Making Light of1 Sleep All we have a clock located inside our brains. Similar to your bedside alarm clock， your internal clock2 runs on a 24-hour cycle. This cycle，called a circadian rhythm，helps control when
you wake，when you eat and when you sleep.
Somewhere around puberty，something happens in the timing of the biological clock. The
clock pushes forward，so adolescents and teenagers are unable to fall asleep as early as they used to. When your mother tells you it's time for bed，your body may be pushing you to stay up3 for several hours more. And the light coming from your computer screen or TV could be pushing you to stay up even later.
This shift4 is natural for teenagers. But staying up very late and sleeping late can get your body's clock out of sync with the cycle of light and dark5. It can also make it hard to get out of bed in the morning and may bring other problems，too. Teenagers are put in a kind of a gray cloud6 when they don't get enough sleep，says Mary Carskadon，a sleep researcher at Brown University in Providence，RI7 .It affects their mood and their ability to think and learn.
But just like your alarm clock，your internal clock can be reset. In fact，it automatically resets
itself every day. How? By using the light it gets through your eyes.
Scientists have known for a long time that the light of day and the dark of night play important roles in setting our internal clocks. For years，researchers thought that the signals that synchronize the body's clock8 were handled through the same pathways that we use to see.
But recent discoveries show that the human eye has two separate light-sensing systems. One system allows us to see. The second system tells our body whether it's day or night.
詞匯：
circadian/s3:'keidiən/ adj. 晝夜節(jié)奏的，生理節(jié)奏的
adolescent/ædəu'lesənt/ n.青少年;adj.青少年的
puberty/ 'pju:bəti/ n.發(fā)育;青春期
sync/siŋk/ n. (口語(yǔ))同步;和諧，協(xié)調(diào)
synchronize/'siŋkrənaiz / V.(使)同時(shí)發(fā)生;(使)同步
注釋：
1.make light of ：輕視，不在乎。例如： We should not make light of their achievements.我們不應(yīng)當(dāng)?shù)凸浪麄兊某删汀?BR> 2. your internal clock ：指的是第一句中的a clock located inside our brains ，也即是第二段第一句中的the biological clock (生物鐘)。
3. stay up：不睡覺(jué)，熬夜
4. This shift：這種調(diào)整。指上文所描述的由于生理時(shí)間的變化青少年上床時(shí)間越來(lái)越晚的現(xiàn)
象。
5. get your body's clock out of sync with the cycle of light and dark ：打亂了你的生物鐘與晝夜時(shí)間循環(huán)之間的平衡
6. gray cloud ：提不起精神的狀態(tài)
7. Brown University in Providence， RI：位于美國(guó)羅得島州普羅維登斯的布朗大學(xué)。RI是Rhode
Island(羅得島)的首字母縮寫(xiě);Providence 是羅得島州的首府。布朗大學(xué)是美國(guó)一流大學(xué)，
創(chuàng)建于1764 年，是世界聞名的美國(guó)“常春藤聯(lián)盟”(還包括哈佛大學(xué)、耶魯大學(xué)、普林斯頓大學(xué)、布朗大學(xué)、哥倫比亞大學(xué)、賓夕法尼亞大學(xué)、達(dá)特茅斯大學(xué)和康奈爾大學(xué))中的一員。
8. the signals that synchronize the body's clock：平衡生物鐘的光信號(hào)
練習(xí)：
1 .The clock located inside our brains is similar to our bedside alarm clock because
A it controls when we wake，when we eat and when we sleep.
B it has a cycle of 24 hours.
C it is a cycle also called circadian rhythm.
D it can alarm any time during 24 hours.
2. What is implied in the second paragraph?
A Young children's biological clock has the same rhythm with that of the teenagers.
B People after puberty begin to go to bed earlier due to the change of the biological clock.
C Children before puberty tend to fall asleep earlier at night than adolescents.
D Teenagers go to bed later than they used to due to the light from the computer screen.
3. In the third paragraph the author wants to tell the reader that
A it is natural for teenagers to stay up late and get up late.
B staying up late has a bad effect on teenagers' ability to think and learn.
C during puberty most teenagers experience a kind of gray cloud.
D it is hard for teenagers to get out of bed in the morning.
4. Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the fourth and fifth paragraphs?
A Our biological clock resets itself automatically.
B light gets through our eyes and resets our biological clock.
C Our internal clock as well as the alarm clock can be reset automatically.
D Our internal clock，like the alarm clock，can be reset.
5. According to the last two paragraphs， what did the previous researchers think about the human eye's light-sensing system?
A The human eye had two light-sensing systems.
B The human eye had one light-sensing system.
C The human eye could sense the light of day more quickly than the dark of night.
D The human eye could reset our internal clocks in accordance with the alarm clocks.
答案與題解：
1.B 第一段第二句提供了答案。句中的your internal clock 即指a clock located inside our Brains。
2. C 第二段主要內(nèi)容是告訴讀者，過(guò)了青春期(puberty)，由于生物鐘節(jié)奏的變化，青少年(adolescents and teenagers)比以前要晚睡幾小時(shí)。所以C是該段所隱含的內(nèi)容。
3. B 第三段的后一句直接給出了答案。
4. C 根據(jù)第四和第五段的內(nèi)容，鬧鐘和生物鐘都可以重新設(shè)定時(shí)間，但生物鐘能通過(guò)眼睛接
受的日光來(lái)自動(dòng)調(diào)節(jié)生理節(jié)奏。所以A、B和D都是這兩段中所述內(nèi)容，C是正確選擇，因?yàn)轸[鐘不能自動(dòng)重新設(shè)定時(shí)間。
5.B 問(wèn)題使用的是過(guò)去時(shí)，問(wèn)的是研究者在新發(fā)現(xiàn)(recent discoveries)之前對(duì)眼睛感光系統(tǒng)的認(rèn)識(shí)，即，the signals that synchronize the body's clock were handled through the same pathways that we use to see (眼睛所接受到的平衡生物鐘的光信號(hào)同樣作用于人類的視覺(jué)系統(tǒng))，也就是說(shuō)，研究者之前認(rèn)為人類的眼睛只有一個(gè)感光系統(tǒng)。但新發(fā)現(xiàn)卻是，人的眼睛有兩個(gè)感光系統(tǒng)。
Germs on Banknotes People in different countries use different types of 1 yuan in China, pesos in Mexico, pounds in the United Kingdom, dollars in the United States, Australia and New Zealand. They may use 2 currencies, but these countries, and probably all countries, still have one thing in common1: Germs on the banknotes.
Scientists have been studying the germs on money for well over2 100 years. At the turn of the 20th 3 , some researchers began to suspect that germs living on money could spread disease.
Most studies of germy money have looked at the germs on the currency 4 one country. In a new study, Frank Vriesekoop3 and other researchers compared the germ populations found on bills of different 5 .
Vriesekoop3 is a microbiologist at the University of Ballarat in Australia4. He led the study, which compared the germ populations found on money 6 from 10 nations. The scientists studied 1,280 banknotes in total; all came from places where people buy food, like supermarkets street vendors and cafes, 7 those businesses often rely on cash.
Overall, the Australian dollars hosted the fewest live bacteria ---- no more than 10 per square centimeter. Chinese yuan had the most ---- about 100 per square centimeter. Most of the germs on money probably would not cause harm.
What we call “paper” money usually isn't made from paper. The U. S. dollar, for example, is printed on fabric that is mostly 8 .Different countries may use different 9 to print their money. Some of the currencies studied by Vriesekoop and his 10 such as the American dollar were made from cotton. Others were made from polymers.
The three 11 with the lowest numbers of bacteria were all printed on polymers. They included the Australian dollar, the New Zealand dollar and some Mexican pesos.
The other currencies were printed on fabric made 12 of cotton. Fewer germs lived on the polymer notes. This connection suggests that 13 have a harder time staying alive on polymer surfaces. Scientists need to do more studies to understand how germs live on money-----and whether or not we need to be concerned. Vnesekoop is now starting a study that will 14 the amounts of time bacteria can stay alive on different types of bills.
Whatever Vriesekoop finds, the fact remains: Paper money harbors germs We should wash our 15 after touching it; after all5, you never know where your money 's been. Or what's living on it
詞匯：
pesos/pi:səvs/ n .比索 bacterium /kæk'tiəriəm/ n .細(xì)菌(單數(shù))
germ/dʒə:m/ n.病菌 bacteria /bæktiəriə/細(xì)菌(復(fù)數(shù))
banknote/bæŋknəvt/ n.紙幣 centimeter/senti,mi:tə。/ n.厘米
microbiologist /,maikrəv,baiɔlədʒist/n.微生 polymer/pɔlimə / n. [高分子」聚合物
物學(xué)家 harbor/ha:bə/ v.懷有，藏有
vendor/vendəI/n.小販
注釋：
1.have one thing in common ：有一個(gè)共同點(diǎn)
2. well over ：大大超過(guò)
3. Frank Vriesekoop : Frank Vriesekoop 博士是巴拉瑞特大學(xué)的食品微生物學(xué)家，他率領(lǐng)一個(gè)全球研究小組對(duì)至少10個(gè)國(guó)家的紙幣展開(kāi)了分析。他的研究結(jié)果是：相對(duì)于比較落后貧窮的國(guó)家，富裕發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的紙幣所攜帶的病菌較少。重要的是，世界各地紙幣上的病菌數(shù)量都沒(méi)有達(dá)到令人擔(dān)心的程度。研究還發(fā)現(xiàn)紙幣使用的年限和材質(zhì)對(duì)紙幣的污染程度也有影響。
4. University of Ballarat in Australia：澳大利亞巴拉瑞特大學(xué)。該校建立于1994年，位于維多利亞省的巴拉瑞特市。
5. after all：畢竟
練習(xí):
1. A coins B money C cheques D loans
2. A different B clean C hard D foreign
3. A anniversary B year C decade D century
4. A along B with C within D outside
5. A countries B areas C regions D provinces
6. A delivered B borrowed C gathered D designed
7. A because B though C when D where
8. A plastic B rubber C cotton D paper
9. A languages B colors C substances D materials
10. A family B team C advisor D boss
11. A expenses B banks C statements D currencies
12. A nearly B mostly C likely D merely
13. A dirt B water C germs D oil
14. A compare B connect C conduct D command
15. A arms B hands C face D clothes
答案與題解:
1.B 冒號(hào)后面說(shuō)的是各國(guó)使用錢(qián)幣的名稱:“yuan in China ，pesos in Mexico，pounds in the United Kingdom，dollars in the United States，Aus往'alia and New Zealand” ，所以填人的詞必 定與這些錢(qián)幣有關(guān)，而且應(yīng)該是錢(qián)幣的總括詞。因此選 money 為恰當(dāng)。coins 是“硬幣”，cheques 是“支票” ，loans是“貸款”，它們都不會(huì)是答案。
2.A 本題的句子說(shuō)的是:雖然各國(guó)使用的紙幣各不相同，它們有一個(gè)共同點(diǎn)，那就是紙幣上 有病菌。四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中 different 是答案。
3.D 選century 合理。選 anniversary (周年)，year (年)或decade都不合邏輯。
4.C 本段第二句提供了解答本題的線索。Frank Vriesekoop 的研究與以前的科學(xué)家的研究不同，他比較了各國(guó)錢(qián)幣上的病菌數(shù)量， 在他之前的科學(xué)家的研究范圍局限于一個(gè)國(guó)家的紙幣。四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中只有 within 表達(dá)“在(一個(gè)國(guó)家)里”的意思。
5. A 經(jīng)過(guò)第四題選詞的思索過(guò)程，本題的形容詞很自然會(huì)在 different 之后用 countries，指不同的國(guó)家。
6. C 上一句說(shuō) Vriesekoop 比較不同國(guó)家紙幣攜帶病菌的數(shù)量。本題的句子明確指出他對(duì)比 的紙幣涉及十個(gè)國(guó)家。四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中只有 gathered (收集)與上下文的意思相匹配。
7. A 填詞所在的句子與前面的主句存在因果關(guān)系。為什么要從食品店和食品攤收集紙幣呢?因?yàn)檫@些地方常要用現(xiàn)金支付。本題答案是 because。
8. C fabric 是“織物”，其制作原料不會(huì)是 plastic(塑料)或 rubber( 橡膠)。選 paper 也不對(duì)， 因?yàn)楸揪涫钦f(shuō)明紙幣的制作原料通常不是紙。制作 fabric 的原料是 cotton( 棉花)，這是合乎常理的。而且該段倒數(shù)第二句也提供了答案。所以答案是 cotton。
9.D 本段說(shuō)紙幣的材料一般不是紙，通常是用棉花織物或高分子聚合物制作的。所以選擇materials( 材料、原料)是正確的。
10. B 本題應(yīng)當(dāng)選 team。與 family (家庭成員)，advisor (顧問(wèn))或 boss (老板)合作研究不是 沒(méi)有可能，但總有些離譜。與團(tuán)隊(duì)合作研究比較合理。
11. D 本段第二句提供了線索，它列出三種紙幣，即 the Australian dollar ，the New Zealand dollar 和 some Mexican pesos。選 currencies 是合理的。另外三個(gè)選項(xiàng)都不合適; expenses是“支出”，banks 是“銀行” ，statements 是“賬單”。
12. B 本題只有選 mostly，上下文意思才連貫。
13. C 前一句說(shuō)用高分子聚合物制作的錢(qián)幣含菌數(shù)量較少。本題的句子接著分析說(shuō)，在高分子聚合物上存活較難。誰(shuí)存活較難?當(dāng)然是病菌。本題答案是germs0 dirt, water 和oil 是非生物，不存在生存的問(wèn)題。
14.A 四個(gè)選項(xiàng)填入句子后，句子成了： “…compare/connect/conduct/command the amounts of time bacteria can stay alive on different types of bills”, 很明顯;connect (連接)/conduct (實(shí)施)/command(控制)amounts of time是無(wú)法成立的。只有compare(比較)不同紙幣上病菌存活的時(shí)間才是Vriesekoop 要研究的新課題。
15. B人們通常是用手接觸紙幣的。所以接觸紙幣后要洗手。答案是hands。
理工C 一、 詞匯 1、 minute——small 2、 pure——clean 3、 sharply——critically 4、 wiped out——destroyed 5、 constant——regular 6、 contempt——hate 7、 secure——hate 8、 detected——discovered 9、 assembled——gathered 10、 proposal——plan 11、 severe——serious 12、 inspired——encouraged 13、 withdraw——draw 14、 sole——only 15、 artificial——false 二、 閱讀判斷 1、 Oklahoma is an area often experiencing natural disasters.——Wrong 2、 The earthquake is the most unpredictable natural disaster.——Right 3、 Few earthquakes happen without people’s awareness.——Wrong 4、 Seismometers can identify and locate most of the earthquakes in China.——Not mentioned 5、 Big earthquakes of a magnitude 8 or higher seldom happen far from the edges of tectonic plates.——Right 6、 Whenever tectonic plates move, earthquakes happen.——Wrong 7、 The earthquake that hit the eastern half of the United States two centuries ago is the biggest “mid-plate” one in history.——Wrong 三、 閱讀理解 第一篇 Archive Gallery: The Best of Bionics 1、 “Cats”, “monkeys” and “giraffes” mentioned in paragraph 1 are examples to illustrate ——animals have skills that humans do not possess. 2、 Which of the following can be found in the archive gallery? ——First practical airplanes built in the late 19th century. 3、 What happened after the Wright brothers’ success? ——People studied more animals and plants to develop the airplane. 4、 Which of the following is true about the research carried out by the US Army? ——It has not succeeded yet. 5、 What does the writer want to tell in the passage? ——Many inventions get ideas from nature. 第二篇 Puerto Rican cuisine 1、 The Taino people 2、 Puerto Rican cuisine 3、 Puerto Rican cooking has many outside influences. 4、 It is added to other dished. 5、 Sofrito is a type of extremely spicy food. 第三篇 Graphene’s Superstrength（來(lái)自于理工教材C級(jí)新增文章） 1、 Graphene 2、 It is possibly the thinnest material in the word. 3、 put 4、 An easy way to find grapheme 5、 it can help to make electronic components smaller. 四、 完形填空 Germs on Banknotes（來(lái)自于理工教材C級(jí)新增文章） 1、 common 2、 century 3、 within 4、 countries 5、 gathered 6、 because 7、 most 8、 usually 9、 materials 10、 currencies 11、 other 12、 connection 13、 how 14、 compare 15、 carries
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