以下是為大家整理的關(guān)于《高中英語大全：英漢翻譯與詞匯對應(yīng)的問題 》文章，供大家學(xué)習(xí)參考！
現(xiàn)在，有不少學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)英語，無論在翻譯、寫作或遣詞造句等方面，經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)一些不該有的失誤。主要表現(xiàn)在：
1. 把詞義和用法割裂開來；
2. 漢語意思跟英語詞匯的字面意思過于對應(yīng)；
3. 沒有真正掌握或理解詞語的含義。
例如，我們常說“為人民服務(wù)”，有的學(xué)生則完全按照漢語的思維，翻譯為：Serve for the people.殊不知，英語的serve是及物動詞，本身就是“為......服務(wù)”，應(yīng)該說：Serve the people.不需要再加介詞for。
“他回來時，已經(jīng)10點了?！狈g成It was ten o’clock when he returned back.此句多了一個back，因為return這個詞語，本身就表示“回來”，不需要再加back。若說came back則可以?！ ?BR> “太陽從東方升起，從西方落下”。翻譯成The sun rises from the east and sets from the west.實際是說，“太陽升在東方，落在西方?！闭_的翻譯是：The sun rises in the east and sets in the west. “在東方”和“在西方”，屬于方位詞，應(yīng)說in the east和in the west。尤其使用from the west大錯而特錯，因為“在西方下落”，邏輯上根本沒有from的含義?！ ?BR> 許多中國學(xué)生認(rèn)為，miss跟lose差不多，是“丟掉，丟失”的意思，這實際是一種誤解。miss the bus是“錯過了乘車”，不是“丟了公交車”。“丟了自行車”，我們說lose the bike，不說miss the bike。lose的含義是，原來有這個東西，后來丟失了，沒了。我們說miss the chance，雖然翻譯成“失掉機(jī)會”，但實際意思是“錯過機(jī)會”，這個機(jī)會原來并沒有。雖然在不同的語境里，miss的詞義有細(xì)微差異，但其基本含義是“錯過，錯失”。例如：
1. If you miss something such as a plane or train, you arrive too late to catch it.
例如：miss one’s flight錯過了航班；miss the last bus錯過了末班車
2. If you miss something such as a meeting or an activity, you do not go to it or take part in it.
例如：miss the lecture未參加講座；miss one’s lessons沒有聽課
3. If you miss a chance or opportunity, you fail to take advantage of it.
例如：too good an opportunity to miss機(jī)會太好不容錯過
4. If you miss something, you fail to notice it.
例如：never miss a detail決不放過一個細(xì)節(jié)
此外，有的學(xué)生一看到kill，就馬上聯(lián)想到“殺死”。但是，下面這些句子是否可以翻譯成“殺死”呢？
The mistake has killed his chances.那個錯誤使他失去了機(jī)會?！ ?BR> His rude manners killed the conversation.他的無禮終止了談話?！ ?BR> The newspaper editor killed the story.報紙編輯刪掉了那篇報道?！ ?BR> He often drinks to kill the pain.他經(jīng)常喝酒止疼?！ ?BR> The red sofa kills the effect of the gray wall.紅色沙發(fā)破壞了灰色墻壁的效果?！ ?BR> The noise killed the music.噪音淹沒了音樂。
They have the right to kill a bill in Parliament.他們有權(quán)使法案在國會不能通過。
My back is killing me.我的背疼得要命。
We played cards to kill time until the bus came.車子來之前，我們打牌消磨時間。
Those stairs kill me every time!每次走那些臺階使我精疲力盡!
A young fellow, dressed to kill, came. 一個穿著十分惹眼的小伙子走了過來?！ ?BR> 此外，學(xué)生一看到on one’s back，馬上聯(lián)想到“在背上”，例如：
The tourist carried a pack on his back.觀光旅行者背了個包?！ ?BR> I patted him on his back, and told him what a brave boy he was. 我拍了拍他的肩膀，稱贊他是個勇敢的孩子?！ ?BR> I will carry you down the mountain on my back.我愿意背你下山?！ ?BR> The burden on his back seemed to be crushing him to the earth. 他背上的重負(fù)似乎要把他壓倒在地。
但是，下列句子是否也可以這樣翻譯呢？
He lay on his back and looked up at the sky. 他仰臥著，觀看天空?！ ?BR> 原來，on one’s back有兩層意思：介詞on除了表示“在......上面”之外，還有一個意思就是，“（身體重量）由（某部位）支撐”：You use on to say what part of your body is supporting your weight. 由此構(gòu)成的短語一般跟lie, stand, stay, remain, be等動詞連用。lie on one’s back表示“仰著身子”。例如：
He continued to lie on his back and look at the clouds. 他仍舊仰臥著，望著天上的云彩?！ ?BR> He raised himself on his elbows, squinting into the sun.用胳膊肘支起身子，瞇著眼睛看了看太陽?！ ?BR> The man was on her hands and knees in the bathroom. 那個人趴在浴室的地上。
When he woke up, he tried to stand on his feet, but he failed.當(dāng)他醒來要努力站起來時,但他失敗了。
The wind was so strong that little Hans found it difficult to stand on his feet.風(fēng)這樣猛烈，小漢斯感到自己站也站不住。
In a busy gasoline station, the attendant is on his feet all day.在忙碌的加油站，工作人員整天都走動著?！ ?BR> After six whiskies Harry was finding it difficult to stay on his feet. 6杯威士忌下肚，哈里兩腿站不住了?！ ?BR> He stood on his head to make the baby laugh.他倒立著使嬰兒發(fā)笑。
In return for this, the beggar stood on his head and sang songs.這個乞丐倒立著唱了幾支歌作為報答。
He lay on his stomach, making an earnest business of sleeping.他這會兒趴在床上，看樣子好像睡得正熟呢?！ ?BR> 有時候，學(xué)生可能還會出現(xiàn)這樣的句子翻譯：
“我把鑰匙忘在家里了?！弊g為：I forgot my key at home.
“我把鑰匙丟在家里了?！弊g為：I lost my key at home.
上述兩個翻譯對嗎？為什么？怎么讓學(xué)生明白leave, forget和lose這三個動詞的用法和區(qū)別？
上述兩個翻譯都是錯誤的。其實，有時漢語說“我把鑰匙忘在家里了。”和“我把鑰匙丟在家里了。”是一回事，都是“我把鑰匙留在（放在）家里了?！庇胒orget或lose都不對，而應(yīng)改為leave。正確的表達(dá)應(yīng)該是：I left my key at home.以下句子都用leave，例如：
What a fix that I left my key inside.多糟，我把鑰匙忘在里面了。
I left my key in the reading room.我把鑰匙忘在閱覽室了。
I left my key at school, and I had to leave the door closed.我把鑰匙忘在學(xué)校了，只能讓門關(guān)著。
It occurred to me that I had left my keys behind.我想起了我忘記帶鑰匙。
I've left my keys at home and can't get my books.我把鑰匙丟在家里了, 我的書拿不著了。
I left my keys in my room when I rushed out for school.我急著去上學(xué)的時候把鑰匙留在房間里了。
I left my keys behind.我忘了帶鑰匙了。
I left my key inside my room.我把鑰匙忘在屋里了。
You left the key in the lock!你把鑰匙留在鎖上了吧。
英語對leave的釋義是：If you leave something in a particular place, you let it remain there when you go away. 其真正含義是，把某物留在了某個具體的地方，肯定能找到。不是丟失，因為丟失的東西不一定能找到。既然把東西留在某地，后面肯定接一個地點，所以，“l(fā)eave the key+地點”，意思是“把鑰匙留在某地方了”。
那么，forget the key可不可以說呢？當(dāng)然可以，但是意思不同。例如：
Mum often forgets the keys when she goes out.媽媽出門常常忘記帶鑰匙。
I forgot my key. I have left it at home.我忘了帶鑰匙，放在家里了?！ ?BR> Oh, no! I've forgotten my key again.真該死! 我又忘了帶鑰匙了。
As I have forgotten my key, the only expedient is to climb in through the window.我忘了帶鑰匙,權(quán)宜之計只有從窗戶爬進(jìn)去了。
I forgot to bring my key. We are shut out.我忘了帶鑰匙。我們被關(guān)在門外了。
英語對forget的釋義是：If you forget something or forget to do something, you cannot think of it, although you knew it or knew how to do it in the past. 其真正含義是，大腦中忘記了某物，或忘記了做某事，fortget the key，意思是“大腦中忘了鑰匙這件東西，或者忘了帶鑰匙這件事”。forget因為是忘記了某物，不存在跟地點狀語連用的問題?！ ?BR> 那么，lose the key可不可以說呢？當(dāng)然可以，但這是“丟了鑰匙，找不到了”。例如：
Maybe I lost my key on the palyground.也許我把鑰匙丟在操場上了。
He just lost his key under the sofa. 他只是在沙發(fā)下面丟了鑰匙?！ ?BR> I lost my key and had to smash the window open.我把鑰匙弄丟了，只好把窗戶撞開進(jìn)屋了。
First my car broke down, then I lost my key.先是我的汽車出了故障，接著又丟了鑰匙?！ ?BR> I am unfortunate to lose my keys. I wonder if I can get them back. 我很倒霉丟了鑰匙。我想知道能否找回來。
英語對lose的釋義是：If you lose something, you do not know where it is, for example because you have forgotten where you put it. 其真正含義是，因不慎把某件物品丟失了，暫時找不到了。lose the key，意思是“把鑰匙丟失了”。后面可以跟一個地點狀語，說明丟失的地方?！ ?BR> 【總結(jié)】leave the key +地點：把鑰匙放在、留在某個地方，能找到。forget th key：不跟地點，意味著“忘了鑰匙這東西，或者忘了帶鑰匙這件事”。lose the key (+地點)：可以接地點，也可不接地點，意思是“把鑰匙丟失（在某地方）了，找不到了?！?BR>
現(xiàn)在，有不少學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)英語，無論在翻譯、寫作或遣詞造句等方面，經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)一些不該有的失誤。主要表現(xiàn)在：
1. 把詞義和用法割裂開來；
2. 漢語意思跟英語詞匯的字面意思過于對應(yīng)；
3. 沒有真正掌握或理解詞語的含義。
例如，我們常說“為人民服務(wù)”，有的學(xué)生則完全按照漢語的思維，翻譯為：Serve for the people.殊不知，英語的serve是及物動詞，本身就是“為......服務(wù)”，應(yīng)該說：Serve the people.不需要再加介詞for。
“他回來時，已經(jīng)10點了?！狈g成It was ten o’clock when he returned back.此句多了一個back，因為return這個詞語，本身就表示“回來”，不需要再加back。若說came back則可以?！ ?BR> “太陽從東方升起，從西方落下”。翻譯成The sun rises from the east and sets from the west.實際是說，“太陽升在東方，落在西方?！闭_的翻譯是：The sun rises in the east and sets in the west. “在東方”和“在西方”，屬于方位詞，應(yīng)說in the east和in the west。尤其使用from the west大錯而特錯，因為“在西方下落”，邏輯上根本沒有from的含義?！ ?BR> 許多中國學(xué)生認(rèn)為，miss跟lose差不多，是“丟掉，丟失”的意思，這實際是一種誤解。miss the bus是“錯過了乘車”，不是“丟了公交車”。“丟了自行車”，我們說lose the bike，不說miss the bike。lose的含義是，原來有這個東西，后來丟失了，沒了。我們說miss the chance，雖然翻譯成“失掉機(jī)會”，但實際意思是“錯過機(jī)會”，這個機(jī)會原來并沒有。雖然在不同的語境里，miss的詞義有細(xì)微差異，但其基本含義是“錯過，錯失”。例如：
1. If you miss something such as a plane or train, you arrive too late to catch it.
例如：miss one’s flight錯過了航班；miss the last bus錯過了末班車
2. If you miss something such as a meeting or an activity, you do not go to it or take part in it.
例如：miss the lecture未參加講座；miss one’s lessons沒有聽課
3. If you miss a chance or opportunity, you fail to take advantage of it.
例如：too good an opportunity to miss機(jī)會太好不容錯過
4. If you miss something, you fail to notice it.
例如：never miss a detail決不放過一個細(xì)節(jié)
此外，有的學(xué)生一看到kill，就馬上聯(lián)想到“殺死”。但是，下面這些句子是否可以翻譯成“殺死”呢？
The mistake has killed his chances.那個錯誤使他失去了機(jī)會?！ ?BR> His rude manners killed the conversation.他的無禮終止了談話?！ ?BR> The newspaper editor killed the story.報紙編輯刪掉了那篇報道?！ ?BR> He often drinks to kill the pain.他經(jīng)常喝酒止疼?！ ?BR> The red sofa kills the effect of the gray wall.紅色沙發(fā)破壞了灰色墻壁的效果?！ ?BR> The noise killed the music.噪音淹沒了音樂。
They have the right to kill a bill in Parliament.他們有權(quán)使法案在國會不能通過。
My back is killing me.我的背疼得要命。
We played cards to kill time until the bus came.車子來之前，我們打牌消磨時間。
Those stairs kill me every time!每次走那些臺階使我精疲力盡!
A young fellow, dressed to kill, came. 一個穿著十分惹眼的小伙子走了過來?！ ?BR> 此外，學(xué)生一看到on one’s back，馬上聯(lián)想到“在背上”，例如：
The tourist carried a pack on his back.觀光旅行者背了個包?！ ?BR> I patted him on his back, and told him what a brave boy he was. 我拍了拍他的肩膀，稱贊他是個勇敢的孩子?！ ?BR> I will carry you down the mountain on my back.我愿意背你下山?！ ?BR> The burden on his back seemed to be crushing him to the earth. 他背上的重負(fù)似乎要把他壓倒在地。
但是，下列句子是否也可以這樣翻譯呢？
He lay on his back and looked up at the sky. 他仰臥著，觀看天空?！ ?BR> 原來，on one’s back有兩層意思：介詞on除了表示“在......上面”之外，還有一個意思就是，“（身體重量）由（某部位）支撐”：You use on to say what part of your body is supporting your weight. 由此構(gòu)成的短語一般跟lie, stand, stay, remain, be等動詞連用。lie on one’s back表示“仰著身子”。例如：
He continued to lie on his back and look at the clouds. 他仍舊仰臥著，望著天上的云彩?！ ?BR> He raised himself on his elbows, squinting into the sun.用胳膊肘支起身子，瞇著眼睛看了看太陽?！ ?BR> The man was on her hands and knees in the bathroom. 那個人趴在浴室的地上。
When he woke up, he tried to stand on his feet, but he failed.當(dāng)他醒來要努力站起來時,但他失敗了。
The wind was so strong that little Hans found it difficult to stand on his feet.風(fēng)這樣猛烈，小漢斯感到自己站也站不住。
In a busy gasoline station, the attendant is on his feet all day.在忙碌的加油站，工作人員整天都走動著?！ ?BR> After six whiskies Harry was finding it difficult to stay on his feet. 6杯威士忌下肚，哈里兩腿站不住了?！ ?BR> He stood on his head to make the baby laugh.他倒立著使嬰兒發(fā)笑。
In return for this, the beggar stood on his head and sang songs.這個乞丐倒立著唱了幾支歌作為報答。
He lay on his stomach, making an earnest business of sleeping.他這會兒趴在床上，看樣子好像睡得正熟呢?！ ?BR> 有時候，學(xué)生可能還會出現(xiàn)這樣的句子翻譯：
“我把鑰匙忘在家里了?！弊g為：I forgot my key at home.
“我把鑰匙丟在家里了?！弊g為：I lost my key at home.
上述兩個翻譯對嗎？為什么？怎么讓學(xué)生明白leave, forget和lose這三個動詞的用法和區(qū)別？
上述兩個翻譯都是錯誤的。其實，有時漢語說“我把鑰匙忘在家里了。”和“我把鑰匙丟在家里了。”是一回事，都是“我把鑰匙留在（放在）家里了?！庇胒orget或lose都不對，而應(yīng)改為leave。正確的表達(dá)應(yīng)該是：I left my key at home.以下句子都用leave，例如：
What a fix that I left my key inside.多糟，我把鑰匙忘在里面了。
I left my key in the reading room.我把鑰匙忘在閱覽室了。
I left my key at school, and I had to leave the door closed.我把鑰匙忘在學(xué)校了，只能讓門關(guān)著。
It occurred to me that I had left my keys behind.我想起了我忘記帶鑰匙。
I've left my keys at home and can't get my books.我把鑰匙丟在家里了, 我的書拿不著了。
I left my keys in my room when I rushed out for school.我急著去上學(xué)的時候把鑰匙留在房間里了。
I left my keys behind.我忘了帶鑰匙了。
I left my key inside my room.我把鑰匙忘在屋里了。
You left the key in the lock!你把鑰匙留在鎖上了吧。
英語對leave的釋義是：If you leave something in a particular place, you let it remain there when you go away. 其真正含義是，把某物留在了某個具體的地方，肯定能找到。不是丟失，因為丟失的東西不一定能找到。既然把東西留在某地，后面肯定接一個地點，所以，“l(fā)eave the key+地點”，意思是“把鑰匙留在某地方了”。
那么，forget the key可不可以說呢？當(dāng)然可以，但是意思不同。例如：
Mum often forgets the keys when she goes out.媽媽出門常常忘記帶鑰匙。
I forgot my key. I have left it at home.我忘了帶鑰匙，放在家里了?！ ?BR> Oh, no! I've forgotten my key again.真該死! 我又忘了帶鑰匙了。
As I have forgotten my key, the only expedient is to climb in through the window.我忘了帶鑰匙,權(quán)宜之計只有從窗戶爬進(jìn)去了。
I forgot to bring my key. We are shut out.我忘了帶鑰匙。我們被關(guān)在門外了。
英語對forget的釋義是：If you forget something or forget to do something, you cannot think of it, although you knew it or knew how to do it in the past. 其真正含義是，大腦中忘記了某物，或忘記了做某事，fortget the key，意思是“大腦中忘了鑰匙這件東西，或者忘了帶鑰匙這件事”。forget因為是忘記了某物，不存在跟地點狀語連用的問題?！ ?BR> 那么，lose the key可不可以說呢？當(dāng)然可以，但這是“丟了鑰匙，找不到了”。例如：
Maybe I lost my key on the palyground.也許我把鑰匙丟在操場上了。
He just lost his key under the sofa. 他只是在沙發(fā)下面丟了鑰匙?！ ?BR> I lost my key and had to smash the window open.我把鑰匙弄丟了，只好把窗戶撞開進(jìn)屋了。
First my car broke down, then I lost my key.先是我的汽車出了故障，接著又丟了鑰匙?！ ?BR> I am unfortunate to lose my keys. I wonder if I can get them back. 我很倒霉丟了鑰匙。我想知道能否找回來。
英語對lose的釋義是：If you lose something, you do not know where it is, for example because you have forgotten where you put it. 其真正含義是，因不慎把某件物品丟失了，暫時找不到了。lose the key，意思是“把鑰匙丟失了”。后面可以跟一個地點狀語，說明丟失的地方?！ ?BR> 【總結(jié)】leave the key +地點：把鑰匙放在、留在某個地方，能找到。forget th key：不跟地點，意味著“忘了鑰匙這東西，或者忘了帶鑰匙這件事”。lose the key (+地點)：可以接地點，也可不接地點，意思是“把鑰匙丟失（在某地方）了，找不到了?！?BR>