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Coal
煤炭
The fuel of the future, unfortunately
很不幸，這便是未來(lái)的能源
A cheap, ubiquitous and flexible fuel, with just one problem
這是一種廉價(jià)、易得且用途廣泛的燃料，但僅存在著一個(gè)問(wèn)題
WHAT more could one want? It is cheap and simple to extract, ship and burn. It is abundant: proven reserves amount to 109 years of current consumption, reckons BP, a British energy giant. They are mostly in politically stable places. There is a wide choice of dependable sellers, such as BHP Billiton (Anglo-Australian), Glencore (Anglo-Swiss), Peabody Energy and Arch Coal.
還能奢望更多的好條件嗎?這是一種廉價(jià)，且便于獲取、裝運(yùn)和燃燒的能源。它的儲(chǔ)量十分豐富：英國(guó)能源巨頭BP證實(shí)，現(xiàn)有的煤炭?jī)?chǔ)量可供人們維持目前的消耗量長(zhǎng)達(dá)109年。煤炭資源還大多分布于政治穩(wěn)定的地區(qū)?？煽康拿禾抗?yīng)商數(shù)量眾多，如必和必拓、嘉能可，以及皮博迪和阿齊。
Other fuels are beset by state interference and cartels, but in this industry consumers—in heating, power generation and metallurgy—are firmly in charge, keeping prices low. Just as this wonder-fuel once powered the industrial revolution, it now offers the best chance for poor countries wanting to get rich.
其他能源均被國(guó)家或者卡特爾寡頭所控制，但在煤炭產(chǎn)業(yè)當(dāng)中，其供暖、電力和冶金業(yè)的消費(fèi)者處于絕對(duì)主導(dǎo)地位，令價(jià)格持續(xù)低廉。正如當(dāng)年這一完美的能源推動(dòng)著工業(yè)革命的發(fā)展，現(xiàn)在它也為貧窮國(guó)家們提供著發(fā)家致富的機(jī)會(huì)。
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Such arguments are the basis of a new PR campaign launched by Peabody, the world's largest private coal company. And coal would indeed be a boon, were it not for one small problem: it is devastatingly dirty. Mining, transport, storage and burning are fraught with mess, as well as danger. Deep mines put workers in intolerably filthy and dangerous conditions. But opencast mining, now the source of much of the world's coal, rips away topsoil and gobbles water. Transporting coal brings a host of environmental problems.
如此的論斷正是皮博迪公司發(fā)起的新一輪公關(guān)活動(dòng)的核心內(nèi)容，而目前該公司是全世界的私人煤炭企業(yè)。煤炭本該成為上帝的惠澤，而若不是因?yàn)檫@一個(gè)小小的問(wèn)題：它的破壞性污染。開采、運(yùn)輸、儲(chǔ)存和燃燒使用的一系列過(guò)程中，不僅充滿著問(wèn)題，還具有相當(dāng)?shù)奈ｋU(xiǎn)性。深入地下的礦井意味著礦工們要在難以忍受的骯臟以及危險(xiǎn)的條件下工作。但目前大多數(shù)煤礦所進(jìn)行的地表開采，不僅會(huì)使地表土壤流失，同時(shí)也消耗著大量的水。煤炭的運(yùn)輸還會(huì)帶來(lái)一系列的環(huán)境問(wèn)題。
The increased emissions of carbon dioxide from soaring coal consumption threaten to fry the planet, as the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change reminded everyone in a new report this week. The CO2 makes the oceans acid; burning coal also produces sulphur dioxide, which makes buildings crumble and lungs sting, and other toxic chemicals. By some counts, coal-fired power stations emit more radioactivity than nuclear ones. They release tiny, lethal particulates. Per unit generated, coal-fired stations cause far more deaths than nuclear ones, and more even than oil-fired ones.
正如聯(lián)合國(guó)政府間氣候變化專門委員會(huì)在這周最新的報(bào)告中所提醒的，持續(xù)增長(zhǎng)煤炭消耗帶來(lái)的二氧化碳排放的增加，使得地球溫室效應(yīng)加劇。二氧化碳的增加使得海水的酸度增加;與此同時(shí)，煤炭的燃燒產(chǎn)生二氧化硫和其他一些有毒化學(xué)物質(zhì)，而這導(dǎo)致了建筑物結(jié)構(gòu)的損傷以及人類肺部的損害。根據(jù)某種計(jì)算方式，煤炭發(fā)電廠所排放的輻射物質(zhì)甚至比核電廠所排放的還要多。各大電廠所排放的都是極小的致命微粒。而煤電廠每單位發(fā)電排放的致命微粒要遠(yuǎn)比核電廠多，甚至比石油發(fā)電廠還要多。
But poverty kills people too, and slow growth can cost politicians their jobs. Two decades of environmental worries are proving only a marginal constraint on the global coal industry. Some are trying to get out: in America Consol Energy is selling five mines in West Virginia to concentrate on shale gas. Big coal-burners such as American Electric Power and Duke Energy are shutting coal-fired plants. Yet despite America's shale-gas boom, the federal Energy Information Administration reckons that by 2040 the country will still be generating 22% of its electricity from coal. The International Energy Agency has even predicted that, barring policy changes, coal may rival oil in importance by 2017. As countries get richer they tend to look for alternatives—China is scrambling to curb its rising consumption. But others, such as India and Africa, are set to take up the slack.
但貧窮問(wèn)題也同樣危害著人們的生命安全，而緩慢的經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)更是會(huì)令政治家們失去自己的飯碗。二十年來(lái)的環(huán)境問(wèn)題，證實(shí)了目前對(duì)于全球煤炭行業(yè)僅僅存在著一個(gè)最基本的限制。部分煤炭企業(yè)則試圖抽身離開：美國(guó)康壽能源公司正在叫賣位于維吉尼亞西部的五個(gè)煤礦，從而專注于頁(yè)巖氣的開發(fā)。像美國(guó)電力和杜克能源等大型煤炭消耗的電力公司，則著手關(guān)閉他們旗下的煤電廠。但盡管美國(guó)頁(yè)巖氣開采實(shí)現(xiàn)了產(chǎn)量增長(zhǎng)的井噴，聯(lián)邦能源信息管理局預(yù)計(jì)截至2040年全國(guó)發(fā)電量中的22%會(huì)來(lái)自煤電廠。國(guó)際能源總署甚至還預(yù)言說(shuō)，除非政策發(fā)生變化，煤炭的地位很可能在2017年便超越石油。隨著國(guó)家的富強(qiáng)，宏觀管理*總傾向于在能源方面尋找煤炭的替代品---中國(guó)目前正積極削減節(jié)節(jié)攀升的煤炭消耗。但像印度和非洲地區(qū)的其他國(guó)家，正準(zhǔn)備填補(bǔ)煤炭需求的短缺。
America's gas boom has prompted its coal miners to seek new export markets, sending prices plunging on world markets. So long as consumers do not pay for coal's horrible side-effects, that makes it irresistibly cheap. In Germany power from coal now costs half the price of watts from a gas-fired power station. It is a paradox that coal is booming in a country that in other respects is the greenest in Europe. Its production of power from cheap, dirty brown coal (lignite) is now at 162 billion kilowatt hours, the highest since the days of the decrepit East Germany.
美國(guó)天然氣市場(chǎng)的繁榮，促使著本地煤炭企業(yè)到海外拓展市場(chǎng)，推動(dòng)者煤炭國(guó)際價(jià)格的下跌。只要一天消費(fèi)者們?nèi)圆挥脤?duì)燃燒煤炭的副作用承擔(dān)責(zé)任，那么煤炭?jī)r(jià)格將依舊保持那讓人難以拒絕的低廉。在德國(guó)，煤炭發(fā)電的成本僅為天然氣發(fā)電的一半。這是一個(gè)多么自相矛盾的情況：煤炭正推動(dòng)著其經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展，而在其他方面，德國(guó)卻是歐洲最環(huán)保的國(guó)家。由廉價(jià)、骯臟的棕色煤塊(褐煤)所產(chǎn)生的電力，目前已經(jīng)達(dá)到了自東德時(shí)期以來(lái)的水平，達(dá)到了1620億千瓦時(shí)。
Japan, too, is turning to coal in the wake of the Fukushima nuclear disaster. On April 11th the government approved a new energy plan entrenching its role as a long-term electricity source.
隨著福島核電站事故的發(fā)生，日本也轉(zhuǎn)向于使用煤炭發(fā)電。在4月11號(hào)，日本政府頒布了新的能源規(guī)劃，以鞏固煤炭作為長(zhǎng)期發(fā)電燃料的地位。
International coal companies face two worries. One is that governments may eventually impose punitive levies, tariffs and restrictions on their mucky product. The other is the global glut. Prices for thermal coal are at 80-85 a tonne, which barely covers the cost of capital. Some Australian producers are even mining at a loss, having signed freight contracts with railways and ports that make them pay for capacity whether they use it or not.
國(guó)際煤炭公司面臨著兩大問(wèn)題。首先是各大政府或許最終會(huì)對(duì)他們骯臟的產(chǎn)品征收懲罰性的稅費(fèi)、增加關(guān)稅以及增設(shè)限制。其次，便是全球煤炭市場(chǎng)的供過(guò)于求。電煤的價(jià)格位于每公噸80至85美元之間，而這僅僅只夠補(bǔ)償資金成本。由于簽訂了鐵路和港口的運(yùn)輸合同，部分澳洲供應(yīng)商甚至還處于虧損的經(jīng)營(yíng)狀態(tài)。
One answer to that is cost-cutting and efficiency, much stressed by companies such as BHP Billiton. Unlike oil and gas, coal is geologically simple and does not require a costly array of drills, platforms and pipes. If the price is too low, companies can decide to stop production and await better times. But thriftiness with capital has its limits: the cost of mining is going up, as the easiest coal seams are worked out.
其中一個(gè)解決之道，在于成本削減和效率提升，而一些公司已大力著手實(shí)施，例如必和必拓。與油氣資源不同，煤炭開采的地理復(fù)雜程度低，不需要成本高昂的鉆井平臺(tái)和輸送管道。如果價(jià)格太低，公司可以選擇停止開采以等待更好的機(jī)會(huì)。但縮減投資規(guī)模也有它的局限：在最便利的煤層開采完畢后，接下來(lái)的煤炭開采成本便會(huì)持續(xù)上升。
Some companies have tried to switch efforts to “met” coal, which fuels smelters. This was thought to be scarcer and more profitable. But that theory has suffered. Supplies of met coal have proved more abundant than expected.
一些公司已經(jīng)嘗試去開發(fā)冶金煤炭市場(chǎng)。冶金煤炭，是專為熔爐供熱使用的煤炭，而這部分的資源曾被人認(rèn)為是較為稀缺且利潤(rùn)豐厚。然而，這一想法顯然與事實(shí)不同。冶金煤炭的供應(yīng)已經(jīng)被證實(shí)了遠(yuǎn)比設(shè)想的要充足。
Perhaps the biggest hope for all involved in the coal industry is technology. Mining and transporting coal will always be messy, but this could be overlooked were it burned cheaply and cleanly. Promising technologies abound: pulverising coal, extracting gas from it, scrubbing emissions and capturing the CO2. But none of these seems scalable in the way needed to dent the colossal damage done by coal. And all require large subsidies—from consumers, shareholders or taxpayers.
也許對(duì)所有煤炭行業(yè)相關(guān)的人來(lái)說(shuō)，的希望是在于科技的發(fā)展。雖然煤炭開采和運(yùn)輸問(wèn)題將一直存在，然而，如果它的燃燒利用能變得更為干凈和低廉，上述小問(wèn)題肯定會(huì)被大家所忽略。大量的技術(shù)值得我們?nèi)テ诖好禾糠鬯椤⒚簤K提取燃?xì)?、氣體排放凈化以及二氧化碳捕獲。但對(duì)于減少由煤炭造成的巨大傷害方面，這些技術(shù)都沒(méi)有所需要的促進(jìn)作用。與此同時(shí)，這些技術(shù)的開發(fā)還需要來(lái)自消費(fèi)者、企業(yè)股東以及納稅人的巨額資助。
A 5.2 billion taxpayer-supported clean-coal plant in Mississippi incorporates all the latest technology. But at 6,800 per kilowatt, it will be the costliest power plant yet built. At those prices, coal is going to stay dirty.
在密西西比州，一座由政府出資價(jià)值52億美元的清潔煤炭發(fā)電廠，集中了所有最新科技。但那兒每千瓦時(shí)的發(fā)電成本高達(dá)6800美元，創(chuàng)下了有史以來(lái)的電廠發(fā)電的成本。如此高價(jià)的清潔代價(jià)，意味著煤炭目前還得貼著污染的標(biāo)簽。
The fuel of the future, unfortunately
很不幸，這便是未來(lái)的能源
A cheap, ubiquitous and flexible fuel, with just one problem
這是一種廉價(jià)、易得且用途廣泛的燃料，但僅存在著一個(gè)問(wèn)題
WHAT more could one want? It is cheap and simple to extract, ship and burn. It is abundant: proven reserves amount to 109 years of current consumption, reckons BP, a British energy giant. They are mostly in politically stable places. There is a wide choice of dependable sellers, such as BHP Billiton (Anglo-Australian), Glencore (Anglo-Swiss), Peabody Energy and Arch Coal.
還能奢望更多的好條件嗎?這是一種廉價(jià)，且便于獲取、裝運(yùn)和燃燒的能源。它的儲(chǔ)量十分豐富：英國(guó)能源巨頭BP證實(shí)，現(xiàn)有的煤炭?jī)?chǔ)量可供人們維持目前的消耗量長(zhǎng)達(dá)109年。煤炭資源還大多分布于政治穩(wěn)定的地區(qū)?？煽康拿禾抗?yīng)商數(shù)量眾多，如必和必拓、嘉能可，以及皮博迪和阿齊。
Other fuels are beset by state interference and cartels, but in this industry consumers—in heating, power generation and metallurgy—are firmly in charge, keeping prices low. Just as this wonder-fuel once powered the industrial revolution, it now offers the best chance for poor countries wanting to get rich.
其他能源均被國(guó)家或者卡特爾寡頭所控制，但在煤炭產(chǎn)業(yè)當(dāng)中，其供暖、電力和冶金業(yè)的消費(fèi)者處于絕對(duì)主導(dǎo)地位，令價(jià)格持續(xù)低廉。正如當(dāng)年這一完美的能源推動(dòng)著工業(yè)革命的發(fā)展，現(xiàn)在它也為貧窮國(guó)家們提供著發(fā)家致富的機(jī)會(huì)。
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Such arguments are the basis of a new PR campaign launched by Peabody, the world's largest private coal company. And coal would indeed be a boon, were it not for one small problem: it is devastatingly dirty. Mining, transport, storage and burning are fraught with mess, as well as danger. Deep mines put workers in intolerably filthy and dangerous conditions. But opencast mining, now the source of much of the world's coal, rips away topsoil and gobbles water. Transporting coal brings a host of environmental problems.
如此的論斷正是皮博迪公司發(fā)起的新一輪公關(guān)活動(dòng)的核心內(nèi)容，而目前該公司是全世界的私人煤炭企業(yè)。煤炭本該成為上帝的惠澤，而若不是因?yàn)檫@一個(gè)小小的問(wèn)題：它的破壞性污染。開采、運(yùn)輸、儲(chǔ)存和燃燒使用的一系列過(guò)程中，不僅充滿著問(wèn)題，還具有相當(dāng)?shù)奈ｋU(xiǎn)性。深入地下的礦井意味著礦工們要在難以忍受的骯臟以及危險(xiǎn)的條件下工作。但目前大多數(shù)煤礦所進(jìn)行的地表開采，不僅會(huì)使地表土壤流失，同時(shí)也消耗著大量的水。煤炭的運(yùn)輸還會(huì)帶來(lái)一系列的環(huán)境問(wèn)題。
The increased emissions of carbon dioxide from soaring coal consumption threaten to fry the planet, as the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change reminded everyone in a new report this week. The CO2 makes the oceans acid; burning coal also produces sulphur dioxide, which makes buildings crumble and lungs sting, and other toxic chemicals. By some counts, coal-fired power stations emit more radioactivity than nuclear ones. They release tiny, lethal particulates. Per unit generated, coal-fired stations cause far more deaths than nuclear ones, and more even than oil-fired ones.
正如聯(lián)合國(guó)政府間氣候變化專門委員會(huì)在這周最新的報(bào)告中所提醒的，持續(xù)增長(zhǎng)煤炭消耗帶來(lái)的二氧化碳排放的增加，使得地球溫室效應(yīng)加劇。二氧化碳的增加使得海水的酸度增加;與此同時(shí)，煤炭的燃燒產(chǎn)生二氧化硫和其他一些有毒化學(xué)物質(zhì)，而這導(dǎo)致了建筑物結(jié)構(gòu)的損傷以及人類肺部的損害。根據(jù)某種計(jì)算方式，煤炭發(fā)電廠所排放的輻射物質(zhì)甚至比核電廠所排放的還要多。各大電廠所排放的都是極小的致命微粒。而煤電廠每單位發(fā)電排放的致命微粒要遠(yuǎn)比核電廠多，甚至比石油發(fā)電廠還要多。
But poverty kills people too, and slow growth can cost politicians their jobs. Two decades of environmental worries are proving only a marginal constraint on the global coal industry. Some are trying to get out: in America Consol Energy is selling five mines in West Virginia to concentrate on shale gas. Big coal-burners such as American Electric Power and Duke Energy are shutting coal-fired plants. Yet despite America's shale-gas boom, the federal Energy Information Administration reckons that by 2040 the country will still be generating 22% of its electricity from coal. The International Energy Agency has even predicted that, barring policy changes, coal may rival oil in importance by 2017. As countries get richer they tend to look for alternatives—China is scrambling to curb its rising consumption. But others, such as India and Africa, are set to take up the slack.
但貧窮問(wèn)題也同樣危害著人們的生命安全，而緩慢的經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)更是會(huì)令政治家們失去自己的飯碗。二十年來(lái)的環(huán)境問(wèn)題，證實(shí)了目前對(duì)于全球煤炭行業(yè)僅僅存在著一個(gè)最基本的限制。部分煤炭企業(yè)則試圖抽身離開：美國(guó)康壽能源公司正在叫賣位于維吉尼亞西部的五個(gè)煤礦，從而專注于頁(yè)巖氣的開發(fā)。像美國(guó)電力和杜克能源等大型煤炭消耗的電力公司，則著手關(guān)閉他們旗下的煤電廠。但盡管美國(guó)頁(yè)巖氣開采實(shí)現(xiàn)了產(chǎn)量增長(zhǎng)的井噴，聯(lián)邦能源信息管理局預(yù)計(jì)截至2040年全國(guó)發(fā)電量中的22%會(huì)來(lái)自煤電廠。國(guó)際能源總署甚至還預(yù)言說(shuō)，除非政策發(fā)生變化，煤炭的地位很可能在2017年便超越石油。隨著國(guó)家的富強(qiáng)，宏觀管理*總傾向于在能源方面尋找煤炭的替代品---中國(guó)目前正積極削減節(jié)節(jié)攀升的煤炭消耗。但像印度和非洲地區(qū)的其他國(guó)家，正準(zhǔn)備填補(bǔ)煤炭需求的短缺。
America's gas boom has prompted its coal miners to seek new export markets, sending prices plunging on world markets. So long as consumers do not pay for coal's horrible side-effects, that makes it irresistibly cheap. In Germany power from coal now costs half the price of watts from a gas-fired power station. It is a paradox that coal is booming in a country that in other respects is the greenest in Europe. Its production of power from cheap, dirty brown coal (lignite) is now at 162 billion kilowatt hours, the highest since the days of the decrepit East Germany.
美國(guó)天然氣市場(chǎng)的繁榮，促使著本地煤炭企業(yè)到海外拓展市場(chǎng)，推動(dòng)者煤炭國(guó)際價(jià)格的下跌。只要一天消費(fèi)者們?nèi)圆挥脤?duì)燃燒煤炭的副作用承擔(dān)責(zé)任，那么煤炭?jī)r(jià)格將依舊保持那讓人難以拒絕的低廉。在德國(guó)，煤炭發(fā)電的成本僅為天然氣發(fā)電的一半。這是一個(gè)多么自相矛盾的情況：煤炭正推動(dòng)著其經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展，而在其他方面，德國(guó)卻是歐洲最環(huán)保的國(guó)家。由廉價(jià)、骯臟的棕色煤塊(褐煤)所產(chǎn)生的電力，目前已經(jīng)達(dá)到了自東德時(shí)期以來(lái)的水平，達(dá)到了1620億千瓦時(shí)。
Japan, too, is turning to coal in the wake of the Fukushima nuclear disaster. On April 11th the government approved a new energy plan entrenching its role as a long-term electricity source.
隨著福島核電站事故的發(fā)生，日本也轉(zhuǎn)向于使用煤炭發(fā)電。在4月11號(hào)，日本政府頒布了新的能源規(guī)劃，以鞏固煤炭作為長(zhǎng)期發(fā)電燃料的地位。
International coal companies face two worries. One is that governments may eventually impose punitive levies, tariffs and restrictions on their mucky product. The other is the global glut. Prices for thermal coal are at 80-85 a tonne, which barely covers the cost of capital. Some Australian producers are even mining at a loss, having signed freight contracts with railways and ports that make them pay for capacity whether they use it or not.
國(guó)際煤炭公司面臨著兩大問(wèn)題。首先是各大政府或許最終會(huì)對(duì)他們骯臟的產(chǎn)品征收懲罰性的稅費(fèi)、增加關(guān)稅以及增設(shè)限制。其次，便是全球煤炭市場(chǎng)的供過(guò)于求。電煤的價(jià)格位于每公噸80至85美元之間，而這僅僅只夠補(bǔ)償資金成本。由于簽訂了鐵路和港口的運(yùn)輸合同，部分澳洲供應(yīng)商甚至還處于虧損的經(jīng)營(yíng)狀態(tài)。
One answer to that is cost-cutting and efficiency, much stressed by companies such as BHP Billiton. Unlike oil and gas, coal is geologically simple and does not require a costly array of drills, platforms and pipes. If the price is too low, companies can decide to stop production and await better times. But thriftiness with capital has its limits: the cost of mining is going up, as the easiest coal seams are worked out.
其中一個(gè)解決之道，在于成本削減和效率提升，而一些公司已大力著手實(shí)施，例如必和必拓。與油氣資源不同，煤炭開采的地理復(fù)雜程度低，不需要成本高昂的鉆井平臺(tái)和輸送管道。如果價(jià)格太低，公司可以選擇停止開采以等待更好的機(jī)會(huì)。但縮減投資規(guī)模也有它的局限：在最便利的煤層開采完畢后，接下來(lái)的煤炭開采成本便會(huì)持續(xù)上升。
Some companies have tried to switch efforts to “met” coal, which fuels smelters. This was thought to be scarcer and more profitable. But that theory has suffered. Supplies of met coal have proved more abundant than expected.
一些公司已經(jīng)嘗試去開發(fā)冶金煤炭市場(chǎng)。冶金煤炭，是專為熔爐供熱使用的煤炭，而這部分的資源曾被人認(rèn)為是較為稀缺且利潤(rùn)豐厚。然而，這一想法顯然與事實(shí)不同。冶金煤炭的供應(yīng)已經(jīng)被證實(shí)了遠(yuǎn)比設(shè)想的要充足。
Perhaps the biggest hope for all involved in the coal industry is technology. Mining and transporting coal will always be messy, but this could be overlooked were it burned cheaply and cleanly. Promising technologies abound: pulverising coal, extracting gas from it, scrubbing emissions and capturing the CO2. But none of these seems scalable in the way needed to dent the colossal damage done by coal. And all require large subsidies—from consumers, shareholders or taxpayers.
也許對(duì)所有煤炭行業(yè)相關(guān)的人來(lái)說(shuō)，的希望是在于科技的發(fā)展。雖然煤炭開采和運(yùn)輸問(wèn)題將一直存在，然而，如果它的燃燒利用能變得更為干凈和低廉，上述小問(wèn)題肯定會(huì)被大家所忽略。大量的技術(shù)值得我們?nèi)テ诖好禾糠鬯椤⒚簤K提取燃?xì)?、氣體排放凈化以及二氧化碳捕獲。但對(duì)于減少由煤炭造成的巨大傷害方面，這些技術(shù)都沒(méi)有所需要的促進(jìn)作用。與此同時(shí)，這些技術(shù)的開發(fā)還需要來(lái)自消費(fèi)者、企業(yè)股東以及納稅人的巨額資助。
A 5.2 billion taxpayer-supported clean-coal plant in Mississippi incorporates all the latest technology. But at 6,800 per kilowatt, it will be the costliest power plant yet built. At those prices, coal is going to stay dirty.
在密西西比州，一座由政府出資價(jià)值52億美元的清潔煤炭發(fā)電廠，集中了所有最新科技。但那兒每千瓦時(shí)的發(fā)電成本高達(dá)6800美元，創(chuàng)下了有史以來(lái)的電廠發(fā)電的成本。如此高價(jià)的清潔代價(jià)，意味著煤炭目前還得貼著污染的標(biāo)簽。