聽(tīng)力略
Section A
Directions: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks.
27、根據(jù)下列材料，請(qǐng)回答27-36題：
We all like to feel needed．But new research suggests having a sense of Purpose is good for our health, too,In a study of 7,000 people, those with the strongest sense of direction in life were over 70 percent less likely to suffer a stroke.The researchers 36 for other aggravating factors such as blood pressure and alcohol use and believe the 37 comes through regulating the immune system,
it has long been thought that 38 meaningful activity after retirement is important for physical and mental health-which often declines 39 soon after retirement.But while past research focused on the 40 effects of negative psychological traits, such as depression and anxiety, new research is investigating how positive traits, such as 41, protect against illness.In the recent study, men and women aged 50 and over were 42 for four to five years and completed psychological tests while researchers recorded strokes.The results show that the higher someone's sense of purpose, the lower their risk of a stroke．Those with the greatest sense of purpose were 73 percent less likely to Suffer a stroke compared to those with the lowest.Other research has shown that positive mood can lower levels of the stress hormone cortisol (荷爾蒙 ), also 43 in stroke.“This is significant as we have an 44 population and it helps show what behaviours prevent people from getting ill,” says Cary Cooper, professor of health psychology at Lancaster University.“Maybe 45 is not good for some．”
A．a(chǎn)ccounted
B．a(chǎn)geing
C．a(chǎn)mbition
D．damaging
E．decreasing
F．dramatically
G．effect
H．gradually
I．implicated
J．optimism
K．outstanding
L．pursuing
M．retirement
N．searched
O．tracked
請(qǐng)回答（36）題__________.
A．a(chǎn)ccounted
B．a(chǎn)geing
C．a(chǎn)mbition
D．damaging
E．decreasing
F．dramatically
G．effect
H．gradually
I．implicated
J．optimism
K．outstanding
L．pursuing
M．retirement
N．searched
O．tracked
28、 請(qǐng)回答（37）題__________.
29、 請(qǐng)回答（38）題__________.
30、 請(qǐng)回答（39）題__________.
31、 請(qǐng)回答（40）題__________.
32、 請(qǐng)回答（41）題__________.
33、 請(qǐng)回答（42）題__________.
34、 請(qǐng)回答（43）題__________.
35、 請(qǐng)回答（44）題__________.
36、 請(qǐng)回答（45）題__________.
Section B
Directions: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.
37、根據(jù)下列材料，請(qǐng)回答37-46題：
How Your Language Affects Your Wealth and Health
A． Does the language we speak determine how healthy and rich we will be? New research by Keith Chen of Yale Business School suggests so. The structure of languages affects our judgments and decisions about the future and this might have dramatic long-term consequences.
B． There has been a lot of research into how we deal with the future. For example, the famous marshmallow (棉花軟糖． studies of Walter Mischel and colleagues showed that being able to resist temptation is predictive of future success. Four-year-old kids were given a marshmallow and were told that if they did not eat that marshmallow and waited for the experimenter to come back, they would get two marshmallows instead of one. Follow-up studies showed that the kids who were able to wait for the bigger future reward became more successful young adults.
C． Resisting our impulses for immediate pleasure is often the only way to attain the outcomes that are important to us. We want to keep a slim figure but we ~o want that last slice of pizza. Some people are better at delaying satisfaction than others. Those people have a better chance of accumulating wealth and keeping a healthy life style. They are less likely to be impulse buyers or smokers.
D． Chen's recent, findings suggest that an unlikely factor, language, strongly affects our future-oriented behavior. Some languages strongly distinguish the present and the future. Other languages only weakly distinguish the present and the future. Chen's recent research suggests that people who speak languages that weakly distinguish the present and the future are better prepared for the future. They accumulate more wealth and they are better able to maintain their health. The way these people conceptualize (概念． the future is similar to the way they conceptualize the present As a result, the future does not feel very distant and it is easier for them to act in accordance with their future interests.
E． Different languages have different ways of talking about the future. Some languages, such as English, require their speakers m refer to the future explicitly. Every time English-speaker stalk about the future, they have to use future markers such as "will". In other languages, such as Mandarin (漢語(yǔ)普通話．, future markers are not obligatory. The future is often talked about similar to the way present is talked about and the meaning is understood from the context. Languages such as English constantly remind their speakers that future events are distant. For speakersof languages such as Mandarin, future feels closer. As aconsequent, resisting immediate impulses and investing for the future is easier for Mandarin speakers.
F． Chen analyzed individual-level data from 76 developed and developing countries. Tiffs data includes people's economic decisions, such as whether they saved arty money last year, the languages they speak athome, demographics (人口統(tǒng)計(jì)特征．, and cultural factors such as "saving is an important cultural value for me". He also analyzed indvidual-level data on people's retirement assets, smoking and exercising habits, and general health in older age. Lastly. he analyzed national-level data that includes national savings rates, country GDP and GDP growth rates, country demographics, and proportions of people speaking different languages.
G． People's savings rates are affected by various factors such as their income, education level, age, religious affiliation(隸屬關(guān)系． their countries' legal systems , and their cultural values. After those factors were accounted for, the effect of language on people's savings rates turned out to be big. Speaking a language that has obligatory future markers, such as English , makes people 30 percent less likely to save money for the future. This effect is as large as the effect of unemployment. Being unemployed decreases the likelihood of saving by about 30 percent as well.
H． Similar analyses showed that speaking a language that does not have obligatory future markers, such as Mandarin, makes people accumulate more retirement assets, smoke less, exercise more, and generally be healthier in older age. Countries' national savings rates are also affected by language. Having a larger proportion of people speaking a language that does not have obligatory future marker smakes national savings rates higher.
I． This is an unconventional way of explaining people's consumption-saving decisions and health-related behavior. More conventional factors include dispositional ( 意向的．, situational, motivational, and cultural factors. The marshmallow studies focus on dispositional factors-being able to delaysatis faction is an inherent ability. Other researches have looked at situational factors. For example, resear chers have shown that simply rearramging the placement of food and beverages (飲料．in acafeteria can improve sales of healthy items. Other research has focused on motivational factors. People often need to curb their current desire to consume in order to reach their future goal of getting out of debt. Researchers have shown that closing smaller debt accounts first gives a sense of accomplishment early on, boosts motivation, and increases the likelihood of completely getting rid of debt. The motivational effect is beneficial even if closing off smaller debt accounts does not make economic sense, for instance when the bigger debt accounts have higher interest rates attached to them. Other research has investigated cultural factors. It has been argued that Americans spend more than they need to because they want to emu/ate (仿效．the lifestyles and spending patterns of people who are much richer than themselves. Chen's findings suggest that maybe we should focus more on how we talk about the future in order to improve our inter termporal ( 跨期的 ． decision making.
J． These results also provide evidence for the language-cognition link, which has stirred some controversy among researchers. Early 20th century thinkers such as Ferdinand de Saussure and Ludwig Wittgenstein were among the first who argued that language can impact the way people think and act. More recently, Steven Pinker argued that we think in a universal grammar and languages do not significantly shape our thinking. The issue is still hotly debated.
K． At a more practical level, researchers have been looking for ways to help people act in accordance with their long-term interests. Recent findings suggest that making the future feel closer to the present might improve future-oriented behavior. For instance, researchers recently presented people with renderings of their future selves made using age-progression algorithms (運(yùn)算法則． that forecast how physical appearances would change over time. One group of participants saw a digital representation of their current selves in a virtual mirror, and the other group saw an age-morphed (演變的．version of their future selves. Those participants who saw the age-morphed version of their future selves allocated more money toward a virtual savings account. The intervention brought people's future to the present and as a result they saved more for the future.
L． Chen's research shows that language structures our future-related thoughts. Chen's research points at the possibility that the way we talk about the future can shape our mindsets. Language can move the future back and forth in our mental space and this might have dramatic influences on our judgments and decisions.
Because Mandarin speakers feel the future is closer, it is easier for them to resist immediate impulses and to invest for the future
A．Does the language we speak determine how healthy and rich we will be? New research by Keith Chen of Yale Business School suggests so. The structure of languages affects our judgments and decisions about the future and this might have dramatic long-term consequences.
B．There has been a lot of research into how we deal with the future. For example, the famous marshmallow (棉花軟糖． studies of Walter Mischel and colleagues showed that being able to resist temptation is predictive of future success. Four-year-old kids were given a marshmallow and were told that if they did not eat that marshmallow and waited for the experimenter to come back, they would get two marshmallows instead of one. Follow-up studies showed that the kids who were able to wait for the bigger future reward became more successful young adults.
C．Resisting our impulses for immediate pleasure is often the only way to attain the outcomes that are important to us. We want to keep a slim figure but we ~o want that last slice of pizza. Some people are better at delaying satisfaction than others. Those people have a better chance of accumulating wealth and keeping a healthy life style. They are less likely to be impulse buyers or smokers.
D．Chen's recent, findings suggest that an unlikely factor, language, strongly affects our future-oriented behavior. Some languages strongly distinguish the present and the future. Other languages only weakly distinguish the present and the future. Chen's recent research suggests that people who speak languages that weakly distinguish the present and the future are better prepared for the future. They accumulate more wealth and they are better able to maintain their health. The way these people conceptualize (概念． the future is similar to the way they conceptualize the present As a result, the future does not feel very distant and it is easier for them to act in accordance with their future interests.
E．Different languages have different ways of talking about the future. Some languages, such as English, require their speakers m refer to the future explicitly. Every time English-speaker stalk about the future, they have to use future markers such as "will". In other languages, such as Mandarin (漢語(yǔ)普通話．, future markers are not obligatory. The future is often talked about similar to the way present is talked about and the meaning is understood from the context. Languages such as English constantly remind their speakers that future events are distant. For speakersof languages such as Mandarin, future feels closer. As aconsequent, resisting immediate impulses and investing for the future is easier for Mandarin speakers.
F．Chen analyzed individual-level data from 76 developed and developing countries. Tiffs data includes people's economic decisions, such as whether they saved arty money last year, the languages they speak athome, demographics (人口統(tǒng)計(jì)特征．, and cultural factors such as "saving is an important cultural value for me". He also analyzed indvidual-level data on people's retirement assets, smoking and exercising habits, and general health in older age. Lastly. he analyzed national-level data that includes national savings rates, country GDP and GDP growth rates, country demographics, and proportions of people speaking different languages.
G．People's savings rates are affected by various factors such as their income, education level, age, religious affiliation(隸屬關(guān)系． their countries' legal systems , and their cultural values. After those factors were accounted for, the effect of language on people's savings rates turned out to be big. Speaking a language that has obligatory future markers, such as English , makes people 30 percent less likely to save money for the future. This effect is as large as the effect of unemployment. Being unemployed decreases the likelihood of saving by about 30 percent as well.
H．Similar analyses showed that speaking a language that does not have obligatory future markers, such as Mandarin, makes people accumulate more retirement assets, smoke less, exercise more, and generally be healthier in older age. Countries' national savings rates are also affected by language. Having a larger proportion of people speaking a language that does not have obligatory future marker smakes national savings rates higher.
I．．
J．Chen's recent, findings suggest that an unlikely factor, language, strongly affects our future-oriented behavior. Some languages strongly distinguish the present and the future. Other languages only weakly distinguish the present and the future. Chen's recent research suggests that people who speak languages that weakly distinguish the present and the future are better prepared for the future. They accumulate more wealth and they are better able to maintain their health. The way these people conceptualize (概念) the future is similar to the way they conceptualize the present As a result, the future does not feel very distant and it is easier for them to act in accordance with their future interests.
K．E
L．．
38、Cultural factors may explain why Americans spend more than they need to.
39、People whose languages distinguish the present and the future weakly form the idea of the future in a similar way as of the present.
40、Recent studies indicate that future-oriented behavior might be improved by making the future feel closer to the time being.
41、The famous marshmallow studies suggested that the ability to resist temptation may predict people’sfuture success.
42、Speakers of a language whose future markers are obligatory are 30% less likely to save money for rite future.
43、Language's ability to move the future to and fro in our mind might greatly influence our judgments and decisions.
44、People who delay satisfaction better are more likely to be wealthy and have a healthy life style.
45、Steven Pinker thought we think in a universal grammar and languages do not have an important effecton shaping our thinking.
46、Researchers focusing on situational factors show that rearranging the placement of food and drinks in a cafeteria can improve sales of healthy items.
Part IV Translation.(30minutes)
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage from Chinese into English. You should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2.
Part II Listening Comprehension.(30 minutes)
Part III Reading Comprehension.(40 minutes)
Section C
Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.
57、根據(jù)下列材料，請(qǐng)回答57-66題：
questions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage.
What makes a group intelligent? You might think a group's IQ would t esimply the aveiage intelligence of the group's members, or perhaps the intelligence of the team's smartest participant, But researchers who study groups have found that this isn't so.
Rather, a group's intelligence emerges the interactions that go on Within the group. A teams intelligence can be measured, and like an individual's IQ scere, it can accurately predict the team's performance on a Wide variety of tasks. And just as an individual's intelligence is expandable, a group's intelligence can alsobe increased. Here are five suggestions on how to guide the developttment of smart teams:
Chose team members carefully, The smartest groups are composed of people who are good at reading one another's social cues, according to a study led by Carnegie Mellon University professor Anita Williams Woolley and published in the journal Science.
Talk about the “how”. Many members of teams don't like to spend time talking about “process”, preferring to get right down to work--but Woolley notes that groups who take the time to discuss how they Will Work together aice ultimately more efficient and effective.
share the floor: In the most intelligent teams, found Woolley, members take turns speaking Participants who dominate the discussion or who hang back and don't say much bring down, the
What do we learn about a group's IQ?
A．It equals the total intelligence of the group members.
B．It determines the interactions among the group members.
C．It can help measure an individual's IQ score in the group.
D．It can help predict the group's performance on various tasks.
58、 What does Anita Williams Woolley say about members of smart teams?
A．They are careful in choosing team members.
B．They know clearly about each other's social status.
C．They pay attention to discussing the team's work process.
D．They are more likely to get work done immediately.
59、 According to Alex Sandy Pent land, a group's intelligence______
A．can be expanded by the dominator of the group discussion
B．can be brought down with the absence of the team leader
C．can be increased by members' engagement in side conversations
D．can be related to members' direct contact with each other
60、 what can be inferred from the case of a call center told by Pent land?
A．Coffee breaks should be guaranteed to team members across the workday.
B．Informal social contacts among members establish more efficient work.
C．Team leaders' informal meetings with members should be cancelled.
D．Coffee breaks make members more efficient and satisfied with their jobs.
61、 By "Be open to external influences" ( Line 1, Para.7), the author suggests_____
A．team members explore and discover independently
B．team leaders improve the team's work with fresh ideas
C．teams absorb new insights from the world outside the meeting room
D．teams regularly brainstorm outside the conference morn
62、根據(jù)下列材料，請(qǐng)回答62-71題：
Questions 61 to 65 are based on the following passage.
When it comes to video games and apps, what's a parent to do? On the one hand, we're told about the harm of letting kids play with computer games and gadgets (小器具). On the other, we're attracted by games and apps marketedtd us as "educational".
It's a tricky line to follow. Kids' apps range from "baking" cupcakes to crushing war demons (惡魔)Most of them have some educational aspect--at the very least kids learn what ingredients are used in cupcake baking, and the physics of launching Angry Birds at just the right angle to kill the piggies. That's learning, isn't it?
There lie the vague boundaries. Not all games are educational, and not all are shallow forms of entertainment. In fact, most have some elements of both. The trick is to figure out what we want kids to learn and to experience. To collect them all into one category is to miss out on a huge treasure trove (寶庫(kù))of learning opportunities. Real learnh apps have a set of criteria that qualifies them as educational, sorather than writing them all off as a waste of time, parents can figure out what their kids are exposed to."We don't ever want to separate engagement from the purposes of learning," said Daniel Edelson, Executive Director and Vice President of Educa on and Children's Programs at the National Geographic Society at a cyber-learning conference last week. "When you're engaged with activities that have learning goals, you can connect the dots between engagement and learning. If you use engagement in its broadest possible sense when people are paying attention because of bright lights and activity, then you don't find that connection. "
So should parents feel guilty allowing their kids to play games on mobile devices?
"No," says Dr. Michael Levine of the Joan Ganz Cooney Center, which recently released a study called Learning : Is There an App For That. "Kids see their parents using mobile phones all the time. It's only natural for them to want to use them too. And from the data in our study it looks like, many parents are letting their children use them responsibly--with restrictions and in moderation. "
What can be inferred from the first paragraph?
A．Parents feel confused when choosing video games and apps for children.
B．Parents should prevent children from playing video games and apps.
C．Parents are told about the harm of different computer games and gadgets.
D．Parents are suggested to expose children to educational gantes and apps.
63、 By "It's a tricky line to follow", the author means
A．it's difficult to distinguish educational apps from entertaining ones
B．a(chǎn)ll video games and apps make children learn something useful
C．the users guides of some video games and apps are hard to follow
D．children are too young to understand the educational aspects of games
64、 When choosing games and apps, parents should __
A．explore learning opportunities for children from different categories
B．set up criteria on their own for evaluating the value of learning apps
C．spend time figuring out what their children want to be exposed to
D．make certain what they want children to learn and to experience
65、 According to Daniel Edelso, when playing games and apps,
A．parents should also engage in the play
B．children pay much attention to bright lights
C．children should have the purposes of learning
D．parents find the connection between playing and learning
66、 What can be learned from the study by Dr. Michael Levine?
A．Kids' playing mobile phones is most influenced by their parents.
B．Many parents can properly supervise kids' playing mobile phones.
C．It is natural for kids to want to use mobile phones to learn something.
D．It is hard for parents to give children restrictions on playing mobile phones.
67、上海菜系(cuisqne)是中國(guó)最年輕的地方菜系，有著400多年的歷史。同其他中國(guó)菜系一樣，本菜系具有“色、香(aroma)、味”三大要素。上海菜的特點(diǎn)是注重調(diào)料(seasoning)的使用、食材的質(zhì)地和菜的原汁原味。其中最的有特色點(diǎn)心“南翔小籠”(Nanxiang Steamed Meat Dumplings)和特色菜“松鼠鮭魚”(Squirrel—Shaped Mandarin Fish)?！澳舷栊』\”是豬肉餡，皮薄個(gè)小、汁醇味美?！八墒篚q魚”色澤黃亮，形如松鼠，外皮脆而里肉嫩，湯汁酸甜適口。
Section A
Directions: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks.
27、根據(jù)下列材料，請(qǐng)回答27-36題：
We all like to feel needed．But new research suggests having a sense of Purpose is good for our health, too,In a study of 7,000 people, those with the strongest sense of direction in life were over 70 percent less likely to suffer a stroke.The researchers 36 for other aggravating factors such as blood pressure and alcohol use and believe the 37 comes through regulating the immune system,
it has long been thought that 38 meaningful activity after retirement is important for physical and mental health-which often declines 39 soon after retirement.But while past research focused on the 40 effects of negative psychological traits, such as depression and anxiety, new research is investigating how positive traits, such as 41, protect against illness.In the recent study, men and women aged 50 and over were 42 for four to five years and completed psychological tests while researchers recorded strokes.The results show that the higher someone's sense of purpose, the lower their risk of a stroke．Those with the greatest sense of purpose were 73 percent less likely to Suffer a stroke compared to those with the lowest.Other research has shown that positive mood can lower levels of the stress hormone cortisol (荷爾蒙 ), also 43 in stroke.“This is significant as we have an 44 population and it helps show what behaviours prevent people from getting ill,” says Cary Cooper, professor of health psychology at Lancaster University.“Maybe 45 is not good for some．”
A．a(chǎn)ccounted
B．a(chǎn)geing
C．a(chǎn)mbition
D．damaging
E．decreasing
F．dramatically
G．effect
H．gradually
I．implicated
J．optimism
K．outstanding
L．pursuing
M．retirement
N．searched
O．tracked
請(qǐng)回答（36）題__________.
A．a(chǎn)ccounted
B．a(chǎn)geing
C．a(chǎn)mbition
D．damaging
E．decreasing
F．dramatically
G．effect
H．gradually
I．implicated
J．optimism
K．outstanding
L．pursuing
M．retirement
N．searched
O．tracked
28、 請(qǐng)回答（37）題__________.
29、 請(qǐng)回答（38）題__________.
30、 請(qǐng)回答（39）題__________.
31、 請(qǐng)回答（40）題__________.
32、 請(qǐng)回答（41）題__________.
33、 請(qǐng)回答（42）題__________.
34、 請(qǐng)回答（43）題__________.
35、 請(qǐng)回答（44）題__________.
36、 請(qǐng)回答（45）題__________.
Section B
Directions: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.
37、根據(jù)下列材料，請(qǐng)回答37-46題：
How Your Language Affects Your Wealth and Health
A． Does the language we speak determine how healthy and rich we will be? New research by Keith Chen of Yale Business School suggests so. The structure of languages affects our judgments and decisions about the future and this might have dramatic long-term consequences.
B． There has been a lot of research into how we deal with the future. For example, the famous marshmallow (棉花軟糖． studies of Walter Mischel and colleagues showed that being able to resist temptation is predictive of future success. Four-year-old kids were given a marshmallow and were told that if they did not eat that marshmallow and waited for the experimenter to come back, they would get two marshmallows instead of one. Follow-up studies showed that the kids who were able to wait for the bigger future reward became more successful young adults.
C． Resisting our impulses for immediate pleasure is often the only way to attain the outcomes that are important to us. We want to keep a slim figure but we ~o want that last slice of pizza. Some people are better at delaying satisfaction than others. Those people have a better chance of accumulating wealth and keeping a healthy life style. They are less likely to be impulse buyers or smokers.
D． Chen's recent, findings suggest that an unlikely factor, language, strongly affects our future-oriented behavior. Some languages strongly distinguish the present and the future. Other languages only weakly distinguish the present and the future. Chen's recent research suggests that people who speak languages that weakly distinguish the present and the future are better prepared for the future. They accumulate more wealth and they are better able to maintain their health. The way these people conceptualize (概念． the future is similar to the way they conceptualize the present As a result, the future does not feel very distant and it is easier for them to act in accordance with their future interests.
E． Different languages have different ways of talking about the future. Some languages, such as English, require their speakers m refer to the future explicitly. Every time English-speaker stalk about the future, they have to use future markers such as "will". In other languages, such as Mandarin (漢語(yǔ)普通話．, future markers are not obligatory. The future is often talked about similar to the way present is talked about and the meaning is understood from the context. Languages such as English constantly remind their speakers that future events are distant. For speakersof languages such as Mandarin, future feels closer. As aconsequent, resisting immediate impulses and investing for the future is easier for Mandarin speakers.
F． Chen analyzed individual-level data from 76 developed and developing countries. Tiffs data includes people's economic decisions, such as whether they saved arty money last year, the languages they speak athome, demographics (人口統(tǒng)計(jì)特征．, and cultural factors such as "saving is an important cultural value for me". He also analyzed indvidual-level data on people's retirement assets, smoking and exercising habits, and general health in older age. Lastly. he analyzed national-level data that includes national savings rates, country GDP and GDP growth rates, country demographics, and proportions of people speaking different languages.
G． People's savings rates are affected by various factors such as their income, education level, age, religious affiliation(隸屬關(guān)系． their countries' legal systems , and their cultural values. After those factors were accounted for, the effect of language on people's savings rates turned out to be big. Speaking a language that has obligatory future markers, such as English , makes people 30 percent less likely to save money for the future. This effect is as large as the effect of unemployment. Being unemployed decreases the likelihood of saving by about 30 percent as well.
H． Similar analyses showed that speaking a language that does not have obligatory future markers, such as Mandarin, makes people accumulate more retirement assets, smoke less, exercise more, and generally be healthier in older age. Countries' national savings rates are also affected by language. Having a larger proportion of people speaking a language that does not have obligatory future marker smakes national savings rates higher.
I． This is an unconventional way of explaining people's consumption-saving decisions and health-related behavior. More conventional factors include dispositional ( 意向的．, situational, motivational, and cultural factors. The marshmallow studies focus on dispositional factors-being able to delaysatis faction is an inherent ability. Other researches have looked at situational factors. For example, resear chers have shown that simply rearramging the placement of food and beverages (飲料．in acafeteria can improve sales of healthy items. Other research has focused on motivational factors. People often need to curb their current desire to consume in order to reach their future goal of getting out of debt. Researchers have shown that closing smaller debt accounts first gives a sense of accomplishment early on, boosts motivation, and increases the likelihood of completely getting rid of debt. The motivational effect is beneficial even if closing off smaller debt accounts does not make economic sense, for instance when the bigger debt accounts have higher interest rates attached to them. Other research has investigated cultural factors. It has been argued that Americans spend more than they need to because they want to emu/ate (仿效．the lifestyles and spending patterns of people who are much richer than themselves. Chen's findings suggest that maybe we should focus more on how we talk about the future in order to improve our inter termporal ( 跨期的 ． decision making.
J． These results also provide evidence for the language-cognition link, which has stirred some controversy among researchers. Early 20th century thinkers such as Ferdinand de Saussure and Ludwig Wittgenstein were among the first who argued that language can impact the way people think and act. More recently, Steven Pinker argued that we think in a universal grammar and languages do not significantly shape our thinking. The issue is still hotly debated.
K． At a more practical level, researchers have been looking for ways to help people act in accordance with their long-term interests. Recent findings suggest that making the future feel closer to the present might improve future-oriented behavior. For instance, researchers recently presented people with renderings of their future selves made using age-progression algorithms (運(yùn)算法則． that forecast how physical appearances would change over time. One group of participants saw a digital representation of their current selves in a virtual mirror, and the other group saw an age-morphed (演變的．version of their future selves. Those participants who saw the age-morphed version of their future selves allocated more money toward a virtual savings account. The intervention brought people's future to the present and as a result they saved more for the future.
L． Chen's research shows that language structures our future-related thoughts. Chen's research points at the possibility that the way we talk about the future can shape our mindsets. Language can move the future back and forth in our mental space and this might have dramatic influences on our judgments and decisions.
Because Mandarin speakers feel the future is closer, it is easier for them to resist immediate impulses and to invest for the future
A．Does the language we speak determine how healthy and rich we will be? New research by Keith Chen of Yale Business School suggests so. The structure of languages affects our judgments and decisions about the future and this might have dramatic long-term consequences.
B．There has been a lot of research into how we deal with the future. For example, the famous marshmallow (棉花軟糖． studies of Walter Mischel and colleagues showed that being able to resist temptation is predictive of future success. Four-year-old kids were given a marshmallow and were told that if they did not eat that marshmallow and waited for the experimenter to come back, they would get two marshmallows instead of one. Follow-up studies showed that the kids who were able to wait for the bigger future reward became more successful young adults.
C．Resisting our impulses for immediate pleasure is often the only way to attain the outcomes that are important to us. We want to keep a slim figure but we ~o want that last slice of pizza. Some people are better at delaying satisfaction than others. Those people have a better chance of accumulating wealth and keeping a healthy life style. They are less likely to be impulse buyers or smokers.
D．Chen's recent, findings suggest that an unlikely factor, language, strongly affects our future-oriented behavior. Some languages strongly distinguish the present and the future. Other languages only weakly distinguish the present and the future. Chen's recent research suggests that people who speak languages that weakly distinguish the present and the future are better prepared for the future. They accumulate more wealth and they are better able to maintain their health. The way these people conceptualize (概念． the future is similar to the way they conceptualize the present As a result, the future does not feel very distant and it is easier for them to act in accordance with their future interests.
E．Different languages have different ways of talking about the future. Some languages, such as English, require their speakers m refer to the future explicitly. Every time English-speaker stalk about the future, they have to use future markers such as "will". In other languages, such as Mandarin (漢語(yǔ)普通話．, future markers are not obligatory. The future is often talked about similar to the way present is talked about and the meaning is understood from the context. Languages such as English constantly remind their speakers that future events are distant. For speakersof languages such as Mandarin, future feels closer. As aconsequent, resisting immediate impulses and investing for the future is easier for Mandarin speakers.
F．Chen analyzed individual-level data from 76 developed and developing countries. Tiffs data includes people's economic decisions, such as whether they saved arty money last year, the languages they speak athome, demographics (人口統(tǒng)計(jì)特征．, and cultural factors such as "saving is an important cultural value for me". He also analyzed indvidual-level data on people's retirement assets, smoking and exercising habits, and general health in older age. Lastly. he analyzed national-level data that includes national savings rates, country GDP and GDP growth rates, country demographics, and proportions of people speaking different languages.
G．People's savings rates are affected by various factors such as their income, education level, age, religious affiliation(隸屬關(guān)系． their countries' legal systems , and their cultural values. After those factors were accounted for, the effect of language on people's savings rates turned out to be big. Speaking a language that has obligatory future markers, such as English , makes people 30 percent less likely to save money for the future. This effect is as large as the effect of unemployment. Being unemployed decreases the likelihood of saving by about 30 percent as well.
H．Similar analyses showed that speaking a language that does not have obligatory future markers, such as Mandarin, makes people accumulate more retirement assets, smoke less, exercise more, and generally be healthier in older age. Countries' national savings rates are also affected by language. Having a larger proportion of people speaking a language that does not have obligatory future marker smakes national savings rates higher.
I．．
J．Chen's recent, findings suggest that an unlikely factor, language, strongly affects our future-oriented behavior. Some languages strongly distinguish the present and the future. Other languages only weakly distinguish the present and the future. Chen's recent research suggests that people who speak languages that weakly distinguish the present and the future are better prepared for the future. They accumulate more wealth and they are better able to maintain their health. The way these people conceptualize (概念) the future is similar to the way they conceptualize the present As a result, the future does not feel very distant and it is easier for them to act in accordance with their future interests.
K．E
L．．
38、Cultural factors may explain why Americans spend more than they need to.
39、People whose languages distinguish the present and the future weakly form the idea of the future in a similar way as of the present.
40、Recent studies indicate that future-oriented behavior might be improved by making the future feel closer to the time being.
41、The famous marshmallow studies suggested that the ability to resist temptation may predict people’sfuture success.
42、Speakers of a language whose future markers are obligatory are 30% less likely to save money for rite future.
43、Language's ability to move the future to and fro in our mind might greatly influence our judgments and decisions.
44、People who delay satisfaction better are more likely to be wealthy and have a healthy life style.
45、Steven Pinker thought we think in a universal grammar and languages do not have an important effecton shaping our thinking.
46、Researchers focusing on situational factors show that rearranging the placement of food and drinks in a cafeteria can improve sales of healthy items.
Part IV Translation.(30minutes)
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage from Chinese into English. You should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2.
Part II Listening Comprehension.(30 minutes)
Part III Reading Comprehension.(40 minutes)
Section C
Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.
57、根據(jù)下列材料，請(qǐng)回答57-66題：
questions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage.
What makes a group intelligent? You might think a group's IQ would t esimply the aveiage intelligence of the group's members, or perhaps the intelligence of the team's smartest participant, But researchers who study groups have found that this isn't so.
Rather, a group's intelligence emerges the interactions that go on Within the group. A teams intelligence can be measured, and like an individual's IQ scere, it can accurately predict the team's performance on a Wide variety of tasks. And just as an individual's intelligence is expandable, a group's intelligence can alsobe increased. Here are five suggestions on how to guide the developttment of smart teams:
Chose team members carefully, The smartest groups are composed of people who are good at reading one another's social cues, according to a study led by Carnegie Mellon University professor Anita Williams Woolley and published in the journal Science.
Talk about the “how”. Many members of teams don't like to spend time talking about “process”, preferring to get right down to work--but Woolley notes that groups who take the time to discuss how they Will Work together aice ultimately more efficient and effective.
share the floor: In the most intelligent teams, found Woolley, members take turns speaking Participants who dominate the discussion or who hang back and don't say much bring down, the
What do we learn about a group's IQ?
A．It equals the total intelligence of the group members.
B．It determines the interactions among the group members.
C．It can help measure an individual's IQ score in the group.
D．It can help predict the group's performance on various tasks.
58、 What does Anita Williams Woolley say about members of smart teams?
A．They are careful in choosing team members.
B．They know clearly about each other's social status.
C．They pay attention to discussing the team's work process.
D．They are more likely to get work done immediately.
59、 According to Alex Sandy Pent land, a group's intelligence______
A．can be expanded by the dominator of the group discussion
B．can be brought down with the absence of the team leader
C．can be increased by members' engagement in side conversations
D．can be related to members' direct contact with each other
60、 what can be inferred from the case of a call center told by Pent land?
A．Coffee breaks should be guaranteed to team members across the workday.
B．Informal social contacts among members establish more efficient work.
C．Team leaders' informal meetings with members should be cancelled.
D．Coffee breaks make members more efficient and satisfied with their jobs.
61、 By "Be open to external influences" ( Line 1, Para.7), the author suggests_____
A．team members explore and discover independently
B．team leaders improve the team's work with fresh ideas
C．teams absorb new insights from the world outside the meeting room
D．teams regularly brainstorm outside the conference morn
62、根據(jù)下列材料，請(qǐng)回答62-71題：
Questions 61 to 65 are based on the following passage.
When it comes to video games and apps, what's a parent to do? On the one hand, we're told about the harm of letting kids play with computer games and gadgets (小器具). On the other, we're attracted by games and apps marketedtd us as "educational".
It's a tricky line to follow. Kids' apps range from "baking" cupcakes to crushing war demons (惡魔)Most of them have some educational aspect--at the very least kids learn what ingredients are used in cupcake baking, and the physics of launching Angry Birds at just the right angle to kill the piggies. That's learning, isn't it?
There lie the vague boundaries. Not all games are educational, and not all are shallow forms of entertainment. In fact, most have some elements of both. The trick is to figure out what we want kids to learn and to experience. To collect them all into one category is to miss out on a huge treasure trove (寶庫(kù))of learning opportunities. Real learnh apps have a set of criteria that qualifies them as educational, sorather than writing them all off as a waste of time, parents can figure out what their kids are exposed to."We don't ever want to separate engagement from the purposes of learning," said Daniel Edelson, Executive Director and Vice President of Educa on and Children's Programs at the National Geographic Society at a cyber-learning conference last week. "When you're engaged with activities that have learning goals, you can connect the dots between engagement and learning. If you use engagement in its broadest possible sense when people are paying attention because of bright lights and activity, then you don't find that connection. "
So should parents feel guilty allowing their kids to play games on mobile devices?
"No," says Dr. Michael Levine of the Joan Ganz Cooney Center, which recently released a study called Learning : Is There an App For That. "Kids see their parents using mobile phones all the time. It's only natural for them to want to use them too. And from the data in our study it looks like, many parents are letting their children use them responsibly--with restrictions and in moderation. "
What can be inferred from the first paragraph?
A．Parents feel confused when choosing video games and apps for children.
B．Parents should prevent children from playing video games and apps.
C．Parents are told about the harm of different computer games and gadgets.
D．Parents are suggested to expose children to educational gantes and apps.
63、 By "It's a tricky line to follow", the author means
A．it's difficult to distinguish educational apps from entertaining ones
B．a(chǎn)ll video games and apps make children learn something useful
C．the users guides of some video games and apps are hard to follow
D．children are too young to understand the educational aspects of games
64、 When choosing games and apps, parents should __
A．explore learning opportunities for children from different categories
B．set up criteria on their own for evaluating the value of learning apps
C．spend time figuring out what their children want to be exposed to
D．make certain what they want children to learn and to experience
65、 According to Daniel Edelso, when playing games and apps,
A．parents should also engage in the play
B．children pay much attention to bright lights
C．children should have the purposes of learning
D．parents find the connection between playing and learning
66、 What can be learned from the study by Dr. Michael Levine?
A．Kids' playing mobile phones is most influenced by their parents.
B．Many parents can properly supervise kids' playing mobile phones.
C．It is natural for kids to want to use mobile phones to learn something.
D．It is hard for parents to give children restrictions on playing mobile phones.
67、上海菜系(cuisqne)是中國(guó)最年輕的地方菜系，有著400多年的歷史。同其他中國(guó)菜系一樣，本菜系具有“色、香(aroma)、味”三大要素。上海菜的特點(diǎn)是注重調(diào)料(seasoning)的使用、食材的質(zhì)地和菜的原汁原味。其中最的有特色點(diǎn)心“南翔小籠”(Nanxiang Steamed Meat Dumplings)和特色菜“松鼠鮭魚”(Squirrel—Shaped Mandarin Fish)?！澳舷栊』\”是豬肉餡，皮薄個(gè)小、汁醇味美?！八墒篚q魚”色澤黃亮，形如松鼠，外皮脆而里肉嫩，湯汁酸甜適口。