier forms of ethnic and national conflict. In most cases ethnic-national conflict seems to owe to conflict over land and strategic resources. In some cases ethnicity and nationalism were harnessed to wars between great religious empires (for example， the Muslim Turks and the Catholic Austro-Hungarians)。 As Benedict Anderson has suggested in Imagined Communities， ethnic identity and ethno-nationalism became a source of conflict within such empires with the rise of print-capitalism.
In its modern form， racism evolved in tandem with European exploration and conquest of much of the rest of the world， and especially after Christopher Columbus reached the Americas. As new peoples were encountered， fought， and ultimately subdued， theories about “race” began to develop， and these helped many to justify the differences in position and treatment of people whom they categorized as belonging to different races.
Another possible source of racism is the misunderstanding of Charles Darwin‘s theories of evolution. Some took Darwin’s theories to imply that since some “races” were more civilized， there must be a biological basis for the difference. At the same time they appealed to biological theories of moral and intellectual traits to justify racial oppression. There is a great deal of controversy about race and intelligence， in part because the concepts of both race and IQ are themselves controversies.
A short review from the Inter Press Service highlights the rise of neo-Nazism in 2000 in Europe and suggests that “far from being a fringe activity， racism， violence and neo-nationalism have become normal in some communities. The problems need to be tackled much earlier， in schools and with social programs.”
Ethnic minorities and different cultures in one country can often be used as a scapegoat for the majority during times of economic crisis. That is one reason why Nazism became so popular.
In France， May 2002， the success of far right politician Le Pen in the run for leadership (though he lost out in the end) sent a huge shockwave throughout Europe， about how easy it was for far right parties to come close to getting power if there is complacency in the democratic processes and if participation is reduced.
In various places throughout Western Europe， in 2002， as Amnesty International highlights， there has been a rise in racist attacks and sentiments against both Arabs and Jews， in light of the increasing hostilities in the Middle East.
In 1997， Human Rights Watch noted that，“The U.K. has one of the highest levels of racially-motivated violence and harassment in Western Europe， and the problem is getting worse.” In April 1999， London saw two bombs explode in predominantly ethnic minority areas where a Nazi group has claimed responsibility. The summer of 2001 saw many race-related riots in various parts of northern England.
Greece has one of the worst records in the European Union for racism against ethnic minorities， according to the BBC. Anti-immigrant sentiment has long been high， especially against ethnic Albanians， who form the largest minority. Until the 1990s， the BBC notes， Greece had been an extremely homogenous society. With the fall of communism many immigrants from Eastern Europe came to Greece. Albanians especially have been targeted by a lot of racist sentiment. Some hostage taking by a few Albanians in recent years has not helped the situation.
1. What does the author mainly talk about?
[A] Racism in the world.
[B] Racism in the western world.
[C] Racism in Europe.
[D] Racism in the countries other than the western world.
2. When did the theories about race begin to develop?
[A] After “the New World” was discovered.
[B] After the USA was established.
[C] Before the First World War.
[D] During the colonial times.
3. According to the author what is the second possible source of racism?
[A] The colonial people began to be ultimately subdued.
[B] The misunderstanding of Darwinism.
[C] The development of human beings.
[D] None of the above.
4. One of the reasons that Nazism became very popular is that .
[A] ethnic minorities have small impact in the whole world
[B] various cultures cannot so-exist harmoniously
[C] ethnic minorities and different cultures are used as a scapegoat for the majority during times of economic crisis
[D] none of the above
5. Which country in the EU has the worst record for racism against ethnic minorities?
[A] The United Kingdom
[B] Greece
[C] Albania
[D] Australia
[疑難長句翻譯與注解]
1. Europe is often one of the first places people think of when racism is discussed.
[譯文]當(dāng)討論到種族主義問題時，歐洲通常是第一個被想到的地方。
[注解]本文講述關(guān)于種族與沖突，開篇第一句目的是確定文章的基調(diào)。本句雖短，但翻譯時兩處調(diào)整了語序值得學(xué)習(xí)，第一翻強調(diào)句式時有時需調(diào)整語序，原句為了強調(diào)歐洲沖突之多，將“Europe”提到了句首，
但翻譯時為符合漢語習(xí)慣需要作出調(diào)整。第二翻被動語態(tài)時往往需要調(diào)整語序，racism is discussed“是被動語態(tài)，盡管有時被動語態(tài)需要譯出被動的意思來但在這里就不能翻作種族主義被討論，要符合漢語習(xí)慣在這里就需要作語序上的調(diào)整。
2.Europe is a complex area with many …many conflicts throughout history.
[譯文]歐洲是一個復(fù)雜的地區(qū)，它有著許多不同的文化，但其土地面積卻相對較小，并且自古以來在這片土地上有過無數(shù)的矛盾與沖突。
[注解]“many conflicts throughout history”指的是在歷充滿著沖突。
3. Debates over the origins …earlier forms of ethnic and national conflict.
[譯文]關(guān)于種族主義起源問題的爭論經(jīng)常會面臨缺乏相關(guān)透明度的問題。新近的很多沖突已經(jīng)成為一種包含了早期種族歧視和民族主義的混合形態(tài)產(chǎn)物。
[注解] suffer 是遭受的意思，而且通常遭受的都是壞的事情。這里在翻譯的時候，沒有直譯。
4.Note that most of these conflicts have…… identities have often added fuel to some of these conflicts.
[譯文]注意到大部分此類沖突可以追述到它們的核心原因。但種族認(rèn)同問題經(jīng)常會給這些矛盾火上澆油。
[注解] “add fuel”是火上澆油的意思。
5.Another possible source of racism is the misunderstanding of Charles Darwin‘s theories of evolution.
[譯文]種族歧視的另一個可能的原因是對達(dá)爾文的進(jìn)化論的誤解。
[注解]該句中的 Charles Darwin 是英國博物學(xué)家，進(jìn)化論的創(chuàng)立者。racism 是名詞，意思是種族主義者。
參考答案：
1.[C] 通讀全文，可以總結(jié)出作者主要是在討論歐洲的種族歧視問題。第一段的第一句就給全文大意做了個總結(jié)。
2.[A] “新世界”就是指哥倫布發(fā)現(xiàn)美洲大陸的時候所用的名字，文章中明確指出了實在這一事件之后，“種
族“這一觀念開始產(chǎn)生了。因此正確選項為 A.
3. [B] 作者在談到種族主義的起源時說到，另一種可能的來源是對達(dá)爾文的進(jìn)化論的誤解。解答此題注意文中細(xì)節(jié)。
4. [C] 這是一道細(xì)節(jié)題，根據(jù)原文不難看出，一個國家的少數(shù)民族和非主流文化往往被大多數(shù)人用來作為經(jīng)濟危
機時期的犧牲品。因此 C 為正確選項。
5. [B] 文章最后一段指出，希臘是歐盟國家中對少數(shù)民族持有種族偏見最嚴(yán)重的國家之一。由此不難看出，正確
選項應(yīng)該為 B. Pennsylvania‘s colonial ironmasters forged iron and a revolution that had both industrial and political I implications.The colonists in North America wanted the right to the profits gained from their manufacturing.However，England wanted all of the line colonies’rich ores and raw materials to feed its own factories，and also wanted the colonies to be a market for its finished goods.England passed legislation in 1750 to prohibit colonists from making finished iron products，but by 1771，when entrepreneur Mark Bird established the Hopewell blast furnace in Pennsylvania，iron making had become the backbone of American industry.It also had become one of the major issues that fomented the revolutionary break between England and the British colonies.By the time the war of independence broke out in 1776， Bird， angered and determined， was manufactureing cannons and shot at Hopewell to be used by the Continental Army.
After the War，Hopewell，along with hundreds of other“iron plantations”，continued to form the new nation's industrial foundation well into the nineteenth century.The tufa/landscape became dotted with tall i
stone pyramids that breathed flames and smoke，charcoal—fueled iron furnaces that produced the versatile metal SO crucial to the nation‘s growth.Generations of ironmasters，craftspeople，and workers produced goods during war and peace——ranging from cannons and shot to domestic items such as cast—iron stoves，pots，and sash weights for windows.
The region around Hopewell had everything needed for iron production：a wealth of iron ore near the surface，limestone for removing impurities from the iron，hardwood forests to supply the charcoal used for fuel，rushing water to power the bellows that pumped blasts of air into the furnace fires，and workers to supply the labor.By the 1 830s，Hopewell had developed a reputation for producing high quality cast—iron stoves，for which there was a steady market.As Pennsylvania added more links to its transportation system of roads，canals，and railroads，it became easier to ship parts made by HopeweU workers to sites all over the east coast.There they were assembled into stoves and sold from Rhode Island to Maryland as the“Hopewell stove”。By the time the last fires burned out at Hopewell ironworks in 1 883， the community had produced some 80，000 cast-iron stoves.
1. It can be inferred that the purpose ofthe legislation passed by England in 1 750 was to——。
[A]reduce the price of English—made iron goods sold in the colonies
[B]prevent the outbreak of the war of Independence
[C]require colonists to buy manufactured goods from England
[D]keep the colonies from establishing new markets for their raw materials
2. The author compares iron furnaces to which ofthe following?
[A]Cannons. [B]Pyramids.
[C]Pots. [D]Windows.
3. The word“blasts”in(Line 3，Para.3)is closest in meaning to .
[A]eruption [B]gust
[C]roar [D]dynamite
4. Pennsylvania was an ideal location for the Hopewell ironworks for the following reason that————————。
[A]many workers were available in the area
[B] the center ofoperations ofthe army was nearby
[C]che deep—embedded metal ore was easy to acquire
[D]there was an abundance ofcoal
5. The passage mentions“roads，canals，and railroads”in order to explain that——。
[A]improvements in transportation benefited the Hopewell ironworks
[B]iron was used in the construction of various types of transportation
[C]me transportation system ofPennsylvania was superior to that of other states
[D]Hopewell never became a major transportation center
閱讀小幫手
Raw adj.未加工的 legislation n.立法 entrepreneur n.企業(yè)家
blast n.(一陣)疾風(fēng) plantation n.耕地 foundation n.基礎(chǔ)
rural adj.咖鄉(xiāng)下的 versatile adj.多用途的 crucial adj.至關(guān)緊要的
domestic adj.家用的pump v.注入 reputation n.名聲
assemble v.裝配，組合 stoven n.爐
難句點津
By the time the War of Independence broke out in 1 776，Bird，angered and determined，was manufacturing cannons and shot at Hopewell to be used by the Continental Army.
[點津]該句包含一個時間狀語從句，句子的主干是Bird was manufacturing cannons and shot. by…為整句的時間狀語，其中thetime與thewar…是同位語;angered and determined為插入語，用于修飾Bird;at Hopewell為shot的地點狀語;to be used by…為Hopewell的后置定語。
全文翻譯
賓夕法尼亞的殖民鑄鐵者們在鑄鐵的同時發(fā)起了一場具有工業(yè)和政治雙重意義的革命。北美的殖民者想要擁有獲取自己制造產(chǎn)品所創(chuàng)造的利潤的權(quán)利。但是，英國卻想占有沿線殖民地所有豐富的礦石和原材料以供給自己的工廠，還想讓這些殖民地成為其成品市場。1750年，英國通過了一項法規(guī)禁止殖民者制造鐵制成品。但是到了1771年，當(dāng)企業(yè)家馬克。伯德在賓夕法尼亞建立起霍普韋爾鼓風(fēng)爐時，制鐵業(yè)就成為了美國工業(yè)的支柱，同時也成為了導(dǎo)致英國與其殖民地之間革命性破裂的主要事件之一。1776年，獨立戰(zhàn)爭爆發(fā)之時，伯德憤怒而堅決地在霍普韋爾為大陸軍制造大炮和炮彈。
戰(zhàn)爭過后，霍普韋爾同其他數(shù)百家制鐵廠一道，直到19世紀(jì)都在持續(xù)為這個新國家奠定工業(yè)基礎(chǔ)。鄉(xiāng)村密布著冒出火焰與煙霧的高大石塔以及以木炭為燃料的生產(chǎn)著對國家發(fā)展極為重要的多功能金屬的高爐。一代代鑄鐵者、工匠和工人在戰(zhàn)爭與和平年代制造商品，從大炮和炮彈到諸如鑄鐵爐、鍋以及窗戶吊錘之類的家用產(chǎn)品。
霍普韋爾的周邊地區(qū)擁有制鐵所需的一切：埋藏淺的豐富的鐵礦石、去除鐵中雜質(zhì)的石灰石、提供木炭燃料的硬木森林、推動風(fēng)箱向爐火鼓風(fēng)的湍急的河水，以及提供勞動力的工人。到了19世紀(jì)30年代，霍普韋爾因生產(chǎn)高質(zhì)量的鑄鐵爐而名聲大振，這種火爐擁有穩(wěn)定的市場。隨著賓夕法尼亞州的公路、運河以及鐵路運輸系統(tǒng)線路的增加，將霍普韋爾工人制造的零件運至整個東海岸就變得更加容易了。在那里，這些零件被組裝成火爐，作為“霍普-t，爾火爐”銷往從羅得島到馬里蘭的各地。到1883年霍普韋爾制鐵廠熄滅最后的爐火之時，該團體已經(jīng)生產(chǎn)出了大約8萬個鑄鐵爐。
答案解析
1.C推斷題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞the legislation passed by England in 1750定位文章第一段。該段前部 分提到英國不僅需要殖民地的礦石和原材料以滿足工廠的需要，還想讓殖民地成為產(chǎn)品傾 銷市場，很顯然英國人在1750年通過法案，阻止殖民者制造鐵制成品，其目的就在于防止殖民地形成本地生產(chǎn)市場，從而不再從英國購買產(chǎn)品。結(jié)合選項可知，只有C“要求殖民者購買 來自英國的制造品”與原文意思一致，故為答案。
2.B細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干中的關(guān)鍵詞iron furnaces to…定位第二段…dotted with tall stone pyramids that breathed flames and smoke，charcoal—fueled iron fumaces…，該段提到“鄉(xiāng)村密布著冒出火焰與 煙霧的高大石塔以及以木炭為燃料的高爐，這些高爐生產(chǎn)著對國家發(fā)展極為重要的多功能金屬?！庇纱丝梢姡髡甙裻all stone puramids與iron furnaces相比照。故選B.
3.B語義題。文章第三段提到“霍普韋爾的周邊地區(qū)擁有制鐵所需的一切……推動風(fēng)箱向爐火——的湍急的河水……”，結(jié)合選項A“爆發(fā)”，B“一陣風(fēng)”，C“吼叫”和D“炸藥‘’可知。風(fēng)箱向爐火吹的應(yīng)該是風(fēng)，故選B.本題也可根據(jù)原文中的關(guān)鍵詞bellow(風(fēng)箱)，pump(抽吸)，air(空氣)等推斷出該詞的含義。
4.A細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干中的關(guān)鍵詞Pennsylvania、Hopewell定位文章最后一段。原文當(dāng)中提到 Hopewell周圍地帶有著生產(chǎn)鐵制品得天獨厚的條件，豐富的鐵礦、除去雜質(zhì)所用的石灰石礦、可用作燃料的廣袤的森林、足夠的工人等，結(jié)合選項可知，答案應(yīng)為A.
5.A推斷題。由關(guān)鍵詞roads，canals，and railroads定位最后一段。文章提到PenIlsylvania加強了交通網(wǎng)絡(luò)的建設(shè)，從而使得Hopewell的工人所生產(chǎn)的零部件更易于向整個東海岸運輸，結(jié)合 選項，A“交通狀況的改善使Hopewell的鋼鐵廠從中受益”，符合題意。其余三項B“鋼鐵被普遍用在不同交通設(shè)施的建造上”C“Peansylvania的交通系統(tǒng)比其他各州的狀況都要完善”，D“Hopewell從來都沒成為主要的運輸中心”，都屬于無中生有。 Half the game is 90 percent mental，“ Yogi Berra once said， or something like that， and science is now getting around to putting his aphorism to the test. Researchers including Debbie Crews of Arizona State University and John Milton of the University of Chicago have been studying patterns of brain activation——not in baseball players but in golfers， who make better subjects because they don't move around as much and the electrodes stay stuck to their heads. Yogi might have been surprised by the researchers' conclusion， though： the better the golfer， the less brain activity he shows in the seconds before he makes his shot.
Crews， a sports psychologist who studies putting——even the minimal agitation of a chip shot can upset her experimental apparatus——has found that a key difference between amateurs and pros lies in the left hemisphere. This is the seat of logic， analysis， verbal reasoning and the kinds of thoughts——Maybe I should just kind of squinch over a little more to the left——that you never imagine crossing Tiger Woods's mind. Professionals， once they've determined how to make a shot， follow an invariable routine that renders conscious thought unnecessary. “How you think is probably more important than what you think，” Crews says. “Quieting the left hemisphere is really critical.”
Or， to put it another way， when Milton asked some LPGA golfers what they thought about just before taking a shot， they answered： nothing. To test this， he rounded up a half-dozen pros and an equal number of amateurs and had them imagine making a specific shot——a wedge shot of 100 yards to the green， with no wind——while monitoring their brains in a functional magnetic resonance imaging machine. “The professionals are just much more specialized and efficient，” Milton says. “You put in a quarter and you get your shot.” The amateurs， by contrast， showed more total brain activation， involving more areas of the brain. In particular， amateurs activated the basal ganglia——involved in learning motor functions——and the basal forebrain and amygdala， responsible for， among other functions， emotions. “They're not fearful or anxious，” Milton says， “but they get overwhelmed by details， by the memories of all the shots they've missed in the past.” Some of his subjects worried about hitting the ball into the water， which was curious， because he hadn't even mentioned a water hazard in describing the imaginary shot to them.
Professional athletes， as a rule， know how to keep focus， although there are exceptions， like Chuck Knoblauch， the Yankee second baseman who suddenly lost the ability to make a routine throw to first base. Milton is already trying to apply these lessons to stroke and other rehabilitation patients who have to relearn skills like walking; he recommends putting more emphasis on visualization and improving mental focus. In many aspects of life， it seems， half the game really is 90 percent mental.
注(1)：本文選自Newsweek; 6/2/2003， p14;
注(2)：本文習(xí)題命題模仿對象2004年真題Text 4(個別題目順序加以調(diào)整);
1. The views of Yogi Berra and researchers including Crews and Milton are ________.
[A]similar
[B]identical
[C]opposite
[D]complementary
2. We can learn from the text that the difference between pros and amateurs lies in
_______.
[A]the activity of the left hemisphere
[B]the way of their thinking
[C]the ability to control one‘s brain
[D]the ability to forget the past failures
3. Tiger Woods， according to the text， is probably ________.
[A]a professional golf player
[B]a professional baseball player
[C]a sports psychologist
[D]a researcher
4. What is the key to the success of golfers according to the text?
[A]Not to think of anything related to your past losses.
[B]To be more specialized and efficient.
[C]Try to activate your whole brain.
[D]Quiet your left hemisphere and think of nothing.
5. What can we learn from the last paragraph?
[A]What the researchers have found proves Yogi Berra‘s words.
[B]Baseball player should do as Yogi Berra said.
[C]Mentality plays a very important role in many aspects of life.
[D]Sports and medicine share some common principles.
答案：CADBC At the close of the Kyoto Global-Warming Treaty discussions held in Bonn last week， exhausted negotiators from nearly every country on earth had reason to be proud. They had done what no one expected——they reached a breakthrough agreement to limit greenhouse gases. During the concluding remarks， as each speaker praised the next， only the chief U.S. official on the scene drew an undiplomatic response. When Paula Dobriansky told the gathering that the Bush Administration “will not abdicate our responsibility” to address global warming， the hall filled with boos. That's because the U.S.， the world's largest producer of greenhouse gases， sat on the sidelines in Bonn.
George W. Bush has yet to decide what， if anything， he will do to combat global warming. But he believes the Kyoto treaty is fatally flawed because it doesn't require developing countries to limit their fossil-fuel use immediately， as it does industrialized countries. So he kept the U.S. out of the discussions. In doing so， the Administration may have lost its last opportunity to help shape the international response to the problem. And Bush may be in danger of losing control over climate action domestically. After months of internal debate， the Administration is still “consulting” on the issue.
That noise you hear is Congress rushing to fill the leadership vacuum. At least six climate plans have been proposed so far. The first is sponsored by former Republican， now Independent Senator Jim Jeffords， chairman of the Senate Environment Committee， who proposes to cut greenhouse-gas emissions from power plants. Congressional action this week will center on reducing emissions by raising vehicle fuel-efficiency standards， including those for SUVs. If SUVs had to meet the same standards as cars——something Massachusetts Representative Ed Markey will propose this week——they could save consumers an estimated $7 billion at the pump this year and cut gasoline demand by tens of billions of gallons over 10 years.
The “drill Detroit， not the Arctic” campaign will find some support this week when the National Academy of Sciences releases a long-awaited study. The report， toned down after the auto industry protested that raising fuel-efficiency standards， by making cars lighter， makes vehicles less safe， is still likely to conclude that fuel efficiency can be increased at least 25% with existing technology.
If a fuel-efficiency bill reaches his desk， Bush could be in a bind——caught between auto lobbyists (his chief of staff used to be one) and his concern for energy security. With new technology putting impressive fuel efficiency within reach， it will be hard for him to oppose measures that could reduce the national appetite for foreign oil by millions of barrels a year.
注(1)：本文選自Time; 8/6/2001， p24;
注(2)：本文習(xí)題模仿對象2005年真題Text 1;
1. In the opening paragraph， the author introduces his topic by
[A]making a comparison.
[B]justifying as an assumption.
[C]posing a contrast.
[D]explaining a phenomenon.
2. The statement “sat on the sidelines” (Line 7， Paragraph 1) means
[A]not sitting together with the representatives from other countries.
[B]not taking part in the activity even though they should do.
[C]not getting involved in the discussion.
[D]not paying attention to the international affair.
3. Bush kept U.S. out of the discussions because he believes
[A]the industrialized countries should not shoulder the responsibility alone.
[B]developing countries fail to meet the same requirement.
[C]the industrialized countries seem to share more in tacking this issue.
[D]the developing countries should not be included.
4. The National Academy of Sciences found in the study that
[A]the auto industry should not raise the fuel efficiency standards.
[B]the lighter car is not safe enough.
[C]the existing technology can increase the fuel efficiency.
[D]the lighter the car is， the less safety it will be.
5. What can we learn from the last paragraph?
[A]New technology can help Bush out of trouble.
[B]Bush intends to stir the national appetite for foreign oil.
[C]Auto lobbyists have different ideas from Bush.
[D]Bush fails to deal with the subtle situation.
答案：CBACB Jim Boon is a hybrid kind of guy. He drives a Toyota hybrid to work， a Honda hybrid on weekends and， as a manager for Seattle public transit he recently placed the world's largest order for hybrid electric buses.
Now， with the biggest hybrid-bus fleet in the world， Seattle has become the main testing ground for a technology that claims it can drastically cut air pollution and fuel consumption. In the 1990s， demo fleets of 35 buses or fewer started cropping up in cities such as Tempe， Ariz. Sixteen of these early hybrids still service Genoa， Italy， where drivers switch from diesel to electric power when passing the city's downtown architectural treasures. But no city has gone as far as Seattle， which last year bought 235 GM hybrid buses at $645，000 a pop. When the final one rolls out this December， the region's bus system will be 15 percent hybrid.
But why Seattle， and why now? The Pacific Northwest has long been a hotbed of both Green politics and cutting-edge technology. Fourteen years ago the Seattle area bought 236 Italian-made Breda buses to service a mile-long downtown tunnel. They were supposed to operate as clean electric trolleys underground， but the switching mechanism often failed and “the bus drove through the tunnel as a diesel，” says Boon. “It was pretty loud and smoky.”
When the Bredas hit retirement age in 2002， Boon went shopping. He chose the GM buses because they use an automatic transmission and diesel boosters that provide power to scale inclines without strain. In hilly Seattle， the prospect of a hybrid that could climb like a diesel but accelerate without belching black fumes helped justify a price $200，000 higher than that of a regular bus. “The days of seeing a diesel pull away and pour out smoke are over，” says Boon. “After we drove these hybrid buses across the country， I wiped a handkerchief inside the tailpipe. It came out spotless.”
Experts say buses are critical to realizing the hybrid dream of greater efficiency and cleaner air. It would take thousands of hybrid cars to save as many gallons of gas (750，000) as Boon expects his buses to save Seattle each year. GM claims that compared with conventional diesels， its new buses also churn out 90 percent less particulate matter——a known carcinogen. “Buses are a major source of pollution in any city，” says Dave Kircher of the Puget Sound Clean Air Agency. “They operate where people are breathing this exhaust， so this is a major step forward in terms of emissions.”
And a major step forward in the marketplace： Philadelphia; Honolulu; Long Beach， Calif.， and Albuquerque， N.M.， have all bought the GM buses in recent months. GM is now touting itself in ads as the top hybrid-bus innovator， but Siemens is among the global giants dueling GM for new business， and New York plans to deploy 325 BAE Systems hybrids by 2006. “There's room for competition，” says James Cannon， editor of Hybrid Vehicles newsletter. Seems Seattle isn't the only city trying to leave grunge behind.
注(1)：本文選自Newsweek; 9/20/2004;
注(2)：本文習(xí)題命題模仿對象2004年Text 1.
1. How does Genoa protect its architectural treasures?
[A]Following Seattle‘s steps to reduce pollution.
[B]Using electric power of the car when crossing.
[C]Shifting the power of the hybrids when crossing.
[D]Reducing the number of the buses crossing there.
2.Which of the following can be the main advantage of hybrid bus?
[A]Cutting air pollution and fuel consumption
[B]Producing less smoke and noise.
[C]Owning strong switching mechanism.
[D]Producing less dangerous matter.
3.The expression “churn out”(Line 4， Paragraph 5) most probably means ______.
[A]increase
[B]destroy
[C]reduce
[D]produce
4.Why buses are critical to realizing the hybrid dream of higher efficiency?
[A]Buses are a major source of pollution.
[B]A single bus saves much more gas than a single car.
[C]Buses carry more passengers.
[D]New buses produce less harmful material.
5.Which of the following is true according to the text?
[A]Many cities plan to buy GM buses.
[B]GM buses have the incomparable advantages over other buses.
[C]There is severe competition in the field of hybrid vehicles.
[D]The best way to keep the city clean is to buy hybrid buses.
答案：CADBC Imagine asking a presidential candidate to sit down for a sensitivity session on gay and lesbian issues. That's exactly what we did last week in Austin， Texas. George W. Bush invited us， a dozen gay Republicans， after he'd refused to meet with a gay Republican group that had criticized him. Our meeting set an important precedent： never again will a major-party candidate be able to run for president without addressing gay and lesbian issues.
Bush didn't like everything we had to say. I was struck by his lack of familiarity with the issues， as well as by his desire to learn. I described how my partner， Rob Morris， and I have been in a 17-year relationship. We both come from healthy， strong， religious families. Rob grew up in a conservative Republican family in Georgia; I come from a longtime Republican family in Wisconsin. I'm now the vice president of my Lutheran church. I wanted Governor Bush to understand that long-term， loving relationships， stable families， strong faith-based traditions and Republican voting histories are all part of the gay and lesbian community.
Our stories had an impact. Bush admitted that， growing up in Texas， he had not been as open to elements of America's diverse culture. He had a narrow set of friends and a firm set of traditions. But he was surprised and dismayed to hear that people saw him as intolerant. “What have I said that sent that signal?” he asked repeatedly. We confronted him about his reported statement that if you were openly gay or lesbian you would not be considered for a job in his administration. “I never said that，” he insisted， assuring us he would hire gays and lesbians who both were qualified and shared his political views.
Our perspective was clearly eye-opening to him. When one of us talked about his lesbian sister and her partner adopting children， the governor acknowledged his often-stated belief that gays should not adopt. “Now you're telling me of a very loving， caring relationship，” he said. “I really appreciate hearing that.” We stressed that a Bush administration could not roll back any of the progress made in recent years. We talked about AIDS funding and research. Though Bush was attentive——and does show a willingness to hear all sides——I don't think we changed his positions. He still opposes gay marriage and classifying crimes against gays as hate crimes. To be honest， Bush still has a long way to go. But I think he's a lot farther along today than he was last week.
注(1)：本文選自Newsweek，04/24/2000， p43
注(2)：本文習(xí)題命題模仿對象2003年真題Text 4
1. What is implied in the first paragraph?
[A]A gay Republican group criticized Bush for his political views.
[B]It is impossible to invite a president for discussing the gay issues.
[C]No president candidate can ignore gay and lesbian issues at the present time.
[D]Gay and lesbian issues are hot issues for the president.
2. The author uses himself as an example to show _________.
[A]what it is like in the gay and lesbian community
[B]what it is like to be a gay.
[C]what kind of a family the gays come from.
[D]what it is like to maintain a gay relationship
3. The author‘s attitude toward Bush’s performance at the meeting is _________.
[A]scornful
[B]satisfactory
[C]supporting
[D]objective
4. In spite of his careful listening， Bush still opposes the following behaviors except _________.
[A]adopting the child
[B]getting married
[C]redefining hate crimes
[D]employing the gays and lesbians
5. The text intends to express the idea that _________.
[A]the gays and lesbians long for the normal life
[B]Bush has partly changed his views about the gay issues
[C]there is still a long way to go to deal with the gay issues properly
[D]the gays has had a successful talk with Bush
答案：CABDC
篇章剖析
本文可以說是一篇記敘文，作者以第一人稱的身份講述了十幾個共和黨人同總統(tǒng)候選人布什的會面，并就男女同性戀問題進(jìn)行了探討和交流。第一段指出這一會面蘊涵的意義;在第二段，作者以自己為例，向布什具體講述有關(guān)同性戀者的家庭、宗教信仰以及他(她)們之間的關(guān)系;第三段和第四段指出這一交流對布什產(chǎn)生的影響和作用。
詞匯注釋
behind the scenes adv.在后臺， 在幕后
gay[^eI] n. 同性戀者， 尤指男性同性者
sit down v.坐下， 扎營， 坐下來商討， 停止， 降落
lesbian n.同性戀的女性
precedent n.先例
major party n.(有競選力量、可能入主政府或成為主要*的)大黨;主要政黨
intolerant adj.不寬容的， 偏狹的
eye-opening adj.使瞠目吃驚的， 很有啟發(fā)的
acknowledge vt.承認(rèn)， 答謝， 報償
難句突破
Our meeting set an important precedent： never again will a major-party candidate be able to run for president without addressing gay and lesbian issues.
主體句式：Our meeting set an important precedent…
結(jié)構(gòu)分析：“Our meeting set an important precedent”和“never again will a major-party candidate be able to run for president without addressing gay and lesbian issues”是一種并列關(guān)系。在這個句子中，需要注意這么一個語法點：如果否定詞(never， hardly， seldom， etc)位于句首，謂語動詞要倒裝。注意掌握詞組“run for”，意為“競選”，“address”意為“處理”。
句子譯文：我們的會面開創(chuàng)了一個重要的先河：主要政黨的候選人不處理男女同性戀問題就能競選總統(tǒng)的日子一去不復(fù)返了。
題目分析
1.答案為C， 屬推理判斷題。原文對應(yīng)信息是：“Our meeting set an important precedent： never again will a major-party candidate be able to run for president without addressing gay and lesbian issues. ”這一句話點出了此次會談的意義。
2.答案為A，屬推理判斷題。原文對應(yīng)信息是“I wanted Governor Bush to understand that long-term， loving relationships， stable families， strong faith-based traditions and Republican voting histories are all part of the gay and lesbian community. ”作者以自己為例，是為了向布什更好地解釋有關(guān)同性戀的問題。
3.答案為B，屬情感態(tài)度題。原文對應(yīng)信息是“I was struck by his lack of familiarity with the issues， as well as by his desire to learn.”其中“strike”的含義為“打動;感動;給…印象; 吸引”等等。文章最后兩句話“To be honest， Bush still has a long way to go. But I think he's a lot farther along today than he was last week.”意為“老實說，布什要走的路還很長。但是我認(rèn)為與上周相比，他今天已走了很遠(yuǎn)?！北憩F(xiàn)出對布什的贊賞和肯定。
4.答案為D，屬事實細(xì)節(jié)題。原文對應(yīng)信息是“He still opposes gay marriage and classifying crimes against gays as hate crimes.”由此我們可以確定選項B和C是正確的;從原文“the governor acknowledged his often-stated belief that gays should not adopt”，我們可以確定選項A是正確的;選項D在文中對應(yīng)的信息是“he insisted， assuring us he would hire gays and lesbians who both were qualified and shared his political views.”
5.答案為C，屬推理判斷題。從文中第一段“Our meeting set an important precedent： never again will a major-party candidate be able to run for president without addressing gay and lesbian issues.”我們可看出同性戀問題的嚴(yán)重性。最后一段“To be honest， Bush still has a long way to go.”我們可看出這一問題的長期性和復(fù)雜性。由此可作出判斷。 I am a hip-hop head for life. I have tagged my moniker—— “kepo1”——on walls; break-danced on cardboard; bumped elbows with fellow hip-hoppers at legendary clubs like The Rooftop， Union Square and Latin Quarter in New York City， and done everything from organizing rap shows to working as a hip-hop journalist and managing music producers. This culture has not only rescued the lives of countless masses who look like me， but it has empowered more young， working-class black and Latino cats than the civil-rights movement.
Yet something peculiar erupts when you've been around hip-hop for a while. Although you still love it， you look at its culture from a more critical perspective， particularly if you have studied other music genres， traveled widely and reflected intensely. You realize that what began as party music has come to be the soundtrack for post-civil-rights America. You realize that hip-hop is urban folk art， and as much an indication of the conditions in impoverished areas as bluesman Robert Johnson's laments in the 1930s. Naturally， you see a connection between the lives of Johnson and Tupac Shakur， not to mention a not-so-funny link between the mainstream hyping of Elvis and Eminem as innovators of black music forms. And， for sure， you wonder， loudly， if what happened to rock and roll will happen to hip-hop， if it hasn't already.
That is the external battle for hip-hop today： corporate control and cooptation. But there is also a civil war going on within the hip-hop nation. Part of it， unquestionably， has to do with this corporate stranglehold. Part of it has to do with the incredibly apolitical times in which we live： for some white Americans the current economic boom has created the myth that things are swell for all Americans. Not the case; 20 years after the Reagan backlash on civil rights， the influx of crack and guns and the acceleration of a disturbing class divide in black America， hip-hop has come to symbolize a generation fragmented by integration， migration， abandonment， alienation and， yes， self-hatred. Thus， hip-hop， once vibrant， edgy， fresh and def， is now as materialistic， hedonistic， misogynistic， shallow and violent as some of the films and TV shows launched from Hollywood.
It wasn't always that way. But， unfortunately， the golden era of hip-hop——that period in the late '80s and early '90s when such diverse artists as Public Enemy， N.W.A， Queen Latifah， MC Hammer， LL Cool J and De La Soul coexisted and there was no such thing as “positive” or “negative” rap——has long been dead. Gone as well is an embrace of hip-hop's four elements： graffiti writing， the dance element (or what some call break-dancing)， DJing and MCing. The MC or “rapper” has been singled out to be his own man in this very male-centered arena， and the formula for a hit record is simple： fancy yourself a thug， pimp or gangster; rhyme about jewelry， clothing and alcohol; denigrate women in every conceivable way， and party and b.s. ad nauseam.
注(1)：本文選自Newsweek; 10/09/2000， p66;
注(2)：本文習(xí)題命題模仿對象2005年真題Text 1;
1.In the opening paragraph， the author introduces his topic by
[A]posing a contrast.
[B]justifying an assumption.
[C]explaining a phenomenon.
[D]making a comparison.
2.Paragraph 2 implies that
[A]blues， rock and roll and hip-hop are all urban folk music.
[B]the fates of the music represented by these singers are quite similar.
[C]the singers with the same background have the same fate.
[D]a wide knowledge about the lives of singers makes you well understand their music.
3.The music the author has loved for his life has been ruined because of
[A]corporate control and apolitical times.
[B]the Reagan backlash.
[C]the degenerated generation.
[D]the influence of Hollywood‘s films.
4.Today‘s hip-hop and some of Hollywood’s films and TV shows are quite
[A]related
[B]opposite
[C]similar
[D]different
5.What can we infer from the last paragraph?
[A]The four elements of hip-hop have broken up.
[B]The hip-hop has lost its characteristics as vibrant， edgy， fresh and def.
[C]The MC or “rapper” is misleading for the youngsters.
[D]The hip-hop will regain its glory in the future.
答案：CBACB After stepping down this summer as the head of the EPA， the embattled Christine Todd Whitman is once again in the hot seat. This time it's over her role in the downplaying of health hazards for New York City residents after 9/11. A report by the EPA inspector general says that Whitman assured the public that the air was safe before testing was conclusive. She's also under fire for allowing EPA statements to be filtered through the White House and screened by the Council on Environmental Quality， which is chaired by James Connaughton， a lawyer who formerly represented the asbestos industry.
The long-term effects of inhaling contaminated air is unknown. But New York Rep. Jerrold Nadler accuses the administration of covering up a potential health danger in order to get the economy up and running. “Many people will die early because of this，” says Nadler.
In her first interview since the release of the report， Whitman tells NEWSWEEK that she did not object when the White House edited out cautionary notes by EPA scientists. “We didn't want to scare people，” she said， explaining that spikes in asbestos readings tended to return quickly to acceptable levels. She believes that much of the data were open to interpretation， and that the public wasn't harmed by the White House's decision to adopt the more reassuring analysis. But New York Sen. Hillary Clinton is calling for an investigation， saying she knows how the White House works and that somebody surely leaned on the EPA to lie. “We were not told to lie，” says Whitman.
Firefighters and other rescue workers suffering health problems continue to blame the EPA for failing to make them aware of the risks. The EPA advised wearing protective clothing and masks， Whitman says， but many working on the site rejected the gear as too cumbersome. “We couldn't force them to do it，” says Whitman. In addition， residents returning to the area say they weren't told to have their homes professionally cleaned. “Maybe there was one press release where we didn't say that， but then we said it over and over，” says Whitman.
EPA's former ombudsman said soon after 9/11 that Whitman had a conflict of interest because of her husband's connection to Citigroup， which owns Travelers Insurance. By pronouncing lower Manhattan safe， critics say， Whitman saved the insurance giant millions in cleanup costs. Whitman was cleared of the conflict by the EPA inspector general. “There's no way in hell——excuse my language——that I would ever， ever play games with this kind of information.”
注(1)：本文選自Newsweek; 9/8/2003， p8;
注(2)：本文習(xí)題命題模仿對象2003年真題Text 4;
1. What conclusion can we make from the first paragraph?
[A]White House shouldn‘t be informed of the EPA statements.
[B]Whitman shouldn‘t have made such a hasty conclusion about the air.
[C]The public had strong objection against Whitman‘s doings after 9/11
[D]Whitman had got unfair treatment.
2. The author uses the example of firefighters and other rescue workers‘ suffering to show that ______.
[A]someone should be responsible for their health condition.
[B]they should have been warned against the possible results in advance.
[C]it was their own fault for not wearing the protective clothes and masks.
[D]their equipments are out of date and fail to function well.
3. Hillary Clinton‘s attitude toward Whitman’s remarks is one of ________.
[A]reserved consent
[B]strong disapproval
[C]slight contempt
[D]enthusiastic support
4. Facing charges against her， Whitman seemed to defend herself quite _________.
[A]extravagantly
[B]cautiously
[C]flexibly
[D]forcefully
5. The text intends to express that __________.
[A]Whitman has been proved innocent in this event.
[B]everything connected with 9/11 should be exposed
[C]Whitman has a good defense for what she has done
[D]Whitman shouldn‘t be blamed for her doings.
答案：CABDC On this one point George W. Bush and Al Gore would agree： our schools need more Marilyn Whirrys. For 35 years， Whirry has inspired high school students to think deeply about great literature and to use its devices in their writing. She is the kind of teacher that students come back to visit decades later in her classroom in Manhattan Beach， Calif. Last May a national educators' group named her its Teacher of the Year. And with the nation's public schools planning to hire 2.5 million new teachers over the next decade， Whirry is excited that each presidential candidate is pushing ways to recruit， train and reward better teachers. “They're both talking about teacher quality，” she says. “We have a real opportunity right now.”
Bush's plan combines most existing federal funds for professional development and class-size reduction into a flexible new fund for teacher training and recruitment， and he adds $400 million a year in new money. Bush would allow states to spend the funds as they see fit——so long as they establish teacher-accountability systems. This is similar to what Ronald Reagan did in the 1980s. But then， says Emily Feistritzer， president of the Center for Education Information， “the money disappeared.” Under Bush's plan， she says， “I worry that the money won't go where it's intended to once it reaches the states.”
Bush would expand funding from $2.4 million to $30 million for the Troops to Teachers program， which places veterans who want to teach in public schools. The program makes use of people like Arthur Moore， who retired in 1994 after 21 years in the Army and knew he wanted to teach. “There are a lot of people who would make excellent teachers but are discouraged by the bureaucracy of the certification process，” says Moore， 45， who began teaching fourth grade in Baltimore and now tests students for special education. “Troops to Teachers is an excellent way to tap their potential by lowering the barriers.” Bush would also expand loan forgiveness for math and science majors who teach in needy schools.
Gore's plan， endorsed by the teachers' unions， would spend $8 billion over 10 years to help recruit 1 million new teachers， with provisions for college aid， loan forgiveness and signing bonuses. Gore would spend an additional $8 billion to provide raises of as much as $5，000 each to teachers in poor districts that have adopted aggressive plans to improve teacher quality， plus as much as $10，000 each to teachers certified by a national board. Gore would also require states to ensure that all new teachers pass rigorous assessments. Says Feistritzer： “Gore's proposal might be a little excessive in the number of teachers he wants to recruit， but his teacher testing is exactly what we need.”
注(1)：本文選自Time;11/06/2000， p88， 2/3p， 1c
注(2)：本文習(xí)題命題模仿對象2005年真題text 1第一題(1)，2001年真題text 4第2題(2)和第3題(4)，text 3第1題(5)和第2題(3)
1. In the opening paragraph， the author introduces his topic by________.
[A] quoting the Teach of the Year
[B] citing an example
[C] making an assumption
[D] posing a contrast
2. According to Emily Feistritzer， Bush‘s plan might_________.
[A] be handicapped by the states
[B] give the states too much freedom
[C] help states recruit more teachers
[D] be too flexible
3. The basic problem many veterans encounter when they seek the teaching profession is _____.
[A] their lack of training and experience
[B] their background
[C] that they do not have the making of a teacher
[D] the barriers in the certification process
4. From paragraph 4 we can infer that__________.
[A] Gore‘s plan is better than Bush’s plan
[B] poor districts will receive more funding from Gore‘s plan
[C] Gore‘s plan focuses on the number of teachers while Bush’s plan on the accountability
[D] Gore‘s plan gives qualified teacher generous paycheck
5. What is the passage mainly about?
[A] The competition between Bush and Gore.
[B] Two presidential candidates‘ plans of teacher training， recruitment and rewarding.
[C] The increasing importance of the teaching profession.
[D] The differences between Bush‘s plan and that of Gore’s.
答案：C A D D B By modern standards， the hostile summit of Mount Llullaillaco， in the Argentine Andes， is no place fro kids. The ancient Inca saw things differently though， and so it was that one day， some 500 years ago， three children ascended the frigid and treacherous upper slopes of the 22，000-ft. peak. The three had spent time at the 17，000-ft. level， taking part in rituals that can only be guessed at. Now， accompanied by a retinue of adults， they moved steadily upward. They would not return. Once at the summit， the children-two girls and a boy， between eight and 15 years old-would be ritually sacrificed and entombed beneath 5 ft. of rocky rubble. They may even have been buried alive.
And there the story might have ended but for the tireless efforts of Johan Reinhard， an independent archaeologist funded by the National Geographic Society. Reinhard's specialty is scaling the Andes in search of sacrificial remains; he had already located 15 bodies， including the famed ice maiden he found in 1995. But these three， whose discovery he announced last week， are by far the most impressive. They were frozen solid within hours of their burial. Two of the bodies are almost perfectly preserved; the third was evidently damaged by lightening. The children's internal organs are not only intact but also still contain blood. Says Craig Morris， an expert on Andean archaeology at New York City's American Museum of Natural History： “It is truly a fantastic discovery.”
What makes it so fantastic is not just the bodies themselves， but also the wealth of artifacts that were buried along with them： 36 gold and silver statues， small woven bags， a ceramic vessel， leather sandals， a small llama figure and seashell necklaces. One of the girls， says Reinhard， “Has a beautiful yellow， geometrically designed cover laid over her.” Her head sports a plume of feathers and a golden mask.
Some of the bodies were provisioned with bundles of food wrapped in alpaca skin， which indicates that the children came from the Incan social elite-not surprising， since only people of high status would have been considered worthy of sacrifice. Little is known about the sacrificial ceremony itself; these objects， along with others found at the lower camp， should tell archaeologists plenty.
The preserved bodies， meanwhile， will give scientists an unprecedented look at Incan physiology. Reinhard and his team took care to pack the children in plastic， snow and insulating foam before hauling them down the mountain， and the Argentine military whisked them off to the nearby town of Salta. There， experts will analyze their stomachs to find out what they ate for their last meal， their organs for clues about their diet and their DNA to try and establish their relationship to other ethnic groups. Reinhard will head back into the mountains. There is no telling how many more bodies remain to be found.
注(1)：本文選自Time; 04/19/1999， p46;
注(2)：本文習(xí)題命題模仿對象為2002年真題(1、2、4題模仿Text4對應(yīng)題;第3、5題模仿Text3的第3、4題);
1. From the first paragraph we learn that _____?
[A] the summit of Mount Llullaillaco was not hostile in the past
[B] ancient Incans used to hold sacrificial rituals on top of the mountain
[C] burying children alive was a common practice in ancient Incan society
[D] the three children made the mountain climbing by themselves
2. Which of the following statements is true according to the text?
[A] Johan Reinhard works with the National Geographic Society.
[B] Archaeological discoveries depend on the independent work of archaeologists.
[C] The Andes is a treasure for archaeologists in search of sacrificial remain.
[D] Andean archaeology focuses on unearthing human bodies.
3. Rehinhard's discovery shows that _____?
[A] ancient Incans were masters of body-preservation
[B] the children suffered a lot before they were buried
[C] Incan children from rich families were often made sacrifices
[D] ancient Incans had grasped a high level of craftsmanship
4. Which of the following best define the word “unprecedented”(line 1， paragraph 5)?
[A] unexampled
[B] unusual
[C] precious
[D] unpredictable
5. We can draw a conclusion from the text that _____?
[A] Johan Reinhard's discovery will shed light on the study of ancient Incans
[B] Reinhard will find a lot more bodies in the future
[C] Experts can now describe the sacrificial ceremony in detail
[D] Argentine military are also interested in archaeological activities
答案：B C D A A