2015年中考英語(yǔ)試題解題技巧:補(bǔ)全對(duì)話

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補(bǔ)全對(duì)話又稱為情景對(duì)話。主要是考查學(xué)生的口語(yǔ)能力和對(duì)英語(yǔ)的應(yīng)對(duì)習(xí)慣。下面我從以下幾個(gè)方面談?wù)勊拿}趨勢(shì)和解題技巧。
    一、補(bǔ)全對(duì)話常見(jiàn)的題型有:
    1. 填單詞補(bǔ)全對(duì)話;
    2. 寫句子補(bǔ)全對(duì)話;
    3. 選句子補(bǔ)全對(duì)話;
    4. 選單詞補(bǔ)全對(duì)話;
    5. 對(duì)話排序。
    本市以前多采用第3種“選擇式”的客觀題型。但近幾年多采用第一,二種“非選擇式”的主觀題型,來(lái)考查學(xué)生靈活運(yùn)用英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言的能力。因此,本文著重介紹這類題型的具體做法。
    二、補(bǔ)全對(duì)話的解題要求
    1. 熟讀背誦考生應(yīng)熟讀背誦初中英語(yǔ)教材中出現(xiàn)過(guò)的日常交際用語(yǔ),如:問(wèn)候、介紹、問(wèn)路、看病、購(gòu)物、就餐、祝愿、打電話、談天氣等情境中的固定句式和習(xí)慣表達(dá)方式。只有這樣,做題時(shí)才能得心應(yīng)手。
    2. 掌握各交際項(xiàng)目的習(xí)慣用法。平時(shí)牢固掌握初中英語(yǔ)教材中出現(xiàn)的30個(gè)交流項(xiàng)目以及它們各自特定的習(xí)慣表達(dá)方式和慣用句型,答題時(shí)就能迅速地回憶起與對(duì)話內(nèi)容有關(guān)的日常交際用語(yǔ)及習(xí)慣表達(dá)法,并且靈活地進(jìn)行運(yùn)用,才能保證所使用的語(yǔ)言符合英語(yǔ)在情景交流中的表達(dá)習(xí)慣。
    3. 答題時(shí)要面向整體內(nèi)容,切忌片面理解。答題時(shí),跳過(guò)空行,快速把全篇對(duì)話通讀一篇,了解對(duì)話的整體結(jié)構(gòu),把握對(duì)話的內(nèi)容及語(yǔ)境。語(yǔ)境決定了語(yǔ)言的表達(dá)方式、雙方說(shuō)話人的態(tài)度以及表達(dá)的內(nèi)容。如在餐館、圖書館、車站、商店等不同的地點(diǎn),都有各自的語(yǔ)言表達(dá)方式。因而,在做題時(shí),應(yīng)在理解全篇對(duì)話內(nèi)容的基礎(chǔ)上,準(zhǔn)確地把握語(yǔ)言環(huán)境,把自己“置身”于語(yǔ)境之中, 理解雙方談話的意圖。
    4. 抓好關(guān)鍵詞,進(jìn)行推斷,使填詞后組成的句子結(jié)構(gòu)完整、合理。考查的形式是補(bǔ)全對(duì)上句問(wèn)題的回答或者是補(bǔ)全對(duì)下句所要回答問(wèn)題的提問(wèn)。因此一定要注意前后照應(yīng),關(guān)注上下文之間的密切關(guān)系。做題時(shí),可以根據(jù)上句的信息推斷下句的信息,通過(guò)下句的信息推斷上句的信息,即:要填前面的空行,看后句的信息,要填后面的空行,看前句的含義。如在打電話時(shí),上句問(wèn) “Who’s that speaking?” 那么下句所選的就應(yīng)是 “This is…” 。如在餐館,下句的內(nèi)容是 “A bottle of beer, please.”那么上句就應(yīng)該是 “What can I do for you?”或 “Can I help you?” 這樣前后對(duì)照,才能使上下文相適應(yīng)。
    5. 注意對(duì)話的表達(dá)要符合英美人的風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣。不同的國(guó)家有不同的風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣、生活習(xí)慣等等。在語(yǔ)言交際中也有各種不同的差異。在交際語(yǔ)言的選用中 ,由于受到各自的文化背景的影響,表達(dá)的方式也就不同。因而,在補(bǔ)全對(duì)話過(guò)程中,所選的句子要符合英美 人的習(xí)慣。凡有像 “Have you eaten?”; “What do you want to buy?” 這類句子在對(duì)話中都應(yīng)避免使用。
    6. 正確書寫,從容答題。答題時(shí)應(yīng)注意單詞的正確拼寫及大小寫的正確運(yùn)用,書寫應(yīng)工整、規(guī)范。
    三、補(bǔ)全對(duì)話答題步驟:
    (1)通覽全文、領(lǐng)會(huì)大意、揣摩話題。解題時(shí)應(yīng)先跳過(guò)空格通覽全文,了解對(duì)話大意,根據(jù)對(duì)大意的把握,判定語(yǔ)境,揣摩話題。
    (2) 根據(jù)語(yǔ)境、填寫單詞或句子。在把握話題和語(yǔ)境的基礎(chǔ)上,針對(duì)對(duì)話的每一空白處,細(xì)讀所提供的前后文,認(rèn)真分析它們之間的異同,依據(jù)對(duì)話有關(guān)情景內(nèi)容,填寫相應(yīng)的單詞或者句子。
    (3)通盤考慮、前后聯(lián)想、先易后難。要從對(duì)話整體理解出發(fā),依照上、下問(wèn)答的邏輯順序來(lái)考慮所選擇的答案,不可不顧前后順序,孤立地就上句就補(bǔ)下句,這樣可能出現(xiàn)所補(bǔ)句子符合上文而不符合下文的情況。要先解決有把握的、容易的,再回頭補(bǔ)選較難的。
    (4)通讀對(duì)話、義形結(jié)合、驗(yàn)證答案。將對(duì)話補(bǔ)全之后,再將整段對(duì)話通讀一遍,逐一驗(yàn)證答案。所填的答案不僅語(yǔ)義上要符合語(yǔ)境,而且要保證語(yǔ)言正確,做到說(shuō)話得體。
    四、注意事項(xiàng)
    (1)所補(bǔ)全的對(duì)話內(nèi)容必須能使上、下文連貫一致,因而必須瞻前顧后、全盤考慮,不能僅看上一個(gè)問(wèn)句就填寫下一個(gè)答句,或僅根據(jù)下文中的答句就補(bǔ)全它的問(wèn)句,否則容易造成邏輯錯(cuò)誤。
    (2)做題前應(yīng)注意試題前面有否中文或英語(yǔ)的背景提示。這些背景提示是確是話題內(nèi)容的重要依據(jù),不可疏忽帶過(guò)。
    (3)如果是選擇題,則在選擇過(guò)程中考生應(yīng)注意把已選出的選項(xiàng)劃去,避免重復(fù)選擇的錯(cuò)誤。
    (4)做題時(shí)要先易后難,一時(shí)難以確定不要勉強(qiáng)先做,否則易造成連鎖錯(cuò)誤。
    例題分析:
    (一)請(qǐng)仔細(xì)閱讀下列對(duì)話,根據(jù)上下文內(nèi)容,完成該對(duì)話。
    A: Hello! 1.____________________ ?
    B: Sorry, 2._____________________.This is Allan’s mother speaking. 3. _________?
    A: This is Mary. Good evening, Mrs. Black.
    B: Good evening, Mary. 4.____________________?
    A: Yes, of course. Please tell Allan that all the dictionaries are sold out. But I can lend her one.
    B: OK.
    A: Thanks a lot. Good-bye!
    B: 5._____________.
    答案解析:
    1. 根據(jù)下文我們知道這是一個(gè)電話用語(yǔ)的對(duì)話,所以我們就填出了相應(yīng)答案May I speak to Allan。
    2. 根據(jù)后文“This is Allan’s mother speaking.” 我們填出:She isn’t in / She isn’t at home.
    3. 根據(jù)“This is Mary”,我們填出:Who’s that
    4. 根據(jù)“Yes, of course. Please tell Allan that all the dictionaries are sold out. But I can lend her one” 我們填出:Can I take a message for you
    5. Goodbye
    (二)根據(jù)對(duì)話內(nèi)容,從下面?zhèn)溥x框中選擇相應(yīng)選項(xiàng)填入對(duì)話中,使對(duì)話完成,流暢。
    A: Excuse me, sir? Where is the nearest hotel?
    B: 1. ___________________. You may ask that policeman over there.
    A: Thank you all the same.
    (The man goes to the policeman.)
    A: Excuse me, 2._____________________?
    C: No, there isn’t a hotel near here, but there is one near the Bank of China.
    A: 3. ____________________?
    C: It’s about two kilometers away.
    A: 4. _____________________?
    C: You’d better take a taxi, because it’s so late and there aren’t any buses now.
    A: 5. _____________________.
    C: You’re welcome.
    備選答案:
    A: I’m sorry I don’t know
    B: Is there a hotel near here
    C: How far is it
    D: How can I get there
    E: Thank you
    備選答案:
    A: I’m sorry I don’t know
    B: Is there a hotel near here
    C: How far is it
    D: How can I get there
    E: Thank you
    答案解析:
    A. 根據(jù)后文“You may ask that policeman over there”得知,說(shuō)話者也不知道哪里有旅館。
    B. 根據(jù)后文的回答,得知前面問(wèn)的是附近哪里有旅館。
    C. 根據(jù)后文回答的距離而知,前面問(wèn)的是有多遠(yuǎn)。
    D. 根據(jù)后文得知,前面問(wèn)的是去旅館的方式。
    E. 根據(jù)“You’re welcome.”而知,前面在表達(dá)感謝。
    實(shí)戰(zhàn)練習(xí)
    (1)
    A: Hello. Could I speak to John?
    B: 1.___________________.
    A: Oh! Hi, John. This is Cindy. We met at Jim’s party.
    B: How are you, Cindy?
    A: Great. Would you like to see Titanic on Thursday night?
    B: 2. ___________, Cindy, I have to work late this Thursday.
    A: That’s too bad. 3.___________________?
    B: I’m free on Saturday night
    A: OK. How about meeting at about seven?
    B: No problem. 4.__________________?
    A: At the Garden Cinema. 5. ____________.
    B: See you then.
    1. This is John
    2. I’m sorry
    3. Are you free on Saturday night
    4. Where shall we meet
    5. See you then
    (2)
    A: Hello! May I speak to Lily?
    B: 1._____________________.
    C: Hello! 2.____________________.
    A: Hi, Lily. This is Ann. Would you like to go to the park with me tonight?
    C: Great! 3.____________________?
    A: At the gate of our school.
    C: 4._____________________?
    A: How about six o’clock.
    C: OK! 5.___________________?
    A: See you then.
    1. Hold on , please
    2. This is Lily
    3. Where shall we meet
    4. When shall we meet
    5. See you then
    (3)
    Fred: Hello! May I speak to Alice, please?
    Kate: 1._______________. Alice, it’s for you.
    Alice: Hello.
    Fred: Hi, Alice. 2.____________. Would you like to go to my uncle’s farm tomorrow?
    Alice: 3.__________________.
    Fred: Good. I’ll pick you up at about seven o’clock.
    Alice: Fine. I’ll be ready.
    Fred: Great! I’m sure we’ll have a good time on the farm.
    Alice: 4.______________. See you tomorrow.
    Fred: 5.________________.
    1. Hold on, please
    2. This is Fred
    3. Yes ,I’d love to .
    4. I think so
    5. See you tomorrow
    (4)
    A: Excuse me. 1._________________________?
    B: Sorry, I’m new here. You can ask my friend. He may know.
    C: The Children’s Hospital? Er… It’s a little far from here.
    A: 2. ___________________________?
    C: It’s about 5 kilometres away.
    A: 3. ___________________________?
    C: Yes, the No. 15 bus will take you there.
    A: Where is the bus stop?
    C: 4. _________________________ and take the first turning on the right. You can see it on your left. You can’t miss it.
    A: 5. ___________________________.
    C: You are welcome.
    1. Which is the way to the Children’s Hospital
    2. How far is it
    3. Can I take a bus
    4. Go along this road
    5. Thank you
    (5)
    (At Mr. White’s office in a middle school)
    A: Hello! 1. _______________________?
    B: Speaking, please.
    A: I’m Peter’s mother. I’d like to ask for leave for my son.
    B: 2. ________________________?
    A: He didn’t feel well this morning. He has a cold.
    B: 3. ________________________. Is it serious?
    A: Not very serious. But the doctor asked him to stay in bed and have a good rest.
    B: Don’t worry. 4. _________________________.
    A: Thank you, sir. Goodbye
    B: Bye!
    1. Can I speak to Mr. White
    2. What’s wrong with him
    3. I’m sorry to hear that
    4. I hope he will be all right soon
    (6)
    A: Good morning, sir. 1. __________________?
    B: I’d like to buy a white shirt. Do you have any white shirts?
    A: Yes. 2. ____________________?
    B: I want Size M.
    A: Here you are.
    B: Can I try it on?
    A: Sure. Is it all right?
    B: Yes. I like it very much. 3. ___________________?
    A: 296 yuan.
    B: That’s a bit expensive. Do you have any other kind? I want a cheaper one.
    A: What about this one? It is only 108 yuan.
    B: OK. 4. ___________________. Here is the money.
    A: 5. ___________________.Goodbye, sir.
    1. Can I help you
    2. What size do you want
    3. How much is it
    4. I’ll take it
    5. Here you are
    (7)
    Doctor: Good morning . What’s your trouble?
    Woman: I don’t feel very well.
    D:1._______________________________?
    W: Yes, I have. My temperature is a little higher.
    D: Open your mouth and say “Ah”.
    W: Aahh
    D: 2._______________________________?
    W: Ever since last night.
    D: Did your sleep well?
    W: No, I was very tired last night.
    D: Oh, I see. 3. ________________________.
    W: Can you tell me how I got a cold?
    D: Maybe you overworked yourself.
    W: I think so. I have too much work to do every day.
    Do I have to stay at home?
    D: Yes. You’d better stay at home for two or three days.
    W: 4 ______________________________. ?
    D: No. I don’t think it is serious. But you really need
    a good rest and take this medicine.
    W: 5. ____________________________?
    D: Three times a day.
    W: OK. Thank you.
    1. Have you taken your temperature?
    2. How long have you been like this?
    3. You’ve got a cold.
    4. Is it serious?
    5. How often do I have to take it?