2015年職稱英語(yǔ)考試綜合類(lèi)A級(jí)語(yǔ)法整理

字號(hào):

詞類(lèi)、名詞的數(shù)與格
    一、詞類(lèi):
    英語(yǔ)中主要有:名詞、動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞、連接詞、冠詞等。對(duì)于初學(xué)者,必須搞清。
    1、名詞(包括代詞和數(shù)詞):在句子中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)和另一名詞的形容詞。
    2、動(dòng)詞:見(jiàn)第二講
    3、形容詞:可在句子中作表語(yǔ)、名詞的定語(yǔ)
    注意: 以下-ly結(jié)尾的詞不是副詞,是形容詞: friendly (友好的) lovely(可愛(ài)的) deadly(致命的) costly(昂貴的) likely(可能的) lonely(孤獨(dú)的) alone (單獨(dú)的) lively(活潑的) ugly(丑陋的) kindly(和藹的) manly(男子氣的)等
    4、副詞:主要用來(lái)說(shuō)明動(dòng)詞、形容詞和副詞本身。
    注意:除了in, up, down, on, inside, outside. 等只有一些表示方向和位置的副詞外,副詞不能作表語(yǔ)。
    例如:Please help me water these flowers when I am out. (我不在時(shí)請(qǐng)幫我澆澆花。)
    5、介詞:又稱前置詞,即放在名詞前面的"小詞".
    注意:
    1)介詞后面一定是個(gè)名詞(除習(xí)慣外),例如不能說(shuō):because of ill,而應(yīng)該為:because of illness;
    2)介詞后面不能跟that從句,即只能跟名詞或帶-wh開(kāi)頭的從句,這是英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法的一條重要規(guī)則,如不能說(shuō):He did not come to the party because of he was ill. 但可以是:She got angry because of what he said. (她因他的話而生氣了。)
    6、連接詞:用來(lái)連接兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上詞或句子的詞。
    注意:英語(yǔ)中一般不能同時(shí)使用兩個(gè)連接詞,如不能說(shuō):Although he is very rich, but he is not happy. (只要將although 或but去掉一個(gè)即可)
    關(guān)于連接詞的使用,詳見(jiàn)"第三講:句子的連接"一節(jié)。
    7、冠詞:用來(lái)限定名詞的詞,分不定冠詞a (an) 和定冠詞 the, 英語(yǔ)中的冠詞使用十分復(fù)雜,簡(jiǎn)單地說(shuō):
    1) 不可數(shù)名詞前不能用a (an)
    2) 第提到的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞用a (n)
    3) 能用what, who, which回答的名詞用the,即3W原則
    the teacher and the student / the patient and the doctor結(jié)構(gòu)中的the可以表示泛指
    詞性不是一成不變的,是由其在句子中的位子和功能決定的。
    如:She has gone home. (home為副詞)
    Is she at home? (home 為名詞)
    She looked at me patiently. (look為行為動(dòng)詞) She looked pale. (look為連系動(dòng)詞)
    二、名詞的數(shù):
    重點(diǎn)應(yīng)了解和掌握以下內(nèi)容:
    1、名詞的可數(shù)和不可數(shù):
    與漢語(yǔ)不同,英語(yǔ)中名詞要區(qū)分可數(shù)與不可數(shù)。
    籠統(tǒng)地講,物質(zhì)名詞,如:water(水), iron(鐵), wood(木頭)等, 和抽象名詞,如:democracy(民主), freedom(自由), happiness(幸福)等為不可數(shù)。
    不可數(shù)名詞前不能加a (an),后面不能加s (es),這是考試中對(duì)此類(lèi)題目判斷的重要依據(jù)。
    2、以下名詞為不可數(shù)名詞:
    news(消息) information(信息)
    furniture (家具) equipment(設(shè)備)
    advice (勸告) weather(天氣)
    work*(工作) clothing(衣服)
    baggage(行李)
    work作 "工作" 解釋時(shí)為不可數(shù)名詞,"找工作"不能說(shuō)to find a work, 應(yīng)為to find a job; work作"著作"、"作品"解時(shí)是可數(shù)名詞,如:Deng Xiaopin's works (鄧小平著作)/ a work about Deng Xiaopin (一件關(guān)于鄧小平的作品);作 "工廠" 解釋時(shí),單復(fù)數(shù)同形:a steel works (一個(gè)鋼鐵廠) / two chemical works(兩家化工廠)
    實(shí)例:
    We have a large staff but there ______ in the office.
    A. haven't many furnitures
    B. aren't many furnitures
    C. hasn't much furniture
    D. isn't enough furniture
    解題思路:根據(jù)名詞數(shù)的概念A(yù)、B肯定錯(cuò),不必考慮;C、D的主要差異是"hasn't"與 "isn't", 句子中有there,說(shuō)明該句是there be句型,故正確答案為D.題中staff, office 等詞與解題無(wú)關(guān)。
    注意辨別句子中斜體詞的數(shù)及其意義:
    There is still much room for improvement. (仍有許多改進(jìn)的余地)
    He has published two important papers on this subject. (他在這個(gè)課題上已發(fā)表了兩篇重要論文。)
    3、以下名詞單復(fù)數(shù)同形:
    means(手段) headquarters(司令部)
    works(工廠) species(物種)
    aircraft(飛機(jī)) Chinese(中國(guó)人)
    sheep(羊) fish(魚(yú))
    中國(guó)的計(jì)量單位:li(里), yuan(元), mu(畝)等
    實(shí)例:
    Every means has been tried out, but without satisfactory results. (每個(gè)方法都試過(guò)了,但結(jié)果不令人滿意。)
    4、形式上是復(fù)數(shù)的學(xué)科名稱,如physics , statistics, dynamics 作單數(shù)看待;時(shí)間、距離、鈔票、重量等復(fù)數(shù),可以看作一個(gè)整體作單數(shù)處理,如:Two days is not enough for me to finish the task. (要我完成此項(xiàng)任務(wù)兩天是不夠的。)
    5、名詞做另一名詞的修飾語(yǔ):
    一般用單數(shù)形式,如:a college student中的college 為單數(shù)形式。
    注意:
    (1) 以下名詞做另一名詞修飾語(yǔ)時(shí)要用復(fù)數(shù)形式:sport → a sportsman (運(yùn)動(dòng)員)/ sale → a sales department(銷(xiāo)售部) / savings → a savings account (儲(chǔ)蓄存款)/ communication → a communications satellite (通訊衛(wèi)星) / greeting → a greetings cable(慰問(wèn)電)
    (2) 不規(guī)則名詞修飾另一名詞時(shí)數(shù)的變化:a woman doctor (一個(gè)女醫(yī)生) → two women doctors (兩個(gè)女醫(yī)生) / the Chinese women's volleyball team (中國(guó)女排) / a children hospital (兒童醫(yī)院)
    6、family(家庭), group(小組), police(警察),committee(委員會(huì)), team(組), box(盒), audience(觀眾)等詞,可以是單數(shù),也可以是復(fù)數(shù),關(guān)鍵要看題目所給的提示,例如:
    The whole box of matches _____ wet; I couldn't light a simple one
    A. was
    B. is
    C. were
    D. are
    解題思路:這道題如果沒(méi)有后半句I couldn't light a simple one,是沒(méi)辦法解答的。這句話提示了兩點(diǎn):
    (1)時(shí)態(tài)為"過(guò)去時(shí)",故B、D已不可能了;
    (2)"a simple one"說(shuō)明是指盒子內(nèi)的一根根火柴,故答案為C.試想,如果我們把后半句改為 "I had to throw it away", 那么正確答案應(yīng)是A.
    所以,看清題目的提示對(duì)于解題是非常重要的。
    7、注意以下表達(dá)方式中名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式
    to be / make friends with(友好 / 交朋友)
    to change places with (交換位置)
    to make preparations for(為…作準(zhǔn)備)
    to give regards to(向…問(wèn)好)
    to make matters worse(把事情弄糟)
    to hurt feelings(傷害感情)
    to be all smiles(滿臉堆笑)
    to take sides (偏袒某方)
    to have words with(吵架)
    to burst into tears (突然哭了)
    8、量詞的使用:
    由于英語(yǔ)中名詞分可數(shù)與不可數(shù),量詞的使用也有區(qū)別:
    修飾可數(shù)名詞
    (a) few / fewer / fewest
    many / more / most
    a great (good) many
    many a
    a number of
    the number of
    既可修飾可數(shù)名詞 也可修飾不可數(shù)名詞
    a lot of / lots of
    plenty of (time, money, people)
    修飾不可數(shù)名詞
    (a) little / less / least
    much / more / most
    a great (good) deal of
    an amount of / amounts of
    the amount of
    量詞使用中應(yīng)注意的幾個(gè)問(wèn)題:
    1) 分清可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞是前提;
    2) 不要把量詞的形式搞混淆了:下面哪個(gè)表達(dá)形式是對(duì)的?
    A. A lot students have come back from the summer holiday.
    B. A few of the students have come back from the summer holiday.
    C. A great many of students have come back from the summer holiday.
    D. Many a student has have come back from the summer holiday.
    E. The number of students have come back from the summer holiday.
    F. A number of students have come back from the summer holiday.
    以上六個(gè)表達(dá)方式中只有F 是對(duì)的。為什么?
    A. a lot students → a lot of students
    B. a few of the students → a few students
    C. a great many of students → a great many students
    D. Many a student has come back from the summer holiday.
    E. The number of 表示數(shù)目,如:The number of the students in our class is 50.
    A number of 表示"一些","不少",認(rèn)真對(duì)比一下,看出問(wèn)題來(lái)了嗎?
    問(wèn)多少錢(qián)、多少重量時(shí)用:How much…?問(wèn)距離時(shí)用:How far is it from…to…?
    9、單位詞的使用
    (1) 不可數(shù)名詞表示多少,一般用much, (a) little, a lot of, enough 等詞表達(dá),要數(shù)1,2,3,4…時(shí)要用"量詞"表達(dá),常用的是a piece of (news, advice, furniture, information…)。
    (2) 成雙成對(duì)的名詞一般用復(fù)數(shù),如:a pair of trousers (褲子) / scissors(剪刀) / glasses (spectacles)(眼鏡) / pliers(鉗子)
    (3) a couple of表示一對(duì),或2-3…,如:a couple of days / people / things
    (4) 記住以下量詞表達(dá)方式:
    a loaf (two loafs) of bread (一個(gè)(兩個(gè))面包)
    a burst of laughter(一陣笑聲)
    a fit of anger / chill(一陣發(fā)怒 / 發(fā)冷)
    a game of chess (一盤(pán)棋)
    a lump of sugar (一塊方糖)
    10、其他應(yīng)注意的數(shù)的表達(dá)形式
    1)a three-year-old boy 比較The boy is three years old
    2) five thousand people / several thousand people比較 thousands of people
    表達(dá)具體數(shù)字時(shí),thousand不加 "s",后面不加 "of "; ten, million, billion情況以此類(lèi)推。
    3) One-third of the students have passed College English Test Band IV.
    Two-thirds of the students have passed College English Test Band IV.
    One-third of the population in this area is living below the poverty line.
    (這個(gè)地區(qū)有1/3人口生活在貧困線以下。)
    注意:幾分之幾的表達(dá)形式;動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)由后面的名詞數(shù)決定。
    4) a looker-on 比較two lookers-on(旁觀者) / a brother-in-law比較two brothers-in-law(姻親兄弟)
    5) my father, together with (along with / with / as well as my mother and brothers) 結(jié)構(gòu)中,主語(yǔ)作單數(shù)處理,即my father
    11、不定代詞的數(shù)
    英語(yǔ)中要對(duì) "2 "這個(gè)數(shù)特別敏感:
    1) 兩個(gè)中一個(gè)、另一個(gè): one , the other; 三個(gè)或三個(gè)以上中另一個(gè):another / any one
    2) 兩個(gè)都:both; 兩個(gè)都不:neither; 兩個(gè)中任一個(gè):either
    3) 三個(gè)或三個(gè)以上都:all; 都不:none
    4) 不知總數(shù):一些:some ;另一些:others(有余數(shù))
    5) 知道總數(shù):一些:some ; 另一些 (沒(méi)有余數(shù)了):the others
    注意以下表達(dá)方式:each other / one another / one after another / one by one / the other day (過(guò)去的某一天)/ some day (今后的某一天) / every other day (隔天)/ on alternative days(隔天)/ someone else (別人) / something (anything, nothing) else (別的事)
    實(shí)例:
    I'm sorry, I'm a stranger, too. You may ask ______ across the street.
    A. another one
    B. others
    C. the other one
    D. someone else
    解題思路:雖然A、B、C沒(méi)有語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤,但D是習(xí)慣表達(dá)方式。
    三、名詞的格
    1、人稱代詞
    英語(yǔ)中,人稱代詞有主格,賓格和所有格("的格")形式之分,而"的格"又有形容詞和名詞兩種形式,即:I, me, my (mine),/ we, us, our (ours) / he , him, his (his) / she, her, her (hers) / they, them, their (theirs) / you, you, your (yours) / it, it, its (its) 這里就不詳細(xì)講解了。記住一點(diǎn):形容詞"的格"永遠(yuǎn)不能單獨(dú)使用;名詞"的格"永遠(yuǎn)是單獨(dú)使用的。
    實(shí)例:
    Come if you like to see ______ painting. ______ very beautiful.
    A. your / That's
    B. her's / It's
    C. hers / That's
    D. his / It's
    解題思路:根據(jù)形式和上述使用原則,B(形式錯(cuò)誤),C(hers只能單獨(dú)使用),故是錯(cuò)的。A邏輯不通,且使用不當(dāng),故正確答案只能是D
    2、名詞的所有格和雙重所有格
    英語(yǔ)中除了人稱代詞,其他名詞沒(méi)有主格和賓格之分。表示一個(gè)名詞"…的"時(shí),稱為所有格,即"的格".英語(yǔ)中"的格"一般用介詞"of "或名詞后加"'"來(lái)表示,如:"學(xué)校的財(cái)產(chǎn)",原則上可以有兩種表達(dá)方式:the property of the school或 the school's property.但是若用此表達(dá)"魯迅的書(shū)" Luxun's book 或a book of Luxun時(shí),便可能出現(xiàn)意義上的混淆,即,也可能是"一本關(guān)于魯迅的書(shū)".因此,若要表示"魯迅(擁有的)書(shū)"時(shí),要表達(dá)為a book of Luxun's , 稱為"雙重所有格",即"of "與 "'"同時(shí)使用。
    雙重所有格除了以上用途外,還表示親切,如:a friend of my father's比 my father's friend更顯親切。
    解題思路:考試時(shí)如果你實(shí)在搞不清,應(yīng)傾向選擇有","的選項(xiàng),如:
    My wife bought me ______ at a ______ shop.
    A. a piece of clothes / tailors
    B. a new clothing / tailor
    C. an article of clothing, tailor's
    D. a piece of clothing, tailor's
    解題思路:這道題考兩個(gè)語(yǔ)法點(diǎn):?jiǎn)挝辉~和所有格。如果考生看不懂這個(gè)句子,一般應(yīng)在C、D中選擇,正確答案是C(一件衣服), "一塊布"用a piece of cloth
    3、反身代詞-self /-selves
    1) 反身代詞-self /-selves不能脫離其主格或賓格單獨(dú)使用,如不能說(shuō): The boss wanted to have a talk with herself.(老板想親自和她談?wù)劇?→ The boss (himself) wanted to have a talk with her herself. 實(shí)際使用中很少會(huì)這樣講話。
    2) 注意以下表達(dá)方式:
    of one's own / to oneself 如:She wants to have a room of her own (to herself) (她想要一間屬于自己的房間。)
    on one's own 如:She wants to finish it on her own. (她想獨(dú)立完成這項(xiàng)工作。)
    by oneself, 如:She has been living by herself for three years.(她已單身生活了三年。)
    動(dòng)詞、五個(gè)基本句型、動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)
    一. 動(dòng)詞
    從一定意義上講,英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法就是動(dòng)詞的語(yǔ)法,因此,掌握動(dòng)詞的特性、變化、句型是學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法的重中之重。為了能更好地理解下面的講課內(nèi)容,首先要搞清動(dòng)詞的幾個(gè)基本概念。
    1) be 動(dòng)詞和do動(dòng)詞:be動(dòng)詞也稱狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞,用于說(shuō)明狀態(tài)或性質(zhì),主要用于構(gòu)成英語(yǔ)的主系表句型;do動(dòng)詞也稱為行為動(dòng)詞,分及物動(dòng)詞和不及物動(dòng)詞;
    2) 及物動(dòng)詞和不及物動(dòng)詞:不及物動(dòng)詞后面不跟賓語(yǔ), 也沒(méi)有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài); 及物動(dòng)詞后面一定要有賓語(yǔ);
    3) 雙賓語(yǔ)(直接賓語(yǔ)和間接賓語(yǔ))結(jié)構(gòu)和復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)(賓語(yǔ) + 賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ))結(jié)構(gòu):比較下面兩個(gè)句子:
    My mother made me a cake.(母親給我做了塊蛋糕。)
    My father made me a doctor. (父親把我培養(yǎng)成一名醫(yī)生。)
    第一句是雙賓語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu),即 My mother made a cake for me.
    第二句是復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu),其句法功能為:My father made me (to) be a doctor (I am a doctor). 說(shuō)明復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)中,賓語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)之間有"主謂關(guān)系".
    4) 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞:must, should, ought to, can, may, need, used to 等動(dòng)詞稱為情態(tài)動(dòng)詞,有三大特征:A. 不受主語(yǔ)人稱和數(shù)的影響,如:He may go now. / May I go now? 句中may的形式不變;B. 否定時(shí)在后面加not, 如:You ought not to have cheated her. C. 與另一動(dòng)詞連用,中間不用 + " to ", 如上舉例。
    請(qǐng)根據(jù)上述原則,(從語(yǔ)法角度)說(shuō)出以下那種表達(dá)方式是對(duì)的:
    A. She needs to see a doctor.
    B. She doesn't need to see a doctor.
    C. Does she need to see a doctor?
    D. She needs not see a doctor.
    E. She needn't see a doctor.
    F. She doesn't need see a doctor.
    G. She needs see a doctor.
    從語(yǔ)法角度看,A、B、C、E是對(duì)的。
    5) 助動(dòng)詞:幫助實(shí)意動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成某種結(jié)構(gòu)的詞,如: He did come yesterday; I saw him in the office.(他昨天確實(shí)來(lái)了;我在辦公室見(jiàn)到他的?!?表示強(qiáng)調(diào))
    五個(gè)基本句型
    根據(jù)動(dòng)詞的特性,構(gòu)成英語(yǔ)中五個(gè)基本句型:
    1) 主語(yǔ) + 系動(dòng)詞 + 表語(yǔ)
    2) 主語(yǔ) + 不及物動(dòng)詞 (+ 其他成分)
    3) 主語(yǔ) + 及物動(dòng)詞 + 賓語(yǔ)
    4) 主語(yǔ) + 及物動(dòng)詞 + 雙賓語(yǔ)
    5) 主語(yǔ) + 及物動(dòng)詞 + 賓語(yǔ) + 賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)
    我們?cè)趯W(xué)習(xí)5個(gè)基本句型時(shí),主要關(guān)心每個(gè)句型中的出題點(diǎn)在哪里。
    (一)第一句型:主語(yǔ) + 系動(dòng)詞 + 表語(yǔ)
    1) 系動(dòng)詞一般為be 動(dòng)詞。
    注意:look, feel, sound, smell, taste, get, become, come, go, turn, grow, keep, seem, stand等詞可以作"半系動(dòng)詞"用,按行為動(dòng)詞方式變化,起系動(dòng)詞的作用。
    試驗(yàn)比較:
    —— He felt the pockets thoroughly but did not find a single penny.(他摸遍了口袋但沒(méi)有找到一分錢(qián)?!?feel為行為動(dòng)詞)
    —— You look pale. Do you feel unwell? (你臉色蒼白,感到不舒服?—— look / feel為系動(dòng)詞)
    一般來(lái)說(shuō),動(dòng)詞后面跟的是個(gè)形容詞或名詞,該動(dòng)詞為系動(dòng)詞, 如:The plan sounds perfect. / The flower smells nice. / The dish tastes delicious. / It is getting dark.
    實(shí)例:
    "Don't worry. Let me take your pulse first." "Oh, it ______ normal." (脈搏正常)
    A. is felt
    B. is feeling
    C. feels
    D. felt
    解題思路:normal為形容詞,前面應(yīng)為系動(dòng)詞;系動(dòng)詞沒(méi)有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),故A不對(duì); look, feel, sound, taste, smell, seem等半系動(dòng)詞一般不用進(jìn)行時(shí),B也不對(duì);D時(shí)態(tài)錯(cuò)了,故正確答案為C.
    2)there be是英語(yǔ)中非常重要的一個(gè)句型: there是引導(dǎo)詞,不解釋 "那里"; 這是個(gè)倒裝句, 主語(yǔ)在be動(dòng)詞的后面, be動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)由后面的主語(yǔ)決定。
    注意中國(guó)學(xué)生容易搞錯(cuò)的問(wèn)題:
    There isn't enough furniture in the room.(房間里家具不夠)
    錯(cuò):There hasn't enough furniture in the room.
    There is no doubt that smallpox has been wiped out in China.(毫無(wú)疑問(wèn),中國(guó)已消滅天花。)
    錯(cuò):It is no doubt that smallpox has been wiped out in China.
    There is ample evidence that AIDS is spreading quickly in Asia. (充分證據(jù)表明,愛(ài)滋病正在亞洲迅速蔓延。—— 同位語(yǔ)從句)
    錯(cuò):It is evidence that AIDS is spreading quickly in Asia. (可以: It is evident that AIDS is spreading quickly in Asia. - 主語(yǔ)從句)
    (二)第二句型:主語(yǔ) + 不及物動(dòng)詞 (+ 其他成分)
    在這個(gè)句型中主要注意及物動(dòng)詞與不及物動(dòng)詞的區(qū)分:
    不及物動(dòng)詞 及物動(dòng)詞
    rise /rose / risen(升起) raise /raised / raised (提高)
    arise / arose / arisen (from)(產(chǎn)生) arouse / aroused / aroused(喚起)
    lie / lay / lain(躺下) lay / laid / laid(放下)
    arrive at(到達(dá)) reach(到達(dá))
    wait for(等待) await(等待)
    remain(仍舊) maintain(保持,維修)
    *上面所注僅為典型詞義,要根據(jù)句子判別其他意思。
    此外,該句型常采用倒裝形式,注意辨別,主要是以下兩種情況:
    1) 用here 或 there引導(dǎo):Here comes the bus. (汽車(chē)來(lái)了。) / There rings the bell. (鈴響了。)
    2) 在動(dòng)詞 + 介詞短語(yǔ)的結(jié)構(gòu)中,往往將介詞短語(yǔ)提前:On the top of the hill stands a pretty little house.(山頂上有一座漂亮的小房子。)
    (三)第三句型:主語(yǔ) + 及物動(dòng)詞 + 賓語(yǔ)
    我們知道,名詞可以做主語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ),非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 -ing和 to do也可以做主語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ),
    作主語(yǔ):
    Learning a foreign language is not easy.(學(xué)門(mén)外語(yǔ)并不容易。)
    To learn a foreign language is not easy. (= It is not easy to learn a foreign language.)
    從語(yǔ)法角度講,上述兩個(gè)表達(dá)方式都可以。
    但是,當(dāng)動(dòng)詞處于賓語(yǔ)位置時(shí),就不能這樣"隨心所欲"了,因?yàn)橛⒄Z(yǔ)語(yǔ)法有以下幾個(gè)規(guī)定:
    1)acknowledge / admit / appreciate / avoid / consider / contemplate / defer / deny / dislike / enjoy / escape / evade / excuse / facilitate / fancy / favor / feel like / finish / give up / cannot help / cannot stand / imagine / include / keep (on) / do not mind / miss / permit / practice / regret / resent / risk / suggest 等詞后面的動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)必須用-ing 形式,重點(diǎn)和首先要掌握黑體字部分。由于這些次的詞義與解題關(guān)系不大,沒(méi)有給出具體詞義解釋。若需要,請(qǐng)學(xué)生自己查字典解決。
    這是語(yǔ)法考試的一個(gè)重點(diǎn),要對(duì)以上詞特別敏感,例如:
    It is impossible to avoid ______ by the stormy weather.
    A. being much affected
    B. having much affected
    C. to be much affected
    D. to have been much affected
    解題思路:1)一看到avoid一詞,便可確定正確答案在A、B中; 2)affect意為"影響",及物動(dòng)詞,故B不對(duì)。[如果做題時(shí)間來(lái)不及,此類(lèi)題目若有"主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)"和"被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)"之分,一般選"被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)"的正確率高些。]
    2) remember / forget:后面既可跟 -ing, 也可跟 to do,但意思不一樣:to do表示說(shuō)話時(shí)還沒(méi)有發(fā)生的事,-ing表示對(duì)已經(jīng)發(fā)生過(guò)事的回憶,如:"我昨天出門(mén)時(shí)忘了關(guān)窗了。"顯然是指出門(mén)時(shí)還沒(méi)有做的事,因此用to do形式;"我不記得以前見(jiàn)過(guò)你。"顯然是指說(shuō)話以前的事,因此用 -ing形式,即:
    I forgot to close the windows when I left home yesterday.
    I don't remember seeing you before.
    因此,除了知道這個(gè)規(guī)定外,分清"發(fā)生過(guò)"還是"沒(méi)有發(fā)生"是解題的關(guān)鍵。
    實(shí)例:
    Do you remember ______ to Professor Smith during your last visit?
    A. to have been introduced
    B. having introduced
    C. being introduced
    D. to be introduced
    解題思路:1)第一步要確定"發(fā)生過(guò)"還是"沒(méi)有發(fā)生",即A、D還是B、C,"你記得上次訪問(wèn)時(shí)被介紹給Smith教授的情況嗎?"顯然是已發(fā)生的事,選B、C;2)"introduce"(介紹)后沒(méi)有賓語(yǔ),說(shuō)明是"被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài):,故選C [再看一下上一節(jié)中的 "解題思路"]
    3)need / want / require等解釋為"需要"時(shí),有兩種表達(dá)方式,如:
    "這間會(huì)客室需要打掃一下"
    A.This waiting room needs to be cleaned. (to 被動(dòng)式)
    B.This waiting room needs cleaning.(-ing主動(dòng)式)
    考試時(shí)若同時(shí)出現(xiàn)兩種選擇,選B
    4)look forward to / object to / subject to / be subjected to / be opposed to / oppose to中的 "to" 是介詞,后面應(yīng)跟名詞或動(dòng)名詞-ing,
    (四)第四句型:主語(yǔ) + 及物動(dòng)詞 + 雙賓語(yǔ)
    有些動(dòng)詞(主要是"授予動(dòng)詞")后面需要或可以接雙賓語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu),如:give, write, buy, send, make等
    You may send him an E-mail or write him a letter.
    這個(gè)句子也可使用以下結(jié)構(gòu):
    You may send an E-mail (to him) or write a letter to him. 所以 "to" 和 "for" 是連接雙賓語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)的重要介詞。
    該句型的重點(diǎn)是要記住以下短語(yǔ),特別是所用的介詞:
    to cure … of(治愈…)
    to accuse …of(譴責(zé)…)
    to convince… of(說(shuō)服…)
    to inform… of(通知…)
    to notify… of (通知…)
    to clean… of (清除…)
    to warn…… of / against (警告…)
    to cheat… of(欺騙)
    to rob… of(搶劫…)
    例如:
    We have to inform the family of the patient's condition as soon as possible. / Have the family been informed of the patient's condition? (我們得盡快將病人的病情通知其家屬。/ 已經(jīng)將病人的病情通知其家人了嗎?)
    注意下面句子的結(jié)構(gòu)變化:
    May I ask you a question? → May I ask a question of you?
    直接和間接賓語(yǔ)的位置與上面短語(yǔ)有何不同?
    (五)第五句型:主語(yǔ) + 及物動(dòng)詞 + 賓語(yǔ) + 賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)
    先回顧一下本講第一節(jié)中有關(guān)賓語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的概念。
    這個(gè)句型也是考試的重點(diǎn),主要有三個(gè)難點(diǎn):
    1) 要不要 "to"的問(wèn)題:
    The director wants you to come right now. (主任要你馬上就來(lái)。)
    句中to come 是賓語(yǔ)you的補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。也就是說(shuō),當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)是動(dòng)詞時(shí),一般要用 "to"連接。但是,以下情況例外:
    n make, let, have等使役動(dòng)詞,如:
    Shall I have him come here?(要我叫他來(lái)嗎?)
    I won't have him cheat me. (否定式,表示"容許":我決不容許他欺騙我)
    上述句型變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí),一般要加 "to",如:
    The nurse made the patient eat something. (護(hù)士讓病人吃了點(diǎn)東西。)
    →The patient was made to eat something.
    有時(shí),賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)也可用 -ing形式,如:
    His joke made us laughing for a couple of minutes. (他的笑話使我們笑了幾分鐘。- 注意后面的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)for a couple of minutes)
    記住下面重要表達(dá)方式:
    to have / get (something) done, 如:
    I am going to have (get) my watch repaired.(我去修一下表。)
    n see, hear, notice, observe, watch, look at, listen to 等感覺(jué)動(dòng)詞:
    使用原則與上述大致相同。
    相關(guān)推薦:2014年職稱英語(yǔ)備考輔導(dǎo)