Section C
Directions: There are 2 passages in this section． Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements． For each of them there are four choices marked A) , B) , C)and D) ． You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre．
Passage One
Questions 56 to 60 are based on the ．following passage．
A recent study discovered that after surviving a heart attack, women have a slightly higher risk than men of dying in the next 30 days． The finding, researchers say, likely reflects the differences in the type of heart failure women experience, as well as the severity of the condition． (When the severity of the heart attack was taken into consideration, the mortality rates were more comparable between men and women)． The study examined medical records for more than 136,000 patients who had suffered from acute coronary syndromes (ACS急性冠狀動(dòng)脈綜合癥) ． They found that, in the month after first suffering ACS, the mortality rate among men was 5．3%, compared with 9．6% in women．
Under the umbrella term ACS there are multiple conditions--including heart attack caused by either completely or partially blocked blood supply, and what doctors refer to as "unstable angina (心絞痛) ," or when slowly decreasing blood and oxygen supply causes tightness in the chest, often a precursor (前兆) to the more severe types of heart attack． In this study, a heart attack caused by completely or nearly completely blocked blood supply was more likely to result in death after 30 days for women, compared with men． But for slightly less severe incidents, in which blood flow was partially or temporarily blocked, or in cases of unstable angina, women had lower mortality rates in the following 30 days than men did．
The differences, which incorporate both sex and type of ACS, suggest to researchers that physicians should take gender into consideration when assessing patients, and deciding on the best course of treatment or prevention． Women, who in the study tended to be older than men when they suffered heart attack, were also more likely to have concurrent complications (并發(fā)癥) such as diabetes (糖尿病) or hypertension (高血壓) ． And whereas men were more likely to have narrowed coronary arteries (冠狀動(dòng)脈）, which was less frequently the case among women． After a more severe incident, the fact that women had a greater risk for death suggested to doctors that it might be due to the subsequent reduction in blood flow． On the other hand, that they got along better than men after the less severe forms of ACS--partial blockage or unstable angina--was likely a result of the generally less severe blockages seen in women, as compared to men．
Heart disease is the leading cause of death among both men and women, and though, overall women's health outcomes continue to be slightly worse than men's, they are improving． And, researchers hope, with more studies illuminating the way in which heart disease uniquely impacts women and men, new gender- specific treatment methods may be the way of the future．
56． What does the study indicate about acute coronary syndromes (ACS) ? A． It can have different impact on women and men． B． It can be regarded as the leading cause of death among these patients． C． It can lead to more severe types of heart attack． D． It can cause more deaths among men in the next 30 days． 57． According to the study, more women's deaths are likely to occur in a month when the heart attack is caused by A． temporary blockage B． tightness in the chest C． unstable angina D． complete blockage 58． Among these ACS patients, women were more likely to A． have more severe forms of ACS B． be younger than men C． have other diseases D． have narrowed coronary arteries 59． What is the possible reason for women's lower death risk in case of less severe ACS? A． The blood supply decreased subsequently． B． They usually had less severe blockages than men． C． New treatment methods were adopted. D． They are less likely to have diabetes or hypertension． 60． What is the main purpose of the study? A． To improve overall women's health outcomes． B． To call for ACS solutions based on gender differences． C． To find the best course of treatment or prevention of ACS． D． To decrease the mortality rate in 30 days after the heart attack． Passage Two Questions 61 to 65 are based on the following passage． Meat eaters in developed countries will have to eat a lot less meat, cutting consumption by 50%, to avoid the worst consequences of future climate change, new research warns． The fertilizers used in farming are responsible for a significant share of the warming that causes climate change． A study published in Environmental Research Letters warns that drastic changes in food production and at the dinner table are needed by 2050 in order to prevent disastrous global warming． It's probably the most difficult challenge in dealing with climate change: how to reduce emissions from food production while still producing enough to feed a global population projected to reach 9 billion by the middle of this century． The findings, by Eric Davidson, director of the Woods Hole Research Centre in Massachusetts, say the developed world will have to cut fertilizer use by 50% and persuade consumers in the developed world to stop eating so much meat． Davidson concedes it's a hard sell． "I think there are huge challenges in convincing people in the west to reduce portion sizes or the frequency of eating meat． That is part of our culture right now," he said． Researchers have been paying closer attention in the past few years to the impact of agriculture on climate change, and the parallel problem of growing enough food for an expanding population． Some scientists are at work growing artificial meat which would avoid the fertilizers and manure (糞肥)responsible for climate change． Nitrous oxide (一氧化二氮) , released by fertilizers and animal manure, is the most potent of the greenhouse gases that cause climate change． The UN's climate body has called for deep cuts to those emissions． Growing feed crops, for cattle and pigs, produces more of those emissions than food crops that go directly into the human food chain． Eating less meat would reduce demand for fertilizers as well as reduce the amount of manure produced． Davidson also suggests changes in current farming practice． For example, such as growing winter ground cover crops would help absorb nitrogen (氮) and prevent its release into the atmosphere． In reaching his conclusion, Davidson draws on figures from the Food and Agricultural Organization suggesting the world population will reach 8．9 billion by 2050． Meat consumption is also projected to increase sharply to 89kg per person a year in rich countries． Such a trajectory (發(fā)展軌跡)would put the world on course to more severe consequences of climate change． Davidson is not suggesting people give up meat entirely． "The solution isn't that everyone needs to become a vegetarian． Simply reducing portion sizes and frequency would go a long way," he said． So would switching from beef and pork, which have a high carbon footprint (碳排放量), to chicken or fish．
61． What is the hardest task in coping with the future climate change? A． To persuade people to reduce portion sizes or the frequency of eating meat． B． To balance between food production and emissions of greenhouse gases． C． To produce enough food for an expanding global population． D． To change the current farming practice． 62． Which of the following statements is NOT a suggestion made by Davidson? A． Decrease the use of fertilizers． B． Cut the meat consumption． C． Plant winter ground cover crops． D． Grow artificial meat． 63． We can infer that one benefit of eating less meat is that it can reduce A． the planting of food crops B． the demand for fertilizers C． the emissions of nitrous oxide D． the amount of manure produced 64． What may be the most preferred diet by Davidson? A． Less beef but more fish． B． Only vegetables． C． Some vegetables and some pork． D． Less chicken but more vegetables． 65． Which of the following can be the best title of the passage? A． Stop Eating So Much Meat B． Stop Using Fertilizers C． Control the Future Climate Change D． Control the World Population 最近的一項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)。在心臟病發(fā)作后的30天．女性的死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)要略微高于男性。研究者們認(rèn)為這個(gè)發(fā)現(xiàn)可能反映出女性經(jīng)歷的心臟衰竭類(lèi)型上的差別，以及狀況的嚴(yán)重程度。 (當(dāng)把心臟病發(fā)作的嚴(yán)重程度考慮在內(nèi)時(shí)，男性和女性的死亡率更具可比性。) 這項(xiàng)研究檢查了13600余名急性冠狀動(dòng)脈綜合癥患者的病歷。他們發(fā)現(xiàn)．在急性冠狀動(dòng)脈綜合癥首次發(fā)作后的一個(gè)月內(nèi)．男性的死亡率為5．3％．而女性為9．6％。 在急性冠狀動(dòng)脈綜合癥這個(gè)涵蓋性術(shù)語(yǔ)下有很多不同的狀況，包括完全或部分血液供應(yīng)受阻引發(fā)的心臟病，和醫(yī)生稱(chēng)為“不穩(wěn)定型心絞痛”、或者逐漸減少的血液和氧氣供應(yīng)造成的胸悶，這經(jīng)常是更為嚴(yán)重的心臟病發(fā)作的前兆。在這項(xiàng)研究中，與男性相比，由完全或幾乎完全血液供應(yīng)受阻引發(fā)的心臟病更可能導(dǎo)致女性在30天后死亡，但是在略微不嚴(yán)重的情況下，例如血流被部分或者暫時(shí)堵塞、或者是不穩(wěn)定型心絞痛，女性在接下來(lái)的30天內(nèi)的死亡率要低于男性。 這些在性別和急性冠狀動(dòng)脈綜合癥類(lèi)型上的差別，向研究者們表明醫(yī)生在評(píng)估患者病情，決定治療或預(yù)防方案時(shí)應(yīng)該把性別考慮在內(nèi)。這項(xiàng)研究中的女性在心臟病發(fā)作時(shí)一般比男性年紀(jì)大．也更可能會(huì)伴隨有諸如糖尿病或者高血壓等并發(fā)癥。然而男性更可能會(huì)冠狀動(dòng)脈變窄，這在女性中不太普遍。在較嚴(yán)重的狀況后，女性死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)更高向醫(yī)生們表明這可能是由于后繼的血流減少造成的。 而另一方面．在不太嚴(yán)重的急性冠狀動(dòng)脈綜合癥(部分阻塞或者不穩(wěn)定型心絞痛． 之后女性的進(jìn)展比男件更好。很可能是因?yàn)榕缘难髯枞话銢](méi)有男性嚴(yán)重． 心臟病是男性和女性的主要死因。盡管女性總體健康結(jié)果依然略差于男性，但正在改善。并且．研究者們希望。隨著有越來(lái)越多的研究闡釋心臟病對(duì)勇性和女性的不同影響．新的針對(duì)不同性別的治療辦法會(huì)成為未來(lái)之路．
56． What does the study indicate about acute coronary syndromes (ACS) ? A． It can have different impact on women and men． B． It can be regarded as the leading cause of death among these patients． C． It can lead to more severe types of heart attack． D． It can cause more deaths among men in the next 30 days． 57． According to the study, more women's deaths are likely to occur in a month when the heart attack is caused by A． temporary blockage B． tightness in the chest C． unstable angina D． complete blockage 58． Among these ACS patients, women were more likely to A． have more severe forms of ACS B． be younger than men C． have other diseases D． have narrowed coronary arteries 59． What is the possible reason for women's lower death risk in case of less severe ACS? A． The blood supply decreased subsequently． B． They usually had less severe blockages than men． C． New treatment methods were adopted. D． They are less likely to have diabetes or hypertension． 60． What is the main purpose of the study? A． To improve overall women's health outcomes． B． To call for ACS solutions based on gender differences． C． To find the best course of treatment or prevention of ACS． D． To decrease the mortality rate in 30 days after the heart attack． Passage Two Questions 61 to 65 are based on the following passage． Meat eaters in developed countries will have to eat a lot less meat, cutting consumption by 50%, to avoid the worst consequences of future climate change, new research warns． The fertilizers used in farming are responsible for a significant share of the warming that causes climate change． A study published in Environmental Research Letters warns that drastic changes in food production and at the dinner table are needed by 2050 in order to prevent disastrous global warming． It's probably the most difficult challenge in dealing with climate change: how to reduce emissions from food production while still producing enough to feed a global population projected to reach 9 billion by the middle of this century． The findings, by Eric Davidson, director of the Woods Hole Research Centre in Massachusetts, say the developed world will have to cut fertilizer use by 50% and persuade consumers in the developed world to stop eating so much meat． Davidson concedes it's a hard sell． "I think there are huge challenges in convincing people in the west to reduce portion sizes or the frequency of eating meat． That is part of our culture right now," he said． Researchers have been paying closer attention in the past few years to the impact of agriculture on climate change, and the parallel problem of growing enough food for an expanding population． Some scientists are at work growing artificial meat which would avoid the fertilizers and manure (糞肥)responsible for climate change． Nitrous oxide (一氧化二氮) , released by fertilizers and animal manure, is the most potent of the greenhouse gases that cause climate change． The UN's climate body has called for deep cuts to those emissions． Growing feed crops, for cattle and pigs, produces more of those emissions than food crops that go directly into the human food chain． Eating less meat would reduce demand for fertilizers as well as reduce the amount of manure produced． Davidson also suggests changes in current farming practice． For example, such as growing winter ground cover crops would help absorb nitrogen (氮) and prevent its release into the atmosphere． In reaching his conclusion, Davidson draws on figures from the Food and Agricultural Organization suggesting the world population will reach 8．9 billion by 2050． Meat consumption is also projected to increase sharply to 89kg per person a year in rich countries． Such a trajectory (發(fā)展軌跡)would put the world on course to more severe consequences of climate change． Davidson is not suggesting people give up meat entirely． "The solution isn't that everyone needs to become a vegetarian． Simply reducing portion sizes and frequency would go a long way," he said． So would switching from beef and pork, which have a high carbon footprint (碳排放量), to chicken or fish．
61． What is the hardest task in coping with the future climate change? A． To persuade people to reduce portion sizes or the frequency of eating meat． B． To balance between food production and emissions of greenhouse gases． C． To produce enough food for an expanding global population． D． To change the current farming practice． 62． Which of the following statements is NOT a suggestion made by Davidson? A． Decrease the use of fertilizers． B． Cut the meat consumption． C． Plant winter ground cover crops． D． Grow artificial meat． 63． We can infer that one benefit of eating less meat is that it can reduce A． the planting of food crops B． the demand for fertilizers C． the emissions of nitrous oxide D． the amount of manure produced 64． What may be the most preferred diet by Davidson? A． Less beef but more fish． B． Only vegetables． C． Some vegetables and some pork． D． Less chicken but more vegetables． 65． Which of the following can be the best title of the passage? A． Stop Eating So Much Meat B． Stop Using Fertilizers C． Control the Future Climate Change D． Control the World Population 最近的一項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)。在心臟病發(fā)作后的30天．女性的死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)要略微高于男性。研究者們認(rèn)為這個(gè)發(fā)現(xiàn)可能反映出女性經(jīng)歷的心臟衰竭類(lèi)型上的差別，以及狀況的嚴(yán)重程度。 (當(dāng)把心臟病發(fā)作的嚴(yán)重程度考慮在內(nèi)時(shí)，男性和女性的死亡率更具可比性。) 這項(xiàng)研究檢查了13600余名急性冠狀動(dòng)脈綜合癥患者的病歷。他們發(fā)現(xiàn)．在急性冠狀動(dòng)脈綜合癥首次發(fā)作后的一個(gè)月內(nèi)．男性的死亡率為5．3％．而女性為9．6％。 在急性冠狀動(dòng)脈綜合癥這個(gè)涵蓋性術(shù)語(yǔ)下有很多不同的狀況，包括完全或部分血液供應(yīng)受阻引發(fā)的心臟病，和醫(yī)生稱(chēng)為“不穩(wěn)定型心絞痛”、或者逐漸減少的血液和氧氣供應(yīng)造成的胸悶，這經(jīng)常是更為嚴(yán)重的心臟病發(fā)作的前兆。在這項(xiàng)研究中，與男性相比，由完全或幾乎完全血液供應(yīng)受阻引發(fā)的心臟病更可能導(dǎo)致女性在30天后死亡，但是在略微不嚴(yán)重的情況下，例如血流被部分或者暫時(shí)堵塞、或者是不穩(wěn)定型心絞痛，女性在接下來(lái)的30天內(nèi)的死亡率要低于男性。 這些在性別和急性冠狀動(dòng)脈綜合癥類(lèi)型上的差別，向研究者們表明醫(yī)生在評(píng)估患者病情，決定治療或預(yù)防方案時(shí)應(yīng)該把性別考慮在內(nèi)。這項(xiàng)研究中的女性在心臟病發(fā)作時(shí)一般比男性年紀(jì)大．也更可能會(huì)伴隨有諸如糖尿病或者高血壓等并發(fā)癥。然而男性更可能會(huì)冠狀動(dòng)脈變窄，這在女性中不太普遍。在較嚴(yán)重的狀況后，女性死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)更高向醫(yī)生們表明這可能是由于后繼的血流減少造成的。 而另一方面．在不太嚴(yán)重的急性冠狀動(dòng)脈綜合癥(部分阻塞或者不穩(wěn)定型心絞痛． 之后女性的進(jìn)展比男件更好。很可能是因?yàn)榕缘难髯枞话銢](méi)有男性嚴(yán)重． 心臟病是男性和女性的主要死因。盡管女性總體健康結(jié)果依然略差于男性，但正在改善。并且．研究者們希望。隨著有越來(lái)越多的研究闡釋心臟病對(duì)勇性和女性的不同影響．新的針對(duì)不同性別的治療辦法會(huì)成為未來(lái)之路．